Identification of an Aptamer With Binding Specificity to Tumor-Homing Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells

Surface Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles and Correlation Analysis Reveal Breast Cancer Biomarkers

Breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and accounts for approximately 25% of new cancer cases in Canadian women. Using biomarkers as a less-invasive BC diagnostic method is currently under investigation but is not ready for practical application in clinical settings. During the last decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising source of biomarkers because they contain cancer-derived proteins, RNAs, and metabolites. In this study, EV proteins from small EVs (sEVs) and medium EVs (mEVs) were isolated from BC MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 and non-cancerous breast epithelial MCF10A cell lines and then analyzed by two approaches: global proteomic analysis and enrichment of EV surface proteins by Sulfo-NHS-SS-Biotin labeling. From the first approach, proteomic profiling identified 2459 proteins, which were subjected to comparative analysis and correlation network analysis. Twelve potential biomarker proteins were identified based on cell line-specific expression and filtered by their predicted co-localization with known EV marker proteins, CD63, CD9, and CD81. This approach resulted in the identification of 11 proteins, four of which were further investigated by Western blot analysis. The presence of transmembrane serine protease matriptase (ST14), claudin-3 (CLDN3), and integrin alpha-7 (ITGA7) in each cell line was validated by Western blot, revealing that ST14 and CLDN3 may be further explored as potential EV biomarkers for BC. The surface labeling approach enriched proteins that were not identified using the first approach. Ten potential BC biomarkers (Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), Elongation factor 2 (EEF2), DEAD/H box RNA helicase (DDX10), progesterone receptor (PGR), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (RAC2), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10), Aconitase 2 (ACO2), UTP20 small subunit processome component (UTP20), NEDD4 binding protein 2 (N4BP2), Programmed cell death 6 (PDCD6)) were selected from surface proteins commonly identified from MDA-MB-231 and MCF7, but not identified in MCF10A EVs. In total, 846 surface proteins were identified from the second approach, of which 11 were already known as BC markers. This study supports the proposition that Evs are a rich source of known and novel biomarkers that may be used for non-invasive detection of BC. Furthermore, the presented datasets could be further explored for the identification of potential biomarkers in BC.