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Joukhadar R, Nižić Nodilo L, Lovrić J, Hafner A, Pepić I, Jug M. Functional Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Enriched Hydrogels Tailored to Repair Damaged Epidermal Barrier. Gels 2024; 10:466. [PMID: 39057488 PMCID: PMC11275585 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a functional nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)-based hydrogel was developed to repair the damaged epidermal skin barrier. NLCs were prepared via a high-energy approach, using argan oil and beeswax as liquid and solid lipids, respectively, and were loaded with ceramides and cholesterol at a physiologically relevant ratio, acting as structural and functional compounds. Employing a series of surfactants and optimizing the preparation conditions, NLCs of 215.5 ± 0.9 nm in size and a negative zeta potential of -42.7 ± 0.9 were obtained, showing acceptable physical and microbial stability. Solid state characterization by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction revealed the formation of imperfect crystal NLC-type. The optimized NLC dispersion was loaded into the gel based on sodium hyaluronate and xanthan gum. The gels obtained presented a shear thinning and thixotropic behavior, which is suitable for dermal application. Incorporating NLCs enhanced the rheological, viscoelastic, and textural properties of the gel formed while retaining the suitable spreadability required for comfortable application and patient compliance. The NLC-loaded gel presented a noticeable occlusion effect in vitro. It provided 2.8-fold higher skin hydration levels on the ex vivo porcine ear model than the NLC-free gel, showing a potential to repair the damaged epidermal barrier and nourish the skin actively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Jug
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (R.J.); (L.N.N.); (J.L.); (A.H.); (I.P.)
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Abrantes DC, Rogerio CB, Campos EVR, Germano-Costa T, Vigato AA, Machado IP, Sepulveda AF, Lima R, de Araujo DR, Fraceto LF. Repellent active ingredients encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles: potential alternative formulations to control arboviruses. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:520. [PMID: 36496396 PMCID: PMC9741802 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, yellow fever, Chinkungunya, Zika virus, and West Nile fever have infected millions and killed a considerable number of humans since their emergence. These arboviruses are transmitted by mosquito bites and topical chemical repellents are the most commonly used method to protect against vector arthropod species. This study aimed to develop a new generation of repellent formulations to promote improved arboviruses transmission control. A repellent system based on polycaprolactone (PCL)-polymeric nanoparticles was developed for the dual encapsulation of IR3535 and geraniol and further incorporation into a thermosensitive hydrogel. The physicochemical and morphological parameters of the prepared formulations were evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), nano tracking analysis (NTA), atomic force microscopy (AFM). In vitro release mechanisms and permeation performance were evaluated before and after nanoparticles incorporation into the hydrogels. FTIR analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of formulation epidermal contact. Potential cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT reduction test and disc diffusion methods. The nanoparticle formulations were stable over 120 days with encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 60% and 99% for IR3535 and geraniol, respectively. AFM analysis revealed a spherical nanoparticle morphology. After 24 h, 7 ± 0.1% and 83 ± 2% of the GRL and IR3535, respectively, were released while the same formulation incorporated in poloxamer 407 hydrogel released 11 ± 0.9% and 29 ± 3% of the loaded GRL and IR3535, respectively. GRL permeation from PCL nanoparticles and PCL nanoparticles in the hydrogel showed similar profiles, while IR3535 permeation was modulated by formulation compositions. Differences in IR3535 permeated amounts were higher for PCL nanoparticles in the hydrogels (36.9 ± 1.1 mg/cm2) compared to the IR3535-PCL nanoparticles (29.2 ± 1.5 mg/cm2). However, both active permeation concentrations were low at 24 h, indicating that the formulations (PCL nanoparticles and PCL in hydrogel) controlled the bioactive percutaneous absorption. Minor changes in the stratum corneum (SC) caused by interaction with the formulations may not represent a consumer safety risk. The cytotoxicity results presented herein indicate the carrier systems based on poly-epsilon caprolactone (PCL) exhibited a reduced toxic effect when compared to emulsions, opening perspectives for these systems to be used as a tool to prolong protection times with lower active repellent concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Carvalho Abrantes
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XSão Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180 Brazil
| | - Carolina Barbara Rogerio
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XSão Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180 Brazil
| | - Estefânia Vangelie Ramos Campos
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XSão Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180 Brazil
| | - Tais Germano-Costa
- grid.442238.b0000 0001 1882 0259Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Aryane Alves Vigato
- grid.412368.a0000 0004 0643 8839Human and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580 Brazil
| | - Ian Pompermeyer Machado
- grid.412368.a0000 0004 0643 8839Human and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580 Brazil
| | - Anderson Ferreira Sepulveda
- grid.412368.a0000 0004 0643 8839Human and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580 Brazil
| | - Renata Lima
- grid.442238.b0000 0001 1882 0259Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Daniele Ribeiro de Araujo
- grid.412368.a0000 0004 0643 8839Human and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580 Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XSão Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180 Brazil
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de Andrade LRM, Guilger-Casagrande M, Germano-Costa T, de Lima R. Polymeric Nanorepellent Systems Containing Geraniol and Icaridin Aimed at Repelling Aedes aegypti. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8317. [PMID: 35955452 PMCID: PMC9368950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Repellents are among the leading products used against diseases transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. However, their indiscriminate use or high concentrations can cause severe adverse reactions, particularly in children and pregnant women. To protect them, nanotechnology is a promising tool to encapsulate active compounds against degradation, increase their effectiveness, and decrease their toxicity, as it can promote the modified release of the active compound. This study aimed to develop polymeric nanocapsules containing the repellent actives geraniol and icaridin using low concentrations of the active component, with the objective of promoting effective activity and greater safety against adverse reactions. The nanocapsules were developed by the interfacial deposition method, and the physicochemical properties of the nanocapsules were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), release kinetics assay, and mathematical modeling. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay and genotoxicity analysis using the comet assay. The developed nanocapsules containing geraniol and icaridin showed mean diameters of 260 nm and 314 nm, respectively, with a polydispersity index < 0.2. The nanocapsules showed encapsulation efficiency values of 73.7 ± 0.1% for icaridin and 98.7 ± 0.1% for geraniol. Morphological analysis showed spherical nanocapsules with low polydispersity. The kinetic parameters calculated using the Korsmeyer−Peppas model indicated an anomalous release profile. Cell viability and genotoxicity analyses showed that the nanocapsules did not alter cell viability or damage DNA. The results demonstrate a promising nanostructured system with good physicochemical characteristics and good stability, with repellent activity against Aedes aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renata de Lima
- Laboratory for Evaluation of the Bioactivity and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil; (L.R.M.d.A.); (M.G.-C.); (T.G.-C.)
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Pena GA, da Costa Lopes AS, de Morais SHS, do Nascimento LD, dos Santos FRR, da Costa KS, Alves CN, Lameira J. Host-Guest Inclusion Complexes of Natural Products and Nanosystems: Applications in the Development of Repellents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082519. [PMID: 35458718 PMCID: PMC9028570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Repellents are compounds that prevent direct contact between the hosts and the arthropods that are vectors of diseases. Several studies have described the repellent activities of natural compounds obtained from essential oils. In addition, these chemical constituents have been pointed out as alternatives to conventional synthetic repellents due to their interesting residual protection and low toxicity to the environment. However, these compounds have been reported with short shelf life, in part, due to their volatile nature. Nanoencapsulation provides protection, stability, conservation, and controlled release for several compounds. Here, we review the most commonly used polymeric/lipid nanosystems applied in the encapsulation of small organic molecules obtained from essential oils that possess repellent activity, and we also explore the theoretical aspects related to the intermolecular interactions, thermal stability, and controlled release of the nanoencapsulated bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gueive Astur Pena
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa Street, w/n, Guamá, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (G.A.P.); (C.N.A.)
| | - Anna Sylmara da Costa Lopes
- Laboratório de Catalálise e Oleoquímica, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa Street, w/n, Guamá, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Sylvano Heleno Salgado de Morais
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ambiental, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa Street, w/n, Guamá, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Lidiane Diniz do Nascimento
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Laboratório Adolpho Ducke, Perimetral Avenue, Nuber 1901, Belém 66077-830, Brazil;
| | | | - Kauê Santana da Costa
- Laboratório de Simulação Computacional, Instituto de Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Vera Paz Street, w/n Salé, Santarém 68040-255, Brazil
- Correspondence: (K.S.d.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Cláudio Nahum Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa Street, w/n, Guamá, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (G.A.P.); (C.N.A.)
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa Street, w/n, Guamá, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (G.A.P.); (C.N.A.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.d.C.); (J.L.)
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Rogerio CB, Carvalho Abrantes D, de Oliveira JL, Ribeiro de Araújo D, Germano da Costa T, de Lima R, Fernandes Fraceto L. Cellulose Hydrogels Containing Geraniol and Icaridin Encapsulated in Zein Nanoparticles for Arbovirus Control. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1273-1283. [PMID: 35167254 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The most important arboviruses are those that cause dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika, for which the main vector is the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The use of repellents is an important way to combat mosquito-borne pathogens. In this work, a safe method of protection employing a repellent was developed based on a slow release system composed of zein nanoparticles containing the active agents icaridin and geraniol incorporated in a cellulose gel matrix. Analyses were performed to characterize the nanoparticles and the gel formulation. The nanoparticles containing the repellents presented a hydrodynamic diameter of 229 ± 9 nm, polydispersity index of 0.38 ± 0.10, and zeta potential of +29.4 ± 0.8 mV. The efficiencies of encapsulation in the zein nanoparticles exceeded 85% for icaridin and 98% for geraniol. Rheological characterization of the gels containing nanoparticles and repellents showed that the viscoelastic characteristic of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose gel was preserved. Release tests demonstrated that the use of nanoparticles in combination with the gel matrix led to improved performance of the formulations. Atomic force microscopy analyses enabled visualization of the gel network containing the nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity assays using 3T3 and HaCaT cell cultures showed low toxicity profiles for the active agents and the nanoparticles. The results demonstrated the potential of these repellent systems to provide prolonged protection while decreasing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina B Rogerio
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Daniele Carvalho Abrantes
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Jhones L de Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tais Germano da Costa
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Renata de Lima
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
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