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Bessler S, Hess K, Weigt H, von Ramin M. Biological transformation-battery protection inspired by wound healing. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:056008. [PMID: 34233318 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges for electric vehicle safety and mobility is the development of battery protection mechanisms that are able to cope with irregular and unpredictable heating of the battery unit. Biological protection mechanisms are considered to be one of the most effective and resilient mechanisms due to their ability to react dynamically and adaptively to unpredictable disturbances. Consequently, biological systems can be viewed as models for high resiliency that provide inspiration for tackling issues such as excessive resource consumption or low technical resilience. This study demonstrates the improvement of the safety of an electric vehicle battery system inspired by wound healing and pain reflex response, which are among the most important protective mechanisms of the human body system. In particular, the individual mechanisms are systematically characterized, their underlying principles identified and transferred to a simulated battery system using a novel attribute-based method. As a result, the detection of irregular heating is improved and cooling of the battery system is more efficient. Further, this example can be used to explain how protective mechanisms that contribute to the resilience of biological systems can be abstracted and transferred to different technical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bessler
- Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Am Klingelberg 1, 79588 Efringen-Kirchen, Germany
| | - Katharina Hess
- Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Am Klingelberg 1, 79588 Efringen-Kirchen, Germany
| | - Henning Weigt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Malte von Ramin
- Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Am Klingelberg 1, 79588 Efringen-Kirchen, Germany
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Luo X, Guet-McCreight A, Villette V, Francavilla R, Marino B, Chamberland S, Skinner FK, Topolnik L. Synaptic Mechanisms Underlying the Network State-Dependent Recruitment of VIP-Expressing Interneurons in the CA1 Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3667-3685. [PMID: 32080739 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disinhibition is a widespread circuit mechanism for information selection and transfer. In the hippocampus, disinhibition of principal cells is provided by the interneuron-specific interneurons that express the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-IS) and innervate selectively inhibitory interneurons. By combining optophysiological experiments with computational models, we determined the impact of synaptic inputs onto the network state-dependent recruitment of VIP-IS cells. We found that VIP-IS cells fire spikes in response to both the Schaffer collateral and the temporoammonic pathway activation. Moreover, by integrating their intrinsic and synaptic properties into computational models, we predicted recruitment of these cells between the rising phase and peak of theta oscillation and during ripples. Two-photon Ca2+-imaging in awake mice supported in part the theoretical predictions, revealing a significant speed modulation of VIP-IS cells and their preferential albeit delayed recruitment during theta-run epochs, with estimated firing at the rising phase and peak of the theta cycle. However, it also uncovered that VIP-IS cells are not activated during ripples. Thus, given the preferential theta-modulated firing of VIP-IS cells in awake hippocampus, we postulate that these cells may be important for information gating during spatial navigation and memory encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, PQ, Canada.,Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec, PQ, Canada
| | - Alexandre Guet-McCreight
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vincent Villette
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, PQ, Canada.,Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec, PQ, Canada.,Institut de Biologie de l'ÉcoleNormale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, PQ, Canada.,Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec, PQ, Canada
| | - Beatrice Marino
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, PQ, Canada.,Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec, PQ, Canada
| | - Simon Chamberland
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, PQ, Canada.,Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec, PQ, Canada.,New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frances K Skinner
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Topolnik
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, PQ, Canada.,Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec, PQ, Canada
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3
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Francavilla R, Villette V, Martel O, Topolnik L. Calcium Dynamics in Dendrites of Hippocampal CA1 Interneurons in Awake Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:98. [PMID: 30930750 PMCID: PMC6428725 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal inhibitory interneurons exhibit a large diversity of dendritic Ca2+ mechanisms that are involved in the induction of Hebbian and anti-Hebbian synaptic plasticity. High resolution imaging techniques allowed examining somatic Ca2+ signals and, accordingly, the recruitment of hippocampal interneurons in awake behaving animals. However, little is still known about dendritic Ca2+ activity in interneurons during different behavioral states. Here, we used two-photon Ca2+ imaging in mouse hippocampal CA1 interneurons to reveal Ca2+ signal patterns in interneuron dendrites during animal locomotion and immobility. Despite overall variability in dendritic Ca2+ transients (CaTs) across different cells and dendritic branches, we report consistent behavior state-dependent organization of Ca2+ signaling in interneurons. As such, spreading regenerative CaTs dominated in dendrites during locomotion, whereas both spreading and localized Ca2+ signals were seen during immobility. Thus, these data indicate that while animal locomotion is associated with widespread Ca2+ elevations in interneuron dendrites that may reflect regenerative activity, local CaTs that may be related to synaptic activity become apparent during animal quiet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggiero Francavilla
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Laval University, Québec, PQ, Canada
| | - Vincent Villette
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Laval University, Québec, PQ, Canada
| | - Olivier Martel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Laval University, Québec, PQ, Canada
| | - Lisa Topolnik
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Laval University, Québec, PQ, Canada
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4
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Chamberland S, Zamora Moratalla A, Topolnik L. Calcium extrusion mechanisms in dendrites of mouse hippocampal CA1 inhibitory interneurons. Cell Calcium 2019; 77:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Input-Specific Synaptic Location and Function of the α5 GABA A Receptor Subunit in the Mouse CA1 Hippocampal Neurons. J Neurosci 2018; 39:788-801. [PMID: 30523065 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0567-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampus-dependent learning processes are coordinated via a large diversity of GABAergic inhibitory mechanisms. The α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptor (α5-GABAAR) is abundantly expressed in the hippocampus populating primarily the extrasynaptic domain of CA1 pyramidal cells, where it mediates tonic inhibitory conductance and may cause functional deficits in synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent memory. However, little is known about synaptic expression of the α5-GABAAR and, accordingly, its location site-specific function. We examined the cell- and synapse-specific distribution of the α5-GABAAR in the CA1 stratum oriens/alveus (O/A) using a combination of immunohistochemistry, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and optogenetic stimulation in hippocampal slices obtained from mice of either sex. In addition, the input-specific role of the α5-GABAAR in spatial learning and anxiety-related behavior was studied using behavioral testing and chemogenetic manipulations. We demonstrate that α5-GABAAR is preferentially targeted to the inhibitory synapses made by the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and calretinin-positive terminals onto dendrites of somatostatin-expressing interneurons. In contrast, synapses made by the parvalbumin-positive inhibitory inputs to O/A interneurons showed no or little α5-GABAAR. Inhibiting the α5-GABAAR in control mice in vivo improved spatial learning but also induced anxiety-like behavior. Inhibiting the α5-GABAAR in mice with inactivated CA1 VIP input could still improve spatial learning and was not associated with anxiety. Together, these data indicate that the α5-GABAAR-mediated phasic inhibition via VIP input to interneurons plays a predominant role in the regulation of anxiety while the α5-GABAAR tonic inhibition via this subunit may control spatial learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The α5-GABAAR subunit exhibits high expression in the hippocampus, and regulates the induction of synaptic plasticity and the hippocampus-dependent mnemonic processes. In CA1 principal cells, this subunit occupies mostly extrasynaptic sites and mediates tonic inhibition. Here, we provide evidence that, in CA1 somatostatin-expressing interneurons, the α5-GABAAR subunit is targeted to synapses formed by the VIP- and calretinin-expressing inputs, and plays a specific role in the regulation of anxiety-like behavior.
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Govindaiah G, Kang YJ, Lewis HES, Chung L, Clement EM, Greenfield LJ, Garcia-Rill E, Lee SH. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors generate two types of intrinsic membrane oscillations in hippocampal oriens/alveus interneurons. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:150-162. [PMID: 29964095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus are critically involved in almost all hippocampal circuit functions including coordinated network activity. Somatostatin-expressing oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) interneurons are a major subtype of dendritically projecting interneurons in hippocampal subregions (e.g., CA1), and express group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), specifically mGluR1 and mGluR5. Group I mGluRs are thought to regulate hippocampal circuit functions partially through GABAergic interneurons. Previous studies suggest that a group I/II mGluR agonist produces slow supra-threshold membrane oscillations (<0.1 Hz), which are associated with high-frequency action potential (AP) discharges in O-LM interneurons. However, the properties and underlying mechanisms of these slow oscillations remain largely unknown. We performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from mouse interneurons in the stratum oriens/alveus (O/A interneurons) including CA1 O-LM interneurons. Our study revealed that the selective mGluR1/5 agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) induced slow membrane oscillations (<0.1 Hz), which were associated with gamma frequency APs followed by AP-free perithreshold gamma oscillations. The selective mGluR1 antagonist (S)-(+)-α-Amino-4-carboxy-2-methylbenzeneacetic acid (LY367385) reduced the slow oscillations, and the selective mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP) partially blocked them. Blockade of nonselective cation-conducting transient receptor potential channels, L-type Ca2+ channels, or ryanodine receptors all abolished the slow oscillations, suggesting the involvement of multiple mechanisms. Our findings suggest that group I mGluR activation in O/A interneurons may play an important role in coordinated network activity, and O/A interneuron vulnerability to excitotoxicity, in disease states like seizures, is at least in part due to an excessive rise in intracellular Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gubbi Govindaiah
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Young-Jin Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | | - Leeyup Chung
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ethan M Clement
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Lazar John Greenfield
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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7
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Camiré O, Topolnik L. Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Neuronal Dendrites in Brain Slices. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29608159 DOI: 10.3791/56776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites. Ca2+ fluctuations can occur through a variety of membrane and intracellular mechanisms and play a crucial role in the induction of synaptic plasticity and regulation of dendritic excitability. Hence, the ability to record different types of Ca2+ signals in dendritic branches is valuable for groups studying how dendrites integrate information. The advent of two-photon microscopy has made such studies significantly easier by solving the problems inherent to imaging in live tissue, such as light scattering and photodamage. Moreover, through combination of conventional electrophysiological techniques with two-photon Ca2+ imaging, it is possible to investigate local Ca2+ fluctuations in neuronal dendrites in parallel with recordings of synaptic activity in soma. Here, we describe how to use this method to study the dynamics of local Ca2+ transients (CaTs) in dendrites of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. The method can be also applied to studying dendritic Ca2+ signaling in different neuronal types in acute brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Camiré
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Université Laval; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Université Laval
| | - Lisa Topolnik
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Université Laval; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Université Laval;
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Szegedi V, Paizs M, Csakvari E, Molnar G, Barzo P, Tamas G, Lamsa K. Plasticity in Single Axon Glutamatergic Connection to GABAergic Interneurons Regulates Complex Events in the Human Neocortex. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e2000237. [PMID: 27828957 PMCID: PMC5102409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human neocortex, single excitatory pyramidal cells can elicit very large glutamatergic EPSPs (VLEs) in inhibitory GABAergic interneurons capable of triggering their firing with short (3–5 ms) delay. Similar strong excitatory connections between two individual neurons have not been found in nonhuman cortices, suggesting that these synapses are specific to human interneurons. The VLEs are crucial for generating neocortical complex events, observed as single pyramidal cell spike-evoked discharge of cell assemblies in the frontal and temporal cortices. However, long-term plasticity of the VLE connections and how the plasticity modulates neocortical complex events has not been studied. Using triple and dual whole-cell recordings from synaptically connected human neocortical layers 2–3 neurons, we show that VLEs in fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons exhibit robust activity-induced long-term depression (LTD). The LTD by single pyramidal cell 40 Hz spike bursts is specific to connections with VLEs, requires group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, and has a presynaptic mechanism. The LTD of VLE connections alters suprathreshold activation of interneurons in the complex events suppressing the discharge of fast-spiking GABAergic cells. The VLEs triggering the complex events may contribute to cognitive processes in the human neocortex, and their long-term plasticity can alter the discharging cortical cell assemblies by learning. Many microscale features in the human neocortex—a part of the brain involved in higher functions such as sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, and language—are closely similar to those reported in experimental animals commonly used in neuroscience, like mice. However, the human neocortical neurons also exhibit specializations only reported in our species. One such feature is the capacity of excitatory principal cells to elicit firing in local inhibitory interneurons with a single action potential via very strong excitatory synapses. It has been suggested that this feature has specifically evolved to enhance coordinated firing of neuronal ensembles in higher brain functions. However, it is unknown how these circuits are modified by learning. Therefore, we investigated how these very strong excitatory synapses are changed, and if their impact on the firing of local inhibitory neurons is altered by repetitive action potentials mimicking learning-related activity. By recording in human neocortical slices, we report that the strong excitatory synapses on interneurons exhibit robust activity-dependent long-term plasticity. The plasticity also regulates the discharge of local interneurons driven by these synapses. Although these specialized synapses have only been reported in the human neocortex, their plasticity mechanism is evolutionarily conserved. We suggest that the strong synapses with robust plasticity have evolved to enhance complex brain functions and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Szegedi
- MTA-NAP Research Group for Inhibitory Interneurons and Plasticity, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Melinda Paizs
- MTA-NAP Research Group for Inhibitory Interneurons and Plasticity, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csakvari
- MTA-NAP Research Group for Inhibitory Interneurons and Plasticity, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabor Molnar
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Pal Barzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabor Tamas
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Karri Lamsa
- MTA-NAP Research Group for Inhibitory Interneurons and Plasticity, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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9
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Kubota H, Nagao S, Obata K, Hirono M. mGluR1-mediated excitation of cerebellar GABAergic interneurons requires both G protein-dependent and Src-ERK1/2-dependent signaling pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106316. [PMID: 25181481 PMCID: PMC4152260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of type I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/5) in several neuronal types induces slow excitatory responses through activation of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels. GABAergic cerebellar molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) modulate firing patterns of Purkinje cells (PCs), which play a key role in cerebellar information processing. MLIs express mGluR1, and activation of mGluR1 induces an inward current, but its precise intracellular signaling pathways are unknown. We found that mGluR1 activation facilitated spontaneous firing of mouse cerebellar MLIs through an inward current mediated by TRPC1 channels. This mGluR1-mediated inward current depends on both G protein-dependent and -independent pathways. The nonselective protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and AG490 as well as the selective extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) inhibitors PD98059 and SL327 suppressed the mGluR1-mediated current responses. Following G protein blockade, the residual mGluR1-mediated inward current was significantly reduced by the selective Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2. In contrast to cerebellar PCs, GABAB receptor activation in MLIs did not alter the mGluR1-mediated inward current, suggesting that there is no cross-talk between mGluR1 and GABAB receptors in MLIs. Thus, activation of mGluR1 facilitates firing of MLIs through the TRPC1-mediated inward current, which depends on not only G protein-dependent but also Src–ERK1/2-dependent signaling pathways, and consequently depresses the excitability of cerebellar PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kubota
- Materials Management, Medical Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (HK); (MH)
| | - Soichi Nagao
- Laboratory for Motor Learning Control, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Obata
- Obata Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Hirono
- Laboratory for Motor Learning Control, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Obata Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (HK); (MH)
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Kopach O, Voitenko N. Extrasynaptic AMPA receptors in the dorsal horn: Evidence and functional significance. Brain Res Bull 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Arikkath J. Molecular mechanisms of dendrite morphogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:61. [PMID: 23293584 PMCID: PMC3531598 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrites are key integrators of synaptic information in neurons and play vital roles in neuronal plasticity. Hence, it is necessary that dendrite arborization is precisely controlled and coordinated with synaptic activity to ensure appropriate functional neural network integrity. In the past several years, it has become increasingly clear that several cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms contribute to dendritic arborization. In this review, we will discuss some of the molecular mechanisms that regulate dendrite morphogenesis, particularly in cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons and some of the implications of aberrant dendritic morphology for human disease. Finally, we will discuss the current challenges and future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Arikkath
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
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