Molecular mechanisms of resveratrol as chemo and radiosensitizer in cancer

Unraveling the complexities of colorectal cancer and its promising therapies - An updated review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a global health concern, necessitating further research into its complex biology and innovative treatment approaches. The etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer are summarized in this thorough review along with recent developments. The multifactorial nature of colorectal cancer is examined, including genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle decisions. The focus is on deciphering the complex interactions between signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, TGF-β as well as PI3K/AKT that participate in the onset, growth, and metastasis of CRC. There is a discussion of various diagnostic modalities that span from traditional colonoscopy to sophisticated molecular techniques like liquid biopsy and radiomics, emphasizing their functions in early identification, prognostication, and treatment stratification. The potential of artificial intelligence as well as machine learning algorithms in improving accuracy as well as efficiency in colorectal cancer diagnosis and management is also explored. Regarding therapy, the review provides a thorough overview of well-known treatments like radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery as well as delves into the newly-emerging areas of targeted therapies as well as immunotherapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as other molecularly targeted treatments, such as anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) as well as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) monoclonal antibodies, show promise in improving the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients, in particular, those suffering from metastatic disease. This review focuses on giving readers a thorough understanding of colorectal cancer by considering its complexities, the present status of treatment, and potential future paths for therapeutic interventions. Through unraveling the intricate web of this disease, we can develop a more tailored and effective approach to treating CRC.

Resveratrol-loaded invasome gel: A promising nanoformulation for treatment of skin cancer

Skin cancer is a widespread type of cancer representing 30% of all cancer types worldwide. Resveratrol (RSV) is an anticancer drug used for skin cancer treatment. Several limitations of RSV such as poor aqueous solubility, first-pass metabolism, and instability limit their topical use. The study aimed to develop and optimize RSV-loaded invasomes for topical administration as well as assess their efficacy in vivo. The optimized RSV-loaded invasomes showed small particle size (208.7 ± 74 nm), PDI (0.3 ± 0.03), high % entrapment efficiency (77.7 ± 6%), and negative zeta potential (-70.4 ± 10.9 mV). They showed an initial burst effect followed by controlled drug release for 24 h. RSV-loaded invasomal gel revealed the highest skin deposition percentage (65%) in ex vivo rat skin, the highest potency (low IC50 of 6.34 μg/mL), and the highest cellular uptake when tested on squamous cancerous cells (SCCs) when compared to other formulations. The antitumor effect of topical RSV-loaded invasomes was also evaluated in vivo in Ehrlich-induced mice models. The results revealed that RSV-loaded invasomal gel exhibited the smallest tumor volume with no signs of organ toxicity indicating its safety in skin cancer treatment. Upregulation of BAX and Caspase-3 gene levels and downregulation of NF-kB and BCL2 protein levels were demonstrated using RT-PCR and ELISA tests, respectively. Interestingly, the present study is the first to develop RSV-loaded invasomal gel for topical skin cancer treatment. According to our results, invasomes are considered promising lipid-based nanosystems for topical RSV delivery having high skin penetration ability and anticancer effect in the treatment of skin carcinoma.

An Updated Review Summarizing the Anticancer Potential of Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Based Curcumin, Epigallocatechin Gallate, and Resveratrol Nanocarriers

The utilization of nanoformulations derived from natural products for the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer, is a rapidly developing field. Conventional therapies used for cancer treatment have limited efficacy and a greater number of adverse effects. Hence, it is imperative to develop innovative anticancer drugs with superior effectiveness. Among the diverse array of natural anticancer compounds, resveratrol, curcumin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have gained considerable attention in recent years. Despite their strong anticancer properties, medicinally significant phytochemicals such as resveratrol, curcumin, and EGCG have certain disadvantages, such as limited solubility in water, stability, and bioavailability problems. Encapsulating these phytochemicals in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a polymer that is nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible, is an effective method for delivering medication to the tumor location. In addition, PLGA nanoparticles can be modified with targeting molecules to specifically target cancer cells, thereby improving the effectiveness of phytochemicals in fighting tumors. Combining plant-based medicine (phytotherapy) with nanotechnology in a clinical environment has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of drugs and improve the overall health outcomes of patients. Therefore, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the different aspects and recent advancements in using PLGA-based nanocarriers for delivering anticancer phytochemicals. This review addresses the most recent advancements in PLGA-based delivery systems for resveratrol, EGCG, and curcumin, emphasizing the possibility of resolving issues related to the therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability of these compounds.

Resveratrol enhances sensitivity of renal cell carcinoma to tivozanib: An in-vitro study

BACKGROUND

Since tivozanib has many side effects in the treatment of kidney cancer, we decided to use resveratrol as a bioactive molecule with anticancer and antioxidant properties to make tivozanib more effective and also reduce its side effects in kidney cancer cell line.

METHOD

In this in vitro study, we evaluated the effect of tivozanib, resveratrol and tivozanib- resveratrol combination therapy in ACHN cell line as representatives of human kidney cancer. The assessment includes Hoechst dye staining, scratch-wound assay, 3D spheroid, 2D colony formation assay, flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and DNA cell cycle, real-time PCR (BAX/BCL2, E-cadherin, Snail, HIF1α, VEGFC and KLK3 genes).

RESULT

To determine IC50 levels, ACHN cells was exposed to different concentration of tivozanib and resveratrol. Our data indicated that IC50 values for tivozanib (0.5 μM) and resveratrol (30 μM) with MTT in a dose and time-dependent manner. Due to the efficacy of resveratrol in combination with tivozanib, we used 20 μM resveratrol, and 0.25 μM tivozanib instead of 30 μM and 0.25 μM respectively. This data was approved by flow cytometry for ACHN cell line with 38.39, 14.74 and 66.06 percent apoptosis and 8.25, 5.12 and 15.6 percent subG1 for tivozanib, resveratrol and tivozanib-resveratrol combination respectively which was as a consequence of cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase. The treatment also reduced cells' migration, fragmented nuclei, 3D spheroid and colony formation potentials in analyses. Evaluation of gene expression presented that the effect of the tivozanib and resveratrol combination in ACHN cell lines is completely different during the evaluation of apoptosis genes, BAX, P53 genes and E-Cadherin had significantly increased expression compared to single treatment groups (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, a significant decrease was observed in the expression of VEGFC and HIF1α genes in the combination group compared to the monotherapy groups (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Considering that resveratrol can increase the apoptosis of cancer cells alone and in combination with tivozanib and prevent the proliferation of cancer cells and also reduce the side effects of tivozanib, we suggest that resveratrol as a potential bioactive molecule can be used in treatment of kidney cancer should be used in combination with tivozanib.

Modulation of the Sirtuin-1 signaling pathway in doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity (synergistic amelioration by resveratrol and pirfenidone)

The current study was conducted to determine the precise mechanisms of Sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1), TGF- β (Transforming Growth Factor-β), and long non-coding RNA Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (LncRNA MALAT-1) in signaling pathways in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced nephrotoxicity. The potential therapeutic effect of Resveratrol and Pirfenidone in DOX toxicity was also assessed. Thirty-six male adult rats were evenly distributed into four groups: Group 1: control rats. Group 2: DOX exposed rats' group, each animal received 7.5 mg/kg DOX as a single intravenous dose, Group 3: DOX exposed group subjected to oral resveratrol (20 mg/kg/daily for two weeks), Group 4: DOX exposed group subjected to oral Pirfenidone (200 mg/kg once daily for 10 days). At the planned time, animals were sacrificed. Renal tissue was collected to assess matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), inflammatory and apoptotic markers: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- β, caspase-3, cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), and oxidative stress markers: nitric oxide (NO), Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1), TGF-β, and LncRNA MALAT-1 were quantitatively assessed by real-time RT-PCR in the whole blood. Results showed that the DOX group exhibited a significant increase in oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory, and apoptotic markers in the renal tissue. Histologically, the renal tubule lining cells exhibited vacuolar alterations in the cytoplasm, glomerular atrophy, and vascular congestion. Furthermore, renal degeneration was evident, as confirmed by the heightened immuno-expression of MMP9. Exposure to DOX resulted in a significant decrease in Sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1) with a significant increase in the TGFβ, and LncRNA MALAT-1 gene expression. However, pre-treatment with either resveratrol/or Pirefenidone ameliorated the histological renal alterations, regulated the pathways of Sirt-1, TGFβ, and LncRNA MALAT-1, and decreased all oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic markers. In conclusion, DOX exposure leads to renal toxicity by inducing renal degeneration, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Administration of either resveratrol or Pirfenidone counteracted these changes and protected the kidney against DOX-induced renal damage.

Progress in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases Based on Nanosized Traditional Chinese Medicine

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is widely used in clinical practice to treat diseases related to central nervous system (CNS) damage. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes a significant impediment to the effective delivery of TCM, thus substantially diminishing its efficacy. Advances in nanotechnology and its applications in TCM (also known as nano-TCM) can deliver active ingredients or components of TCM across the BBB to the targeted brain region. This review provides an overview of the physiological and pathological mechanisms of the BBB and systematically classifies the common TCM used to treat CNS diseases and types of nanocarriers that effectively deliver TCM to the brain. Additionally, drug delivery strategies for nano-TCMs that utilize in vivo physiological properties or in vitro devices to bypass or cross the BBB are discussed. This review further focuses on the application of nano-TCMs in the treatment of various CNS diseases. Finally, this article anticipates a design strategy for nano-TCMs with higher delivery efficiency and probes their application potential in treating a wider range of CNS diseases.

Study on the effect and mechanism of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus AFY06 on inflammation-associated colorectal cancer induced by AOM/DSS in mice

Introduction

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus AFY06 (LR-AFY06) is a microorganism isolated from naturally fermented yogurt in Xinjiang, China.

Methods

In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of LR-AFY06 in a mouse model of inflammation-associated colon cancer. The mouse model was established by azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) induction. The tumor number in intestinal tissues was counted, and the histopathological analysis was performed on colon tissues. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to measure relevant protein levels in colon tissues.

Results

LR-AFY06 treatment alleviated weight loss, increased organ index, reduced intestinal tumor incidence, improved histopathological damage, decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the serum and colon tissue, downregulated the mRNA expression of inhibitor of NF-κB beta (IκBβ), p65, p50, p52, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) in colon tissues, and increased the mRNA expression of Bid and caspase-8. The high concentration of LR-AFY06 exerted a better effect than the low concentration; however, the effect was slightly inferior to that of aspirin. Moreover, LR-AFY06 mitigated the intestinal inflammatory process and inhibited intestinal tumor development by regulating the NF-κB and apoptosis pathways.

Discussion

The present study indicates the regulatory potential of LR-AFY06 in inflammation-associated colorectal cancer in mice, providing a valuable basis for further research.