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Li YY, Qin ZH, Sheng R. The Multiple Roles of Autophagy in Neural Function and Diseases. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:363-382. [PMID: 37856037 PMCID: PMC10912456 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy involves the sequestration and delivery of cytoplasmic materials to lysosomes, where proteins, lipids, and organelles are degraded and recycled. According to the way the cytoplasmic components are engulfed, autophagy can be divided into macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Recently, many studies have found that autophagy plays an important role in neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, neuronal excitotoxicity, and cerebral ischemia. Autophagy maintains cell homeostasis in the nervous system via degradation of misfolded proteins, elimination of damaged organelles, and regulation of apoptosis and inflammation. AMPK-mTOR, Beclin 1, TP53, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and other signal pathways are involved in the regulation of autophagy and can be used as potential therapeutic targets for neurological diseases. Here, we discuss the role, functions, and signal pathways of autophagy in neurological diseases, which will shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms of neurological diseases and suggest novel targets for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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2
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He W, Hu Z, Zhong Y, Wu C, Li J. The Potential of NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Therapeutic Target in Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2520-2538. [PMID: 36680735 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
NLRP3 (NLRP3: NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome is the best-described inflammasome that plays a crucial role in the innate immune system and a wide range of diseases. The intimate association of NLRP3 with neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and strokes, further emphasizes its prominence as a clinical target for pharmacological intervention. However, after decades of exploration, the mechanism of NLRP3 activation remains indefinite. This review highlights recent advances and gaps in our insights into the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, we present several emerging pharmacological approaches of clinical translational potential targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in neurological diseases. More importantly, despite small-molecule inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome, we have focused explicitly on Chinese herbal medicine and botanical ingredients, which may be splendid therapeutics by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome for central nervous system disorders. We expect that we can contribute new perspectives to the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenfang Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Lin M, Yu H, Xie Q, Xu Z, Shang P. Role of microglia autophagy and mitophagy in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1100133. [PMID: 37180741 PMCID: PMC10169626 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, characterized by responding to damage, regulating the secretion of soluble inflammatory mediators, and engulfing specific segments in the central nervous system (CNS), function as key immune cells in the CNS. Emerging evidence suggests that microglia coordinate the inflammatory responses in CNS system and play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Remarkably, microglia autophagy participates in the regulation of subcellular substances, which includes the degradation of misfolded proteins and other harmful constituents produced by neurons. Therefore, microglia autophagy regulates neuronal homeostasis maintenance and process of neuroinflammation. In this review, we aimed at highlighting the pivotal role of microglia autophagy in the pathogenesis of age-related NDDs. Besides the mechanistic process and the co-interaction between microglia autophagy and different kinds of NDDs, we also emphasized potential therapeutic agents and approaches that could be utilized at the onset and progression of these diseases through modulating microglia autophagy, including promising nanomedicines. Our review provides a valuable reference for subsequent studies focusing on treatments of neurodegenerative disorders. The exploration of microglia autophagy and the development of nanomedicines greatly enhances current understanding of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwen Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Xu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Shang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Breast Center, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang M, Ding ZX, Huang W, Luo J, Ye S, Hu SL, Zhou P, Cai B. Chrysophanol exerts a protective effect against Aβ 25-35-induced Alzheimer's disease model through regulating the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:1511-1527. [PMID: 36976486 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary pathogenic factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been identified as oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, and apoptosis. Chrysophanol (CHR) has a good neuroprotective effect on AD, however, the potential mechanism of CHR remains unclear. PURPOSE In this study, we focused on the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway to determine whether CHR regulates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. METHODS D-galactose and Aβ25-35 combination were used to build an in vivo model of AD, and the Y-maze test was used to evaluate the learning and memory function of rats. Morphological changes of neurons in the rat hippocampus were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. AD cell model was established by Aβ25-35 in PC12 cells. The DCFH-DA test identified reactive oxygen species (ROS). The apoptosis rate was determined using Hoechst33258 and flow cytometry. In addition, the levels of MDA, LDH, T-SOD, CAT, and GSH in serum, cell, and cell culture supernatant were detected by colorimetric method. The protein and mRNA expressions of the targets were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. Finally, molecular docking was used to further verify the in vivo and in vitro experimental results. RESULTS CHR could significantly improve learning and memory impairment, reduce hippocampal neuron damage, and reduce ROS production and apoptosis in AD rats. CHR could improve the survival rate, and reduce the oxidative stress and apoptosis in the AD cell model. Moreover, CHR significantly decreased the levels of MDA and LDH, and increased the activities of T-SOD, CAT, and GSH in the AD model. Mechanically, CHR significantly reduced the protein and mRNA expression of TXNIP, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18, and increase TRX. CONCLUSIONS CHR exerts neuroprotective effects on the Aβ25-35-induced AD model mainly by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and the mechanism may be related to ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xian Ding
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Ye
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Lin Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Biao Cai
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
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Lv QK, Tao KX, Wang XB, Yao XY, Pang MZ, Liu JY, Wang F, Liu CF. Role of α-synuclein in microglia: autophagy and phagocytosis balance neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:443-462. [PMID: 36598534 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and is characterized by accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Neuroinflammation driven by microglia is an important pathological manifestation of PD. α-Syn is a crucial marker of PD, and its accumulation leads to microglia M1-like phenotype polarization, activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes, and impaired autophagy and phagocytosis in microglia. Autophagy of microglia is related to degradation of α-syn and NLRP3 inflammasome blockage to relieve neuroinflammation. Microglial autophagy and phagocytosis of released α-syn or fragments from apoptotic neurons maintain homeostasis in the brain. A variety of PD-related genes such as LRRK2, GBA and DJ-1 also contribute to this stability process. OBJECTIVES Further studies are needed to determine how α-syn works in microglia. METHODS A keyword-based search was performed using the PubMed database for published articles. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss the interaction between microglia and α-syn in PD pathogenesis and the possible mechanism of microglial autophagy and phagocytosis in α-syn clearance and inhibition of neuroinflammation. This may provide a novel insight into treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Kun Lv
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kang-Xin Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Chen J, Xu J, Huang P, Luo Y, Shi Y, Ma P. The potential applications of traditional Chinese medicine in Parkinson's disease: A new opportunity. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112866. [PMID: 35367767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) presents a common challenge for people all over the world and has become a major research hotspot due to the large population affected by the illness and the difficulty of clinical treatment. The prevalence of PD is increasing every year, the pathogenesis is complex, and the current treatment is ineffective. Therefore, it has become imperative to find effective drugs for PD. With the advantages of low cost, high safety and high biological activity, Chinese medicine has great advantages in the prevention and treatment of PD. This review systematically summarizes the potential of Chinese medicine for the treatment of PD, showing that Chinese medicine can exert anti-PD effects through various pathways, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways, reducing mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and iron death, and regulating intestinal flora. These mainly involve HMGB1/TLR4, PI3K/Akt, NLRP3/ caspase-1/IL-1β, Nrf2/HO-1, SIRT1/Akt1, PINK1/parkin, Bcl-2/Bax, BDNF-TrkB and other signaling pathways. In sum, based on modern phytochemistry, pharmacology and genomic proteomics, Chinese medicine is likely to be a potential candidate for PD treatment, which requires more clinical trials to further elucidate its importance in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxue Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jingke Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yining Luo
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yuanshu Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ping Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Liang T, Zhang Y, Wu S, Chen Q, Wang L. The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Alzheimer’s Disease and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:845185. [PMID: 35250595 PMCID: PMC8889079 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and behavioral impairment. The typical pathological characteristics of AD are extracellular senile plaques composed of amyloid ß (Aβ) protein, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by the hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau, and neuron loss. In the past hundred years, although human beings have invested a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, there is no widely recognized drug for the effective prevention and clinical cure of AD in the world so far. Therefore, evaluating and exploring new drug targets for AD treatment is an important topic. At present, researchers have not stopped exploring the pathogenesis of AD, and the views on the pathogenic factors of AD are constantly changing. Multiple evidence have confirmed that chronic neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. In the field of neuroinflammation, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key molecular link in the AD neuroinflammatory pathway. Under the stimulation of Aβ oligomers and tau aggregates, it can lead to the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and astrocytes in the brain, thereby causing caspase-1 activation and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, which ultimately triggers the pathophysiological changes and cognitive decline of AD. In this review, we summarize current literatures on the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and activation-related regulation mechanisms, and discuss its possible roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, focusing on the NLRP3 inflammasome and combining with the upstream and downstream signaling pathway-related molecules of NLRP3 inflammasome as targets, we review the pharmacologically related targets and various methods to alleviate neuroinflammation by regulating the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, which provides new ideas for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suyuan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Wang,
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