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Flinn H, Marshall A, Holcomb M, Cruz L, Soriano S, Treangen TJ, Villapol S. Antibiotic treatment induces microbiome dysbiosis and reduction of neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury in mice. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4475195. [PMID: 38946944 PMCID: PMC11213166 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4475195/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Background The gut microbiome is linked to brain pathology in cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet the specific bacteria that are implicated are not well characterized. To address this gap, in this study, we induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) in male C57BL/6J mice using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury model. After 35 days, we administered a broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) cocktail (ampicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole, vancomycin) through oral gavage for 2 days to diminish existing microbiota. Subsequently, we inflicted a second TBI on the mice and analyzed the neuropathological outcomes five days later. Results Longitudinal analysis of the microbiome showed significant shifts in the diversity and abundance of bacterial genera during both acute and chronic inflammation. These changes were particularly dramatic following treatment with ABX and after the second TBI. ABX treatment did not affect the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) but did alter intestinal morphology, characterized by reduced villus width and a lower count of goblet cells, suggesting potential negative impacts on intestinal integrity. Nevertheless, diminishing the intestinal microbiome reduced cortical damage, apoptotic cell density, and microglial/macrophage activation in the cortical and thalamic regions of the brain. Conclusions Our findings suggest that eliminating colonized gut bacteria via broad-spectrum ABX reduces neuroinflammation and enhances neurological outcomes in TBI despite implications to gut health.
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Ritter K, Somnuke P, Hu L, Griemert EV, Schäfer MKE. Current state of neuroprotective therapy using antibiotics in human traumatic brain injury and animal models. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:10. [PMID: 38424488 PMCID: PMC10905838 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
TBI is a leading cause of death and disability in young people and older adults worldwide. There is no gold standard treatment for TBI besides surgical interventions and symptomatic relief. Post-injury infections, such as lower respiratory tract and surgical site infections or meningitis are frequent complications following TBI. Whether the use of preventive and/or symptomatic antibiotic therapy improves patient mortality and outcome is an ongoing matter of debate. In contrast, results from animal models of TBI suggest translational perspectives and support the hypothesis that antibiotics, independent of their anti-microbial activity, alleviate secondary injury and improve neurological outcomes. These beneficial effects were largely attributed to the inhibition of neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. In this review, we briefly outline current treatment options, including antibiotic therapy, for patients with TBI. We then summarize the therapeutic effects of the most commonly tested antibiotics in TBI animal models, highlight studies identifying molecular targets of antibiotics, and discuss similarities and differences in their mechanistic modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ritter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1 (Bld. 505), Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Pawit Somnuke
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1 (Bld. 505), Mainz, 55131, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Lingjiao Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1 (Bld. 505), Mainz, 55131, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, China
| | - Eva-Verena Griemert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1 (Bld. 505), Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1 (Bld. 505), Mainz, 55131, Germany.
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg- University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Zhang Z, Wu X, Kong Y, Zou P, Wang Y, Zhang H, Cui G, Zhu W, Chen H. Dynamic Changes and Effects of H 2S, IGF-1, and GH in the Traumatic Brain Injury. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-023-10557-9. [PMID: 38233694 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the expression changes of H2S, IGF-1, and GH in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients and to detect their neuroprotective functions after TBI. In this study, we first collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from TBI patients at different times after injury and evaluated the concentrations of H2S, IGF-1, and GH. In vitro studies were using the scratch-induced injury model and cell-cell interaction model (HT22 hippocampal neurons co-cultured with LPS-induced BV2 microglia cells). In vivo studies were using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model in mice. Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Pro-inflammatory cytokines expression was determined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and nitric oxide production. Western blot was performed to assess the expression of CBS, CSE, IGF-1, and GHRH. Moreover, the recovery of TBI mice was evaluated for behavioral function by applying the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS), the Rotarod test, and the Morris water maze. We discovered that serum H2S, CSF H2S, and serum IGF-1 concentrations were all adversely associated with the severity of the TBI, while the concentrations of IGF-1 and GH in CSF and GH in the serum were all positively related to TBI severity. Experiments in vitro and in vivo indicated that treatment with NaHS (H2S donor), IGF-1, and MR-409 (GHRH agonist) showed protective effects after TBI. This study gives novel information on the functions of H2S, IGF-1, and GH in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Guangqiang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Hongguang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China.
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