Amphetamine Modulation of Long-Term Object Recognition Memory in Rats: Influence of Stress

Sex-dependent Effects of the Drugs of Abuse Amphetamine and the Smart Drug 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone on Fear Memory Generalization in Rats

In recent years there has been an increase in the development of new synthetic drugs, among which the "bath salt" 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a psychostimulant with a mechanism of action similar to those of cocaine and amphetamine, stands out. Drugs of abuse have been consistently shown to affect memory function in male rodents. We have recently shown that amphetamine and MDPV induce generalization of fear memory in an inhibitory avoidance discrimination task in male rats. Although abuse of illicit drugs is more prevalent in men than in women, several studies have demonstrated that females are more vulnerable to the effects of drugs of abuse than males and the effects caused by substance dependence on memory in females are still under-investigated. Thus, we examined the effects of subchronic amphetamine or MDPV administrations on memory in a contextual fear conditioning/generalization paradigm in adult male and female rats. Animals were given daily subchronic injections of the drugs, starting 6 days prior the beginning of the behavioral procedures until the end of the paradigm. On day 1 of the experimental protocol, all rats were exposed to a safe context and, the day after, to a slightly different chamber where they received an unsignaled footshock. Twenty-four and forty-eight hours later, freezing behavior and emission of 22 kHz-ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) were measured in the two different contexts to assess fear memory retention and generalization. Our results indicate that MDPV treatment altered freezing in both sexes, USVs were affected by amphetamine in males while by MDPV in females.