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Malan A, Choudhary M, Kaur Bamrah P, Kumari D. Potential benefits of marine-derived compounds for slowing the advancement of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024:1-26. [PMID: 39373659 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2409869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's is increasing and poses a significant social and economic burden. The pathogenesis involved in the expansion of AD includes neuronal oxidative damage, tau phosphorylation, amyloid beta aggregation, neuroinflammation, etc. Despite enormous efforts, there is currently no effective treatment or cure for this condition in the allopathic system. Marine compounds are appealing options and have a strong neuroprotective impact. Marine-derived compounds from sponges, algae, and marine invertebrates can be used for neuroprotection, with fewer adverse effects than synthetic drugs. Various compounds such as bryostatin-1, docosahexaenoic acid, spirolides, and astaxanthin, GV-971, have demonstrated outstanding activity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Malan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
| | - Manjusha Choudhary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
| | - Prabhjeet Kaur Bamrah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
| | - Dipender Kumari
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
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Zhao J, Wei M, Guo M, Wang M, Niu H, Xu T, Zhou Y. GSK3: A potential target and pending issues for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14818. [PMID: 38946682 PMCID: PMC11215492 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), consisting of GSK3α and GSK3β subtypes, is a complex protein kinase that regulates numerous substrates. Research has observed increased GSK3 expression in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and models. AD is a neurodegenerative disorder with diverse pathogenesis and notable cognitive impairments, characterized by Aβ aggregation and excessive tau phosphorylation. This article provides an overview of GSK3's structure and regulation, extensively analyzing its relationship with AD factors. GSK3 overactivation disrupts neural growth, development, and function. It directly promotes tau phosphorylation, regulates amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, leading to Aβ formation, and directly or indirectly triggers neuroinflammation and oxidative damage. We also summarize preclinical research highlighting the inhibition of GSK3 activity as a primary therapeutic approach for AD. Finally, pending issues like the lack of highly specific and affinity-driven GSK3 inhibitors, are raised and expected to be addressed in future research. In conclusion, GSK3 represents a target in AD treatment, filled with hope, challenges, opportunities, and obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhao
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Mengying Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Future Health Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River DeltaZhejiang UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Minsong Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineWenzhouChina
| | - Mengyao Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hongxia Niu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Blood‐stasis‐toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Tengfei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineWenzhouChina
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Blood‐stasis‐toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
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Ikzf1 as a novel regulator of microglial homeostasis in inflammation and neurodegeneration. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:144-161. [PMID: 36702234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, microglia have emerged as key contributors to disease progression in many neurological disorders, not only by exerting their classical immunological functions but also as extremely dynamic cells with the ability to modulate synaptic and neural activity. This dynamic behavior, together with their heterogeneous roles and response to diverse perturbations in the brain parenchyma has raised the idea that microglia activation is more diverse than anticipated and that understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial states is essential to unravel their role in health and disease from development to aging. The Ikzf1 (a.k.a. Ikaros) gene plays crucial roles in modulating the function and maturation of circulating monocytes and lymphocytes, but whether it regulates microglial functions and states is unknown. Using genetic tools, here we describe that Ikzf1 is specifically expressed in the adult microglia in brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus. By characterizing the Ikzf1 deficient mice, we observed that these mice displayed spatial learning deficits, impaired hippocampal CA3-CA1 long-term potentiation, and decreased spine density in pyramidal neurons of the CA1, which correlates with an increased expression of synaptic markers within microglia. Additionally, these Ikzf1 deficient microglia exhibited a severe abnormal morphology in the hippocampus, which is accompanied by astrogliosis, an aberrant composition of the inflammasome, and an altered expression of disease-associated microglia molecules. Interestingly, the lack of Ikzf1 induced changes on histone 3 acetylation and methylation levels in the hippocampus. Since the lack of Ikzf1 in mice appears to induce the internalization of synaptic markers within microglia, and severe gliosis we then analyzed hippocampal Ikzf1 levels in several models of neurological disorders. Ikzf1 levels were increased in the hippocampus of these neurological models, as well as in postmortem hippocampal samples from Alzheimer's disease patients. Finally, over-expressing Ikzf1 in cultured microglia made these cells hyporeactive upon treatment with lipopolysaccharide, and less phagocytic compared to control microglia. Altogether, these results suggest that altered Ikzf1 levels in the adult hippocampus are sufficient to induce synaptic plasticity and memory deficits via altering microglial state and function.
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Vrabec R, Blunden G, Cahlíková L. Natural Alkaloids as Multi-Target Compounds towards Factors Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054399. [PMID: 36901826 PMCID: PMC10003045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly people; currently, there is no efficient treatment. Considering the increase in life expectancy worldwide AD rates are predicted to increase enormously, and thus the search for new AD drugs is urgently needed. A great amount of experimental and clinical evidence indicated that AD is a complex disorder characterized by widespread neurodegeneration of the CNS, with major involvement of the cholinergic system, causing progressive cognitive decline and dementia. The current treatment, based on the cholinergic hypothesis, is only symptomatic and mainly involves the restoration of acetylcholine (ACh) levels through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Since the introduction of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine as an antidementia drug in 2001, alkaloids have been one of the most attractive groups for searching for new AD drugs. The present review aims to comprehensively summarize alkaloids of various origins as multi-target compounds for AD. From this point of view, the most promising compounds seem to be the β-carboline alkaloid harmine and several isoquinoline alkaloids since they can simultaneously inhibit several key enzymes of AD's pathophysiology. However, this topic remains open for further research on detailed mechanisms of action and the synthesis of potentially better semi-synthetic analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Vrabec
- Secondary Metabolites of Plants as Potential Drugs Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Gerald Blunden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Lucie Cahlíková
- Secondary Metabolites of Plants as Potential Drugs Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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Xiao L. A Review: Meridianins and Meridianins Derivatives. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248714. [PMID: 36557848 PMCID: PMC9781522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Meridianins are a family of indole alkaloids derived from Antarctic tunicates with extensive pharmacological activities. A series of meridianin derivatives had been synthesized by drug researchers. This article reviews the extraction and purification methods, biological activities and pharmacological applications, pharmacokinetic characters and chemical synthesis of meridianins and their derivatives. And prospects on discovering new bioactivities of meridianins and optimizing their structure for the improvement of the ADMET properties are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Xiao
- School of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
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Chen C, Ma X, Wei J, Shakir N, Zhang JK, Zhang L, Nehme A, Cui Y, Ferguson D, Bai F, Qiu S. Early impairment of cortical circuit plasticity and connectivity in the 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:371. [PMID: 36075886 PMCID: PMC9458752 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are expressed throughout the life span. How these risk factors affect early brain development and function remain largely unclear. Analysis of animal models with high constructive validity for AD, such as the 5xFAD mouse model, may provide insights on potential early neurodevelopmental effects that impinge on adult brain function and age-dependent degeneration. The 5XFAD mouse model over-expresses human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) harboring five familial AD mutations. It is unclear how the expression of these mutant proteins affects early developing brain circuits. We found that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) layer 5 (L5) neurons in 5XFAD mice exhibit transgenic APP overloading at an early post-weaning age. Impaired synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation, LTP) was seen at 6-8 weeks age in L5 PFC circuit, which was correlated with increased intracellular APP. APP overloading was also seen in L5 pyramidal neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) during the critical period of plasticity (4-5 weeks age). Whole-cell patch clamp recording in V1 brain slices revealed reduced intrinsic excitability of L5 neurons in 5XFAD mice, along with decreased spontaneous miniature excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Functional circuit mapping using laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) combined with glutamate uncaging uncovered reduced excitatory synaptic connectivity onto L5 neurons in V1, and a more pronounced reduction in inhibitory connectivity, indicative of altered excitation and inhibition during VC critical period. Lastly, in vivo single-unit recording in V1 confirmed that monocular visual deprivation-induced ocular dominance plasticity during critical period was impaired in 5XFAD mice. Our study reveals plasticity deficits across multiple cortical regions and indicates altered early cortical circuit developmental trajectory as a result of mutant APP/PS1 over-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008 China ,grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XBasic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Xiaokuang Ma
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XBasic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Jing Wei
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XBasic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Neha Shakir
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XBasic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Jessica K. Zhang
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XBasic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Le Zhang
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XBasic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Antoine Nehme
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XBasic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Yuehua Cui
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XBasic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Deveroux Ferguson
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XBasic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China.
| | - Shenfeng Qiu
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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