1
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Lavaud S, Bichara C, D'Andola M, Yeh SH, Takeoka A. Two inhibitory neuronal classes govern acquisition and recall of spinal sensorimotor adaptation. Science 2024; 384:194-201. [PMID: 38603479 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf6801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Spinal circuits are central to movement adaptation, yet the mechanisms within the spinal cord responsible for acquiring and retaining behavior upon experience remain unclear. Using a simple conditioning paradigm, we found that dorsal inhibitory neurons are indispensable for adapting protective limb-withdrawal behavior by regulating the transmission of a specific set of somatosensory information to enhance the saliency of conditioning cues associated with limb position. By contrast, maintaining previously acquired motor adaptation required the ventral inhibitory Renshaw cells. Manipulating Renshaw cells does not affect the adaptation itself but flexibly alters the expression of adaptive behavior. These findings identify a circuit basis involving two distinct populations of spinal inhibitory neurons, which enables lasting sensorimotor adaptation independently from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lavaud
- VIB-Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (NERF), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience and Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Bichara
- VIB-Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (NERF), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience and Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mattia D'Andola
- VIB-Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (NERF), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience and Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shu-Hao Yeh
- VIB-Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (NERF), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience and Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aya Takeoka
- VIB-Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (NERF), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience and Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Motor Circuit Plasticity, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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2
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Santuz A, Laflamme OD, Akay T. The brain integrates proprioceptive information to ensure robust locomotion. J Physiol 2022; 600:5267-5294. [PMID: 36271747 DOI: 10.1113/jp283181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust locomotion relies on information from proprioceptors: sensory organs that communicate the position of body parts to the spinal cord and brain. Proprioceptive circuits in the spinal cord are known to coarsely regulate locomotion in the presence of perturbations. Yet, the regulatory importance of the brain in maintaining robust locomotion remains less clear. Here, through mouse genetic studies and in vivo electrophysiology, we examined the role of the brain in integrating proprioceptive information during perturbed locomotion. The systemic removal of proprioceptors left the mice in a constantly perturbed state, similar to that observed during mechanically perturbed locomotion in wild-type mice and characterised by longer and less accurate synergistic activation patterns. By contrast, after surgically interrupting the ascending proprioceptive projection to the brain through the dorsal column of the spinal cord, wild-type mice showed normal walking behaviour, yet lost the ability to respond to external perturbations. Our findings provide direct evidence of a pivotal role for ascending proprioceptive information in achieving robust, safe locomotion. KEY POINTS: Whether brain integration of proprioceptive feedback is crucial for coping with perturbed locomotion is not clear. We showed a crucial role of the brain for responding to external perturbations and ensure robust locomotion. We used mouse genetics to remove proprioceptors and a spinal lesion model to interrupt the flow of proprioceptive information to the brain through the dorsal column in wild-type animals. Using a custom-built treadmill, we administered sudden and random mechanical perturbations to mice during walking. External perturbations affected locomotion in wild-type mice similar to the absence of proprioceptors in genetically modified mice. Proprioceptive feedback from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs contributed to locomotor robustness. Wild-type mice lost the ability to respond to external perturbations after interruption of the ascending proprioceptive projection to the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Santuz
- Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Centre, Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Olivier D Laflamme
- Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Centre, Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Turgay Akay
- Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Centre, Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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3
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Stochastic spinal neuromodulation tunes the intrinsic logic of spinal neural networks. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Werth J, König M, Epro G, Seeley J, Potthast W, Karamanidis K. Volitional step execution is an ineffective predictor of recovery performance after sudden balance loss across the age range. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 76:102769. [PMID: 33581561 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid stepping to preserve stability is a crucial action in avoiding a fall. It is also an important measure in the assessment of fall-resisting skills. We examined whether volitional step execution correlates with recovery stepping performance after sudden balance loss for adults of different ages. In addition, we investigated whether volitional step performance can discriminate between individuals with high and low balance recovery capabilities, i.e. between those making single versus multiple steps after balance perturbation. Healthy adults (28 young, 43 middle-aged and 26 older; 24 ± 4, 52 ± 5 and 72 ± 5 years respectively) performed a single step in the anterior direction volitionally in response to a mechanical stimulus to the heel. In a second stepping task, participants experienced sudden anterior balance loss in a lean-and-release protocol. For both tasks, an optical motion capture system was used to assess stepping kinematics. We found on average 28% shorter reaction times, 46% faster maximal step velocities and 48% higher rates of increase in base of support across all participants after sudden balance loss compared to volitional stepping (p < 0.001). There was a significant age-related decline in recovery stepping performance after sudden balance loss: 24/26 older, 15/43 middle-aged and none of the younger adults required two or more steps to regain balance (p < 0.001). Multiple- compared to single-steppers had on average 23% shorter step lengths and 12% lower maximal step velocities for the lean-and-release task (p < 0.01). Multiple-steppers also had reduced rates of increase in base of support for both stepping tasks (14% for balance recovery and 11% for volitional stepping). Furthermore, in examining the relationship between the results of the two tasks, only weak to moderate correlations were observed for step velocity and rate of increase in base of support (0.36 ≤ r ≤ 0.52; p < 0.001). Thus, performance in volitional step execution has a low potential to explain variability in recovery response after sudden balance loss in adults across the lifespan and hence seems less suitable to be used to identify deficiencies in reactive stepping responses necessary to cope with sudden balance disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Werth
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias König
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Gaspar Epro
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Seeley
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kiros Karamanidis
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Nakajima T, Suzuki S, Zehr EP, Komiyama T. Long-lasting changes in muscle activation and step cycle variables induced by repetitive sensory stimulation to discrete areas of the foot sole during walking. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:331-343. [PMID: 33326346 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00376.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether repetitive electrical stimulation to discrete foot sole regions that are phase-locked to the step cycle modulates activity patterns of ankle muscles and induces neuronal adaptation during human walking. Nonnoxious repetitive foot sole stimulation (STIM; 67 pulses at 333 Hz) was given to the medial forefoot (f-M) or heel (HL) regions at 1) the stance-to-swing transition, 2) swing-to-stance transition, or 3) midstance, during every step cycle for 10 min. Stance, but not swing, durations were prolonged with f-M STIM delivered at stance-to-swing transition, and these changes remained for up to 20-30 min after the intervention. Electromyographic (EMG) burst durations and amplitudes in the ankle extensors were also prolonged and persisted for 20 min after the intervention. Interestingly, STIM to HL was ineffective at inducing modulation, suggesting stimulation location-specific adaptation. In contrast, STIM to HL (but not f-M), at the swing-to-stance phase transition, shortened the step cycle by premature termination of swing. Furthermore, the onset of EMG bursts in the ankle extensors appeared earlier than in the control condition. STIM delivered during the midstance phase was ineffective at modulating the step cycle, highlighting phase-dependent adaptation. These effects were absent when STIM was applied while mimicking static postures for each walking phase during standing. Our findings suggest that the combination of walking-related neuronal activity with repetitive sensory inputs from the foot can generate short-term adaptation that is phase-dependent and localized to the site of STIM.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Repetitive (∼10 min) long (200 ms) trains of sensory stimulation to discrete areas of the foot sole produce persistent changes in muscle activity and cycle timing during walking. Interactions between the delivery phase and stimulus location determine the expression of the adaptations. These observations bear striking similarities to those in decerebrate cat experiments and may be usefully translated to improving locomotor function after neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Japan
| | - E Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tomoyoshi Komiyama
- Division of Health and Sports Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Japan.,Division of Health and Sports Scieces, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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6
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König M, Epro G, Seeley J, Potthast W, Karamanidis K. Retention and generalizability of balance recovery response adaptations from trip perturbations across the adult life span. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1884-1893. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00380.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For human locomotion, varying environments require adjustments of the motor system. We asked whether age affects gait balance recovery adaptation, its retention over months, and the transfer of adaptation to an untrained reactive balance task. Healthy adults (26 young, 27 middle-aged, and 25 older; average ages 24, 52, and 72 yr, respectively) completed two tasks. The primary task involved treadmill walking: either unperturbed (control; n = 39) or subject to unexpected trip perturbations (training; n = 39). A single trip perturbation was repeated after a 14-wk retention period. The secondary transfer task, before and after treadmill walking, involved sudden loss of balance in a lean-and-release protocol. For both tasks, the anteroposterior margin of stability (MoS) was calculated at foot touchdown. For the first (i.e., novel) trip, older adults required one more recovery step ( P = 0.03) to regain positive MoS compared with younger, but not middle-aged, adults. However, over several trip perturbations, all age groups increased their MoS for the first recovery step to a similar extent (up to 70%) and retained improvements over 14 wk, although a decay over time was found for older adults ( P = 0.002; middle-aged showing a tendency for decay: P = 0.076). Thus, although adaptability in reactive gait stability control remains effective across the adult life span, retention of adaptations over time appears diminished with aging. Despite these robust adaptations, the perturbation training group did not show superior improvements in the transfer task compared with age-matched controls (no differences in MoS changes), suggesting that generalizability of acquired fall-resisting skills from gait-perturbation training may be limited. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The human neuromotor system preserves its adaptability across the adult life span. However, although adaptability in reactive gait stability control remains effective as age increases, retention of recovery response adaptations over time appears to be reduced with aging. Furthermore, acquired fall-resisting skills from single-session perturbation training seem task specific, which may limit the generalizability of such training to the variety of real-life falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias König
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaspar Epro
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Seeley
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kiros Karamanidis
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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7
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McCrum C, Karamanidis K, Willems P, Zijlstra W, Meijer K. Retention, savings and interlimb transfer of reactive gait adaptations in humans following unexpected perturbations. Commun Biol 2018; 1:230. [PMID: 30564751 PMCID: PMC6294781 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive locomotor adaptations are crucial for safe mobility, but remain relatively unexplored. Here we assess reactive gait adaptations, and their retention, savings and interlimb transfer. Using new methods to normalise walking speed and perturbation magnitude, we expose eighteen healthy adults to ten unexpected treadmill belt accelerations during walking (the first and last perturbing the right leg, the others perturbing the left leg) on two days, one month apart. Analysis of the margins of stability using kinematic data reveals that humans reactively adapt gait, improving stability and taking fewer recovery steps, and fully retain these adaptations over time. On re-exposure, retention and savings lead to further improvements in stability. Currently, the role of interlimb transfer is unclear. Our findings show that humans utilise retention and savings in reactive gait adaptations to benefit stability, but that interlimb transfer may not be exclusively responsible for improvements following perturbations to the untrained limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCrum
- 1Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD The Netherlands.,2Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933 Germany
| | - Kiros Karamanidis
- 3Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA UK
| | - Paul Willems
- 1Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD The Netherlands
| | - Wiebren Zijlstra
- 2Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933 Germany
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- 1Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD The Netherlands
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8
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Kuczynski V, Telonio A, Thibaudier Y, Hurteau MF, Dambreville C, Desrochers E, Doelman A, Ross D, Frigon A. Lack of adaptation during prolonged split-belt locomotion in the intact and spinal cat. J Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28643899 DOI: 10.1113/jp274518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS During split-belt locomotion in humans where one leg steps faster than the other, the symmetry of step lengths and double support periods of the slow and fast legs is gradually restored. When returning to tied-belt locomotion, there is an after-effect, with a reversal in the asymmetry observed in the early split-belt period, indicating that the new pattern was stored within the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated if intact and spinal-transected cats show a similar pattern of adaptation to split-belt locomotion by measuring kinematic variables and electromyography before, during and after 10 min of split-belt locomotion. The results show that cats do not adapt to prolonged split-belt locomotion. Our results suggest an important physiological difference in how cats and humans respond to prolonged asymmetric locomotion. ABSTRACT In humans, gait adapts to prolonged walking on a split-belt treadmill, where one leg steps faster than the other, by gradually restoring the symmetry of interlimb kinematic variables, such as double support periods and step lengths, and by reducing muscle activity (EMG, electromyography). The adaptation is also characterized by reversing the asymmetry of interlimb variables observed during the early split-belt period when returning to tied-belt locomotion, termed an after-effect. To determine if cats adapt to prolonged split-belt locomotion and to assess if spinal locomotor circuits participate in the adaptation, we measured interlimb variables and EMG in intact and spinal-transected cats before, during and after 10 min of split-belt locomotion. In spinal cats, only the hindlimbs performed stepping with the forelimbs stationary. In intact and spinal cats, step lengths and double support periods were, on average, symmetric, during tied-belt locomotion. They became asymmetric during split-belt locomotion and remained asymmetric throughout the split-belt period. Upon returning to tied-belt locomotion, symmetry was immediately restored. In intact cats, the mean EMG amplitude of hindlimb extensors increased during split-belt locomotion and remained increased throughout the split-belt period, whereas in spinal cats, EMG amplitude did not change. Therefore, the results indicate that the locomotor pattern of cats does not adapt to prolonged split-belt locomotion, suggesting an important physiological difference in the control of locomotion between cats and humans. We propose that restoring left-right symmetry is not required to maintain balance during prolonged asymmetric locomotion in the cat, a quadruped, as opposed to human bipedal locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Kuczynski
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Alessandro Telonio
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Yann Thibaudier
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Marie-France Hurteau
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Charline Dambreville
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Etienne Desrochers
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Adam Doelman
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Declan Ross
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Alain Frigon
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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Wilson S, Abode-Iyamah KO, Miller JW, Reddy CG, Safayi S, Fredericks DC, Jeffery ND, DeVries-Watson NA, Shivapour SK, Viljoen S, Dalm BD, Gibson-Corley KN, Johnson MD, Gillies GT, Howard MA. An ovine model of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2017; 40:346-360. [PMID: 27759502 PMCID: PMC5472023 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1222475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a large animal model of spinal cord injury (SCI), for use in translational studies of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in the treatment of spasticity. We seek to establish thresholds for the SCS parameters associated with reduction of post-SCI spasticity in the pelvic limbs, with implications for patients. STUDY DESIGN The weight-drop method was used to create a moderate SCI in adult sheep, leading to mild spasticity in the pelvic limbs. Electrodes for electromyography (EMG) and an epidural spinal cord stimulator were then implanted. Behavioral and electrophysiological data were taken during treadmill ambulation in six animals, and in one animal with and without SCS at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.9 V. SETTING All surgical procedures were carried out at the University of Iowa. The gait measurements were made at Iowa State University. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nine adult female sheep were used in these institutionally approved protocols. Six of them were trained in treadmill ambulation prior to SCI surgeries, and underwent gait analysis pre- and post-SCI. Stretch reflex and H-reflex measurements were also made in conscious animals. RESULTS Gait analysis revealed repeatable quantitative differences in 20% of the key kinematic parameters of the sheep, pre- and post-SCI. Hock joint angular velocity increased toward the normal pre-injury baseline in the animal with SCS at 0.9 V. CONCLUSION The ovine model is workable as a large animal surrogate suitable for translational studies of novel SCS therapies aimed at relieving spasticity in patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Wilson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA,Correspondence to: Saul Wilson, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1086, USA.
| | | | - John W. Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chandan G. Reddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sina Safayi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Douglas C. Fredericks
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicole A. DeVries-Watson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sara K. Shivapour
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Stephanus Viljoen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brian D. Dalm
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Katherine N. Gibson-Corley
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - George T. Gillies
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matthew A. Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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10
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McCrum C, Gerards MHG, Karamanidis K, Zijlstra W, Meijer K. A systematic review of gait perturbation paradigms for improving reactive stepping responses and falls risk among healthy older adults. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2017; 14:3. [PMID: 28270866 PMCID: PMC5335723 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-017-0173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Falls are a leading cause of injury among older adults and most often occur during walking. While strength and balance training moderately improve falls risk, training reactive recovery responses following sudden perturbations during walking may be more task-specific for falls prevention. The aim of this review was to determine the variety, characteristics and effectiveness of gait perturbation paradigms that have been used for improving reactive recovery responses during walking and reducing falls among healthy older adults. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE and CINAHL databases in December 2015, repeated in May 2016, using sets of terms relating to gait, perturbations, adaptation and training, and ageing. Inclusion criteria: studies were conducted with healthy participants of 60 years or older; repeated, unpredictable, mechanical perturbations were applied during walking; and reactive recovery responses to gait perturbations or the incidence of laboratory or daily life falls were recorded. Results were narratively synthesised. The risk of bias for each study (PEDro Scale) and the levels of evidence for each perturbation type were determined. Results In the nine studies that met the inclusion criteria, moveable floor platforms, ground surface compliance changes, or treadmill belt accelerations or decelerations were used to perturb the gait of older adults. Eight studies used a single session of perturbations, with two studies using multiple sessions. Eight of the studies reported improvement in the reactive recovery response to the perturbations. Four studies reported a reduction in the percentage of laboratory falls from the pre- to post-perturbation experience measurement and two studies reported a reduction in daily life falls. As well as the range of perturbation types, the magnitude and frequency of the perturbations varied between the studies. Conclusions To date, a range of perturbation paradigms have been used successfully to perturb older adults’ gait and stimulate reactive response adaptations. Variation also exists in the number and magnitudes of applied perturbations. Future research should examine the effects of perturbation type, magnitude and number on the extent and retention of the reactive recovery response adaptations, as well as on falls, over longer time periods among older adults. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s11556-017-0173-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCrum
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Department of Human Movement Science, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marissa H G Gerards
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Department of Human Movement Science, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,azM Herstelzorg Centre for Geriatric Rehabilitation and Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kiros Karamanidis
- Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Wiebren Zijlstra
- Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Department of Human Movement Science, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Gerasimenko Y, Sayenko D, Gad P, Liu CT, Tillakaratne NJK, Roy RR, Kozlovskaya I, Edgerton VR. Feed-Forwardness of Spinal Networks in Posture and Locomotion. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:441-453. [PMID: 28403746 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416683681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a new perspective on the concept of feed-forward compared to feedback mechanisms for motor control. We propose that conceptually all sensory information in real time provided to the brain and spinal cord can be viewed as a feed-forward phenomenon. We also propose that the spinal cord continually adapts to a broad array of ongoing sensory information that is used to adjust the probability of making timely and predictable decisions of selected networks that will execute a given response. One interpretation of the term feedback historically entails responses with short delays. We propose that feed-forward mechanisms, however, range in timeframes of milliseconds to an evolutionary perspective, that is, "evolutionary learning." Continuously adapting events enable a high level of automaticity within the sensorimotor networks that mediate "planned" motor tasks. We emphasize that either a very small or a very large proportion of motor responses can be under some level of conscious vs automatic control. Furthermore, we make a case that a major component of automaticity of the neural control of movement in vertebrates is located within spinal cord networks. Even without brain input, the spinal cord routinely uses feed-forward processing of sensory information, particularly proprioceptive and cutaneous, to continuously make fundamental decisions that define motor responses. In effect, these spinal networks may be largely responsible for executing coordinated sensorimotor tasks, even those under normal "conscious" control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Gerasimenko
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,2 Pavlov Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg, Russia.,3 Russian Federation State Scientific Center, Institute for Bio-Medical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,4 Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dimitry Sayenko
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Parag Gad
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chao-Tuan Liu
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Niranjala J K Tillakaratne
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,5 Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roland R Roy
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,5 Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - V Reggie Edgerton
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,5 Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,6 Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,7 Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,8 Institute Guttmann. Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, Institut Universitari adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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Abstract
Voluntary movement is a result of signals transmitted through a communication channel that links the internal world in our minds to the physical world around us. Intention can be considered the desire to effect change on our environment, and this is contained in the signals from the brain, passed through the nervous system to converge on muscles that generate displacements and forces on our surroundings. The resulting changes in the world act to generate sensations that feed back to the nervous system, closing the control loop. This Perspective discusses the experimental and theoretical underpinnings of current models of movement generation and the way they are modulated by external information. Movement systems embody intentionality and prediction, two factors that are propelling a revolution in engineering. Development of movement models that include the complexities of the external world may allow a better understanding of the neuronal populations regulating these processes, as well as the development of solutions for autonomous vehicles and robots, and neural prostheses for those who are motor impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, E1440 BSTWR, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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13
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Vasudevan EV, Patrick SK, Yang JF. Gait Transitions in Human Infants: Coping with Extremes of Treadmill Speed. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148124. [PMID: 26828941 PMCID: PMC4734668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal pattern generators in quadrupedal animals can coordinate different forms of locomotion, like trotting or galloping, by altering coordination between the limbs (interlimb coordination). In the human system, infants have been used to study the subcortical control of gait, since the cerebral cortex and corticospinal tract are immature early in life. Like other animals, human infants can modify interlimb coordination to jump or step. Do human infants possess functional neuronal circuitry necessary to modify coordination within a limb (intralimb coordination) in order to generate distinct forms of alternating bipedal gait, such as walking and running? We monitored twenty-eight infants (7–12 months) stepping on a treadmill at speeds ranging between 0.06–2.36 m/s, and seventeen adults (22–47 years) walking or running at speeds spanning the walk-to-run transition. Six of the adults were tested with body weight support to mimic the conditions of infant stepping. We found that infants could accommodate a wide range of speeds by altering stride length and frequency, similar to adults. Moreover, as the treadmill speed increased, we observed periods of flight during which neither foot was in ground contact in infants and in adults. However, while adults modified other aspects of intralimb coordination and the mechanics of progression to transition to a running gait, infants did not make comparable changes. The lack of evidence for distinct walking and running patterns in infants suggests that the expression of different functional, alternating gait patterns in humans may require neuromuscular maturation and a period of learning post-independent walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin V. Vasudevan
- Rehabilitation Research and Movement Performance (RRAMP) Lab, Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Health Technology and Management, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Susan K. Patrick
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaynie F. Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Strain MM, Kauer SD, Kao T, Brumley MR. Inter- and intralimb adaptations to a sensory perturbation during activation of the serotonin system after a low spinal cord transection in neonatal rats. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:80. [PMID: 25071461 PMCID: PMC4094843 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the serotonin system has been shown to induce locomotor activity following a spinal cord transection. This study examines how the isolated spinal cord adapts to a sensory perturbation during activation of the serotonergic system. Real-time and persistent effects of a perturbation were examined in intact and spinal transected newborn rats. Rats received a spinal surgery (sham or low thoracic transection) on postnatal day 1 and were tested 9 days later. At test, subjects were treated with the serotonergic receptor agonist quipazine (3.0 mg/kg) to induce stepping behavior. Half of the subjects experienced range of motion (ROM) restriction during stepping, while the other half did not. Differences in stepping behavior (interlimb coordination) and limb trajectories (intralimb coordination) were found to occur in both intact and spinal subjects. Adaptations were seen in the forelimbs and hindlimbs. Also, real-time and persistent effects of ROM restriction (following removal of the perturbation) were seen in ROM-restricted subjects. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the isolated spinal cord to sensory feedback in conjunction with serotonin modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty M Strain
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sierra D Kauer
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Tina Kao
- Department of Psychology, City University of New York Brooklyn, NY, USA ; Department of Psychology, New York University New York, NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
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15
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Petruska JC, Hubscher CH, Rabchevsky AG. Challenges and opportunities of sensory plasticity after SCI. Front Physiol 2013; 4:231. [PMID: 23986722 PMCID: PMC3753431 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Petruska
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
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16
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Gad P, Lavrov I, Shah P, Zhong H, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, Gerasimenko Y. Neuromodulation of motor-evoked potentials during stepping in spinal rats. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:1311-22. [PMID: 23761695 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00169.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat spinal cord isolated from supraspinal control via a complete low- to midthoracic spinal cord transection produces locomotor-like patterns in the hindlimbs when facilitated pharmacologically and/or by epidural electrical stimulation. To evaluate the role of epidural electrical stimulation in enabling motor control (eEmc) for locomotion and posture, we recorded potentials evoked by epidural spinal cord stimulation in selected hindlimb muscles during stepping and standing in adult spinal rats. We hypothesized that the temporal details of the phase-dependent modulation of these evoked potentials in selected hindlimb muscles while performing a motor task in the unanesthetized state would be predictive of the potential of the spinal circuitries to generate stepping. To test this hypothesis, we characterized soleus and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle responses as middle response (MR; 4-6 ms) or late responses (LRs; >7 ms) during stepping with eEmc. We then compared these responses to the stepping parameters with and without a serotoninergic agonist (quipazine) or a glycinergic blocker (strychnine). Quipazine inhibited the MRs induced by eEmc during nonweight-bearing standing but facilitated locomotion and increased the amplitude and number of LRs induced by eEmc during stepping. Strychnine facilitated stepping and reorganized the LRs pattern in the soleus. The LRs in the TA remained relatively stable at varying loads and speeds during locomotion, whereas the LRs in the soleus were strongly modulated by both of these variables. These data suggest that LRs facilitated electrically and/or pharmacologically are not time-locked to the stimulation pulse but are highly correlated to the stepping patterns of spinal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Gad
- Biomedical Engineering IDP, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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17
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Joseph MS, Ying Z, Zhuang Y, Zhong H, Wu A, Bhatia HS, Cruz R, Tillakaratne NJK, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, Gomez-Pinilla F. Effects of diet and/or exercise in enhancing spinal cord sensorimotor learning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41288. [PMID: 22911773 PMCID: PMC3401098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that the spinal cord is capable of learning sensorimotor tasks and that dietary interventions can influence learning involving supraspinal centers, we asked whether the presence of omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the curry spice curcumin (Cur) by themselves or in combination with voluntary exercise could affect spinal cord learning in adult spinal mice. Using an instrumental learning paradigm to assess spinal learning we observed that mice fed a diet containing DHA/Cur performed better in the spinal learning paradigm than mice fed a diet deficient in DHA/Cur. The enhanced performance was accompanied by increases in the mRNA levels of molecular markers of learning, i.e., BDNF, CREB, CaMKII, and syntaxin 3. Concurrent exposure to exercise was complementary to the dietary treatment effects on spinal learning. The diet containing DHA/Cur resulted in higher levels of DHA and lower levels of omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) in the spinal cord than the diet deficient in DHA/Cur. The level of spinal learning was inversely related to the ratio of AA:DHA. These results emphasize the capacity of select dietary factors and exercise to foster spinal cord learning. Given the non-invasiveness and safety of the modulation of diet and exercise, these interventions should be considered in light of their potential to enhance relearning of sensorimotor tasks during rehabilitative training paradigms after a spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Selvan Joseph
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zhe Ying
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yumei Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hui Zhong
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Harsharan S. Bhatia
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rusvelda Cruz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Niranjala J. K. Tillakaratne
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roland R. Roy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - V. Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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