Hypolipidemic and insulin sensitizing effects of salsalate beyond suppressing inflammation in a prediabetic rat model

Stimulation, regulation, and inflammaging interventions of natural compounds on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway: a comprehensive review

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is a kind of transcription factor which resides in cytoplasm of each cell and on activation, it translocates to the nucleus. It is activated by a many inducible agents including endotoxins, inflammatory stimuli, carcinogens, pathogens, nicotine, and tumour promoters, etc. NF-kB is activated by canonical and non-canonical signalling pathways which has different signalling compounds and its biological functions. It controls the expression of 400 different genes including various enzymes, cytokines, viral proteins, regulatory molecules involved in the cell cycle etc. This pathway is linked with various ailments including respiratory diseases, inflammatory diseases, auto immune diseases, cancer and diabetes. NF-kB factor and signalling pathway are the mainstream of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Human subjects have been able to curb inflammation through inflammaging with the help of the phytomolecules interacting with the NF-κB pathway by adjusting the inflammation processes and alleviating aging stresses in cells. They successfully inhibit the activation of NF-κB, thereby curtailing chronic low-grade inflammation underlying both ageing and age-related disease processes. These phytocompounds discussed herewith not only down-regulate NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory pathways but also help build resilience at cellular levels, therefore, offering enhanced healthspan with late commencement of inflammaging pathogenesis. This review describes what stimulation and regulation of the Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-kB) Pathway and its roles in the pathogenesis of human age related diseases. We also review the recent progress in attenuating the molecular mechanisms of the NF-kB Pathway by phytochemicals, which may open up novel therapeutic avenues.

Visceral Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Vascular Complications in a Rat Model with Severe Dyslipidemia: Sex Differences and PAI-1 Tissue Involvement

We investigated the sex-dependent effects of inflammatory responses in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), as well as hematological status, in relation to cardiovascular disorders associated with prediabetes. Using male and female hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (HHTg) rats-a nonobese prediabetic model featuring dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance-we found that HHTg females exhibited more pronounced hypertriglyceridemia than males, while HHTg males had higher non-fasting glucose levels. Additionally, HHTg females had higher platelet counts, larger platelet volumes, and lower antithrombin inhibitory activity. Regarding low-grade chronic inflammation, HHTg males exhibited increased serum leptin and leukocyte levels, while females had increased serum interleukin-6 (IL-6). Both sexes had increased circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), higher PAI-1 gene expression in VAT and PVAT, and elevated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene expression in the aorta, contributing to endothelial dysfunction in the HHTg strain. However, HHTg females had lower tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) gene expression in the aorta. Severe dyslipidemia in this prediabetic model was associated with hypercoagulation and low-grade chronic inflammation. The increase in PAI-1 expression in both VAT and PVAT seems to indicate a link between inflammation and vascular dysfunction. Despite the more pronounced dyslipidemia and procoagulation status in females, their milder inflammatory response may reflect an association between reduced cardiovascular damage and prediabetes.

Effect of phenylbutazone on insulin secretion in horses with insulin dysregulation

BACKGROUND

Phenylbutazone is often prescribed to manage pain caused by hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis, but in diabetic people nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase insulin secretion and pancreatic activity.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES

Investigate the effect of phenylbutazone administration on insulin secretion in horses. It was hypothesized that phenylbutazone will increase insulin secretion in horses with insulin dysregulation (ID).

ANIMALS

Sixteen light breed horses, including 7 with ID.

METHODS

Randomized cross-over study design. Horses underwent an oral glucose test (OGT) after 9 days of treatment with phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg IV q24h) or placebo (5 mL 0.9% saline). After a 10-day washout period, horses received the alternative treatment, and a second OGT was performed. Insulin and glucose responses were compared between groups (ID or controls) and treatments using paired t test and analyses of variance with P < .05 considered significant.

RESULTS

In horses with ID, phenylbutazone treatment significantly decreased glucose concentration (P = .02), glucose area under the curve (2429 ± 501.5 vs 2847 ± 486.1 mmol/L × min, P = .02), insulin concentration (P = .03) and insulin area under the curve (17 710 ± 6676 vs 22 930 ± 8788 μIU/mL × min, P = .03) in response to an OGT. No significant effect was detected in control horses.

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Phenylbutazone administration in horses with ID decreases glucose and insulin concentrations in response to an OGT warranting further investigation of a therapeutic potential of phenylbutazone in the management of hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis beyond analgesia.

Therapeutic potential of adiponectin in prediabetes: strategies, challenges, and future directions

Adiponectin, an adipose-derived hormone, plays a pivotal role in glucose regulation and lipid metabolism, with a decrease in circulating adiponectin levels being linked to insulin resistance and prediabetes. This review examines the therapeutic potential of adiponectin in managing prediabetes, elucidating on multiple aspects including its role in glucose and lipid metabolism, influence on insulin sensitivity, and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, the paper highlights the latest strategies to augment adiponectin levels, such as gene therapy, pharmacological interventions, dietary modifications, and lifestyle changes. It also addresses the challenges encountered in translating preclinical findings into clinical practice, primarily related to drug delivery, safety, and efficacy. Lastly, the review proposes future directions, underlining the need for large-scale human trials, novel adiponectin analogs, and personalized treatment strategies to harness adiponectin's full therapeutic potential in preventing the transition from prediabetes to diabetes.