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Toropko M, Chuvpilo S, Karabelsky A. miRNA-Mediated Mechanisms in the Generation of Effective and Safe Oncolytic Viruses. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:986. [PMID: 39204331 PMCID: PMC11360794 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16080986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by inhibiting the translation of target transcripts. The expression profiles of miRNAs vary in different tissues and change with the development of diseases, including cancer. This feature has begun to be used for the modification of oncolytic viruses (OVs) in order to increase their selectivity and efficacy. OVs represent a relatively new class of anticancer drugs; they are designed to replicate in cancer tumors and destroy them. These can be natural viruses that can replicate within cancer tumor cells, or recombinant viruses created in laboratories. There are some concerns regarding OVs' toxicity, due to their ability to partially replicate in healthy tissues. In addition, lytic and immunological responses upon OV therapy are not always sufficient, so various OV editing methods are used. This review discusses the latest results of preclinical and clinical studies of OVs, modifications of which are associated with the miRNA-mediated mechanism of gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Toropko
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (S.C.); (A.K.)
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Park JS, Lee ME, Kim J, Oh K, Lee N, Jung M, Jang WS, Ham WS. PD-1 inhibitor plus oncolytic vaccinia virus is a safe and effective treatment option for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:50. [PMID: 38291394 PMCID: PMC10829278 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is recommended as the first line treatment option for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), several immune-related adverse events (irAEs) occur, especially hepatitis. We explored the therapeutic benefits and safety profile of combining oncolytic vaccinia virus, JX-594, with a programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitor. METHODS We used early-stage and advanced-stage orthotopic murine mRCC models developed by our group. PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy or a PD-1 inhibitor combined with either JX-594 or a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor were systemically injected through the peritoneum. An immunofluorescence analysis was performed to analyze the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). irAEs were assessed in terms of hepatitis. RESULTS In the early-stage mRCC model mice, the combination of JX-594 and a PD-1 inhibitor significantly decreased the primary tumor size and number of lung nodules, compared with the ICI combination, but the JX-594 and PD-1 inhibitor combination and ICI combination did not differ significantly in the advanced-stage mRCC model mice. The JX-594 and PD-1 inhibitor combination induced tumor-suppressing TIME changes in both the early- and advanced-stage mRCC models. Furthermore, mice treated with the ICI combination had significantly greater hepatic injuries than those treated with the JX-594 and PD-1 inhibitor combination which was evaluated in early-stage mRCC model. CONCLUSIONS The JX-594 and PD-1 inhibitor combination effectively reduced primary tumors and the metastatic burden, similar to ICI combination therapy, through dynamic remodeling of the TIME. Furthermore, hepatitis was significantly decreased in the JX-594 and PD-1 inhibitor combination group, suggesting the potential benefit of that combination for reducing ICI-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Soo Park
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Eun Lee
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchan Kim
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunhee Oh
- Research Center, SillaJen, Inc., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Lee
- Research Center, SillaJen, Inc., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsun Jung
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sik Jang
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sik Ham
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Li Y, Duan HY, Yang KD, Ye JF. Advancements and challenges in oncolytic virus therapy for gastrointestinal tumors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115627. [PMID: 37812894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumors of the gastrointestinal tract impose a substantial healthcare burden due to their prevalence and challenging prognosis. METHODS We conducted a review of peer-reviewed scientific literature using reputable databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) with a focus on oncolytic virus therapy within the context of gastrointestinal tumors. Our search covered the period up to the study's completion in June 2023. INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA This study includes articles from peer-reviewed scientific journals, written in English, that specifically address oncolytic virus therapy for gastrointestinal tumors, encompassing genetic engineering advances, combined therapeutic strategies, and safety and efficacy concerns. Excluded are articles not meeting these criteria or focusing on non-primary gastrointestinal metastatic tumors. RESULTS Our review revealed the remarkable specificity of oncolytic viruses in targeting tumor cells and their potential to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. However, challenges related to safety and efficacy persist, underscoring the need for ongoing research and improvement. CONCLUSION This study highlights the promising role of oncolytic virus therapy in enhancing gastrointestinal tumor treatments. Continued investigation and innovative combination therapies hold the key to reducing the burden of these tumors on patients and healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao-Yu Duan
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kai-di Yang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun-Feng Ye
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Xie R, Huang H, Chen T, Huang X, Chen C. Effectiveness and safety of pelareorep plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced solid tumors: a meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1228225. [PMID: 37829303 PMCID: PMC10566296 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1228225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pelareorep is an oncolytic virus that causes oncolytic effects in many solid tumors, and it has shown therapeutic benefits. However, few studies have compared pelareorep combined with chemotherapy to traditional chemotherapy alone in advanced solid tumors. Consequently, we intended to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pelareorep plus chemotherapy in this paper. Methods: We searched four databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science comprehensively for studies comparing pelareorep combined with chemotherapy to chemotherapy alone in the treatment of advanced solid tumors. The outcomes measures were 1-year overall survival (OS), 2-year OS, 4-month progression-free survival (PFS), 1-year PFS, objective response rate (ORR), any-grade adverse events (any-grade AEs), and severe AEs (grade ≥ 3). Results: There were five studies involving 492 patients included in the study. Combination therapy did not significantly improve clinical outcomes in terms of 1-year OS [RR = 1.02, 95%CI = (0.82-1.25)], 2-year OS [RR = 1.00, 95%CI = (0.67-1.49)], 4-month PFS [RR = 1.00, 95%CI = (0.67-1.49)], 1-year PFS [RR = 0.79, 95%CI = (0.44-1.42)], and ORR [OR = 0.79, 95%CI = (0.49-1.27)] compared to chemotherapy alone, and the subgroup analysis of 2-year OS, 1-year PFS, and ORR based on countries and tumor sites showed similar results. In all grades, the incidence of AEs was greater with combination therapy, including fever [RR = 3.10, 95%CI = (1.48-6.52)], nausea [RR = 1.19, 95%CI = (1.02-1.38)], diarrhea [RR = 1.87, 95%CI = (1.39-2.52)], chills [RR = 4.14, 95%CI = (2.30-7.43)], headache [RR = 1.46, 95%CI = (1.02-2.09)], vomiting [RR = 1.38, 95%CI = (1.06-1.80)] and flu-like symptoms [RR = 4.18, 95%CI = (2.19-7.98)]. However, severe adverse events did not differ significantly between the two arms. Conclusion: Pelareorep addition to traditional chemotherapy did not lead to significant improvements in OS, PFS, or ORR in advanced solid tumor patients, but it did partially increase AEs in all grades, with no discernible differences in serious AEs. Therefore, the combination treatment is not recommended in patients with advanced solid tumors. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=400841, identifier CRD42023400841.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxian Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hongxin Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xuehan Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chuangzhen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Béguin J, Laloy E, Cochin S, Gantzer M, Farine I, Pichon C, Moreau B, Foloppe J, Balloul JM, Machon C, Guitton J, Tierny D, Klonjkowski B, Quéméneur E, Maurey C, Erbs P. Oncolytic virotherapy with intratumoral injection of vaccinia virus TG6002 and 5-fluorocytosine administration in dogs with malignant tumors. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:103-116. [PMID: 37635744 PMCID: PMC10448017 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
TG6002 is an oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing FCU1 protein, which converts 5-fluorocytosine into 5-fluorouracil. The study objectives were to assess tolerance, viral replication, 5-fluorouracil synthesis, and tumor microenvironment modifications to treatment in dogs with spontaneous malignant tumors. Thirteen dogs received one to three weekly intratumoral injections of TG6002 and 5-fluorocytosine. The viral genome was assessed in blood and tumor biopsies by qPCR. 5-Fluorouracil concentrations were measured in serum and tumor biopsies by liquid chromatography or high-resolution mass spectrometry. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. The viral genome was detected in blood (7/13) and tumor biopsies (4/11). Viral replication was suspected in 6/13 dogs. The median intratumoral concentration of 5-fluorouracil was 314 pg/mg. 5-Fluorouracil was not detected in the blood. An increase in necrosis (6/9) and a downregulation of intratumoral regulatory T lymphocytes (6/6) were observed. Viral replication, 5-fluorouracil synthesis, and tumor microenvironment changes were more frequently observed with higher TG6002 doses. This study confirmed the replicative properties, targeted chemotherapy synthesis, and reversion of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in dogs with spontaneous malignant tumors treated with TG6002 and 5-fluorocytosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Béguin
- Transgene, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- UMR Virologie, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eve Laloy
- UMR Virologie, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Anatomical Pathology Unit, Biopôle, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christelle Machon
- Service de Biochimie et pharmacotoxicologie, Hôpital Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Service de Biochimie et pharmacotoxicologie, Hôpital Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310, France
| | | | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UMR Virologie, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Christelle Maurey
- Department of Internal Medicine, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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