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Li N, Li C, Zheng A, Liu W, Shi Y, Jiang M, Xiao Y, Qiu Z, Qiu Y, Jia A. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation reveals the source of bitterness in the traditional Chinese medicine formula Runchang-Tongbian. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5929. [PMID: 38881323 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The Runchang-Tongbian (RCTB) formula is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula consisting of four herbs, namely Cannabis Fructus (Huomaren), Rehmanniae Radix (Dihuang), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu), and Aurantii Fructus (Zhiqiao). It is widely used clinically because of its beneficial effect on constipation. However, its strong bitter taste leads to poor patient compliance. The bitter components of TCM compounds are complex and numerous, and inhibiting the bitter taste of TCM has become a major clinical challenge. Here, we use ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify 59 chemical components in the TCM compound RCTB formula. Next, four bitter taste receptors, TAS2R39, TAS2R14, TAS2R7, and TAS2R5, which are tightly bound to the compounds in RCTB, were screened as molecular docking receptors using the BitterX database. The top-three-scoring receptor-small-molecule complexes for each of the four receptors were selected for molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, seven bitter components were identified, namely six flavonoids (rhoifolin, naringin, poncirin, diosmin, didymin, and narirutin) and one phenylpropanoid (purpureaside C). Thus, we proposed a new method for identifying the bitter components in TCM compounds, which provides a theoretical reference for bitter taste inhibition in TCM compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Aizhu Zheng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Weipeng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Mengcheng Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yusheng Xiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhidong Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ailing Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Cavalcanti BC, Magalhães IL, Rocha DD, Stefânio Barreto F, de Andrade Neto JB, Magalhães HIF, Dos Santos CC, de Moraes MO. In vitro evaluation of cytotoxic potential of essential oil extracted from leaves of Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth in human tumor cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:91-107. [PMID: 37927232 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2276894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth, popularly known as "velame," is a shrub that resides in northeastern Brazil. The essential oil of C. heliotropiifolius contains high concentrations of volatile compounds in the leaves and is widely used in folk medicine for many purposes as an antiseptic, analgesic, sedative, and anti-inflammatory agent. Due to the apparent limited amount of information, the aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic potential of essential oil extracted from leaves of C. heliotropiifolius, utilizing different human cancer cell lines (HL-60, leukemia; HCT-116, colon; MDA-MB435, melanoma; SF295, glioblastoma) and comparison to murine fibroblast L929 cell line. The chemical characterization of the essential oil revealed the presence of large amounts of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, the majority of which were aristolene (22.43%), germacrene D (11.38%), ɣ-terpinene (10.85%), and limonene (10.21%). The essential oil exerted significant cytotoxicity on all cancer cells, with low activity on murine L929 fibroblasts, independent of disruption of cell membranes evidenced by absence of hemolytic activity. The cytotoxicity identified was associated with oxidative stress, which culminated in mitochondrial respiration dysfunction and direct or indirect DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidative damage), triggering cell death via apoptosis. Our findings suggest that extracts of essential oil of C. Heliotropiifolius may be considered as agents to be used therapeutically in treatment of certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Islay Lima Magalhães
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Batista de Andrade Neto
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Costa Dos Santos
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Engineering and Technology, Federal University of the Semiarid Region, Mossoró, Brazil
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Silva ML, Sales FS, Levatti EVC, Antar GM, Tempone AG, Lago JHG, Jerz G. Evaluation of Anti- Trypanosoma cruzi Activity of Chemical Constituents from Baccharis sphenophylla Isolated Using High-Performance Countercurrent Chromatography. Molecules 2023; 29:212. [PMID: 38202795 PMCID: PMC10780275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Endemic in 21 countries, Chagas disease, also known as American Trypanosomiasis, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The available drugs for the treatment of this disease, benznidazole and nifurtimox, are outdated and display severe side effects. Thus, the discovery of new drugs is crucial. Based on our continuous studies aiming towards the discovery of natural products with anti-T. cruzi potential, the MeOH extract from aerial parts of Baccharis sphenophylla Dusén ex. Malme (Asteraceae) displayed activity against this parasite and was subjected to high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC), to obtain one unreported syn-labdane diterpene - sphenophyllol (1) - as well as the known compounds gaudichaudol C (2), ent-kaurenoic acid (3), hispidulin (4), eupafolin (5), and one mixture of di-O-caffeoylquinic acids (6-8). Compounds 1-8 were characterized by analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. When tested against trypomastigote forms, isolated labdane diterpenes 1 and 2 displayed potent activity, with EC50 values of 20.1 μM and 2.9 μM, respectively. The mixture of chlorogenic acids 6-8, as well as the isolated flavones 4 and 5, showed significant activity against the clinically relevant amastigotes, with EC50 values of 24.9, 12.8, and 2.7 μM, respectively. Nonetheless, tested compounds 1-8 displayed no cytotoxicity against mammalian cells (CC50 > 200 μM). These results demonstrate the application of HPCCC as an important tool to isolate bioactive compounds from natural sources, including the antitrypanosomal extract from B. sphenophylla, allowing for the development of novel strategic molecular prototypes against tropical neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus L. Silva
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil; (M.L.S.); (F.S.S.)
| | - Felipe S. Sales
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil; (M.L.S.); (F.S.S.)
| | - Erica V. C. Levatti
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05508-040, Brazil; (E.V.C.L.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Guilherme M. Antar
- Department of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus 29932-540, Brazil;
| | - Andre G. Tempone
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05508-040, Brazil; (E.V.C.L.); (A.G.T.)
| | - João Henrique G. Lago
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil; (M.L.S.); (F.S.S.)
| | - Gerold Jerz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Hikal WM, Baz MM, Alshehri MA, Bahattab O, Baeshen RS, Selim AM, Alhwity L, Bousbih R, Alshourbaji MS, Ahl HAHSA. Sustainable Pest Management Using Novel Nanoemulsions of Honeysuckle and Patchouli Essential Oils against the West Nile Virus Vector, Culex pipiens, under Laboratory and Field Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3682. [PMID: 37960039 PMCID: PMC10650709 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils are natural plant products that are very interesting, as they are important sources of biologically active compounds. They comprise eco-friendly alternatives to mosquito vector management, particularly essential oil nanoemulsion. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of 16 selected essential oils (1500 ppm) in controlling mosquitoes by investigating their larvicidal effects against the larvae and adults of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae); the best oils were turned into nanoemulsions and evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. The results show that honeysuckle (Lonicera caprifolium) and patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oils were more effective in killing larvae than the other oils (100% mortality) at 24 h post-treatment. The nanoemulsions of honeysuckle (LC50 = 88.30 ppm) and patchouli (LC50 = 93.05 ppm) showed significantly higher larvicidal activity compared with bulk honeysuckle (LC50 = 247.72 ppm) and patchouli (LC50 = 276.29 ppm) oils. L. caprifolium and P. cablin (100% mortality), followed by Narcissus tazetta (97.78%), Rosmarinus officinalis (95.56%), and Lavandula angustifolia (95.55%), were highly effective oils in killing female mosquitoes, and their relative efficacy at LT50 was 5.5, 5.3, 5.8, 4.1, and 3.2 times greater, respectively, than Aloe vera. The results of the field study show that the honeysuckle and patchouli oils and their nanoemulsions reduced densities to 89.4, 86.5, 98.6, and 97.0% at 24 h post-treatment, respectively, with persistence for eight days post-treatment in pools. Nano-honeysuckle (100% mortality) was more effective than honeysuckle oils (98.0%). Our results show that honeysuckle and patchouli oils exhibited promising larvicidal and adulticidal activity of C. pipiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa M. Hikal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (O.B.); (R.S.B.); (L.A.); (M.S.A.)
- Parasitology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Behouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Baz
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed Ali Alshehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (O.B.); (R.S.B.); (L.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Omar Bahattab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (O.B.); (R.S.B.); (L.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Rowida S. Baeshen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (O.B.); (R.S.B.); (L.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Abdelfattah M. Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
| | - Latifah Alhwity
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (O.B.); (R.S.B.); (L.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Rabaa Bousbih
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maha Suleiman Alshourbaji
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (O.B.); (R.S.B.); (L.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Hussein A. H. Said-Al Ahl
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Behouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
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Vieira ALS, Correia VTDV, Ramos ALCC, da Silva NHA, Jaymes LAC, Melo JOF, de Paula ACCFF, Garcia MAVT, de Araújo RLB. Evaluation of the Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Green, Brown, and Dark Propolis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3204. [PMID: 37765368 PMCID: PMC10537587 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of propolis varies between different types, due to the specific vegetation found near the hives and the climatic and soil conditions worldwide. Green propolis is exclusive to Brazil, produced by bees, with the resin of the plant Baccharis dracunculifolia. Brown propolis is a specific variety produced mainly in Northeast Brazil from the plant Hyptis divaricata, also known as "maria miraculosa". Dark propolis is a variety of propolis produced by bees from the resin of the plant known as Jurema Preta (Mimosa hostilis benth). In this study, the aqueous extracts of green, brown, and dark propolis were analyzed for their antioxidant capacity using ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH, and their chemical profiles were determined using paper spray mass spectrometry. Among the three extracts, green propolis had the highest content of total phenolic compounds (2741.71 ± 49.53 mg GAE. 100 g-1), followed by brown propolis (1191.55 ± 36.79 mg GAE. 100 g-1), and dark propolis had the lowest content (901.79 ± 27.80 mg GAE. 100 g-1). The three types of propolis showed high antioxidant capacity, with green showing the highest antioxidant capacity for the three methods used. Using paper spray mass spectrometry, it was possible to suggest the presence of 116 substances, including flavonoids (56), phenylpropanoids (30), terpenes (25), carboxylic acids (1), benzoic acid derivatives (1), fatty acids (1), amino acids (1) and alkaloids (1). The compounds in the green, brown, and dark propolis extracts reinforce the bioactive potential for application in these tree extracts' food and pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Santos Vieira
- Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Belo Horizonte, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.S.V.); (V.T.d.V.C.); (A.L.C.C.R.); (N.H.A.d.S.); (L.A.C.J.); (M.A.V.T.G.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Vinícius Tadeu da Veiga Correia
- Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Belo Horizonte, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.S.V.); (V.T.d.V.C.); (A.L.C.C.R.); (N.H.A.d.S.); (L.A.C.J.); (M.A.V.T.G.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Ana Luiza Coeli Cruz Ramos
- Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Belo Horizonte, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.S.V.); (V.T.d.V.C.); (A.L.C.C.R.); (N.H.A.d.S.); (L.A.C.J.); (M.A.V.T.G.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Nayana Hayss Araújo da Silva
- Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Belo Horizonte, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.S.V.); (V.T.d.V.C.); (A.L.C.C.R.); (N.H.A.d.S.); (L.A.C.J.); (M.A.V.T.G.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Leonardo Assis Campos Jaymes
- Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Belo Horizonte, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.S.V.); (V.T.d.V.C.); (A.L.C.C.R.); (N.H.A.d.S.); (L.A.C.J.); (M.A.V.T.G.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Julio Onésio Ferreira Melo
- Department of Exact and Biological Sciences, Campus Sete Lagoas, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 36307-352, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Aparecida Vieira Teixeira Garcia
- Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Belo Horizonte, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.S.V.); (V.T.d.V.C.); (A.L.C.C.R.); (N.H.A.d.S.); (L.A.C.J.); (M.A.V.T.G.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Raquel Linhares Bello de Araújo
- Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Belo Horizonte, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.S.V.); (V.T.d.V.C.); (A.L.C.C.R.); (N.H.A.d.S.); (L.A.C.J.); (M.A.V.T.G.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
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Li L, Qin Y, Xin X, Wang S, Liu Z, Feng X. The great potential of flavonoids as candidate drugs for NAFLD. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114991. [PMID: 37302319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a global prevalence of approximately 25 % and is associated with high morbidity and high mortality. NAFLD is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its pathophysiology is complex and still poorly understood, and there are no drugs used in the clinic to specifically treat NAFLD. Its pathogenesis involves the accumulation of excess lipids in the liver, leading to lipid metabolism disorders and inflammation. Phytochemicals with the potential to prevent or treat excess lipid accumulation have recently received increasing attention, as they are potentially more suitable for long-term use than are traditional therapeutic compounds. In this review, we summarize the classification, biochemical properties, and biological functions of flavonoids and how they are used in the treatment of NAFLD. Highlighting the roles and pharmacological uses of these compounds will be of importance for enhancing the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangge Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Yiming Qin
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Xijian Xin
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Shendong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Xiujing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China.
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Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds from Brazilian Green Propolis Using Ultrasound-Assisted Associated with Low- and High-Pressure Extraction Methods. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052338. [PMID: 36903583 PMCID: PMC10005562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for bee products has been growing, especially regarding their application in complementary medicine. Apis mellifera bees using Baccharis dracunculifolia D.C. (Asteraceae) as substrate produce green propolis. Among the examples of bioactivity of this matrix are antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral actions. This work aimed to verify the impact of the experimental conditions applied in low- and high-pressure extractions of green propolis, using sonication (60 kHz) as pretreatment to determine the antioxidant profile in the extracts. Total flavonoid content (18.82 ± 1.15-50.47 ± 0.77 mgQE·g-1), total phenolic compounds (194.12 ± 3.40-439.05 ± 0.90 mgGAE·g-1) and antioxidant capacity by DPPH (33.86 ± 1.99-201.29 ± 0.31 µg·mL-1) of the twelve green propolis extracts were determined. By means of HPLC-DAD, it was possible to quantify nine of the fifteen compounds analyzed. The results highlighted formononetin (4.76 ± 0.16-14.80 ± 0.02 mg·g-1) and p-coumaric acid (<LQ-14.33 ± 0.01 mg·g-1) as majority compounds in the extracts. Based on the principal component analysis, it was possible to conclude that higher temperatures favored the release of antioxidant compounds; in contrast, they decreased the flavonoid content. Thus, the obtained results showed that samples pretreated with 50 °C associated with ultrasound displayed a better performance, which may support the elucidation of the use of these conditions.
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