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Tang S, Dong Z, Ke X, Luo J, Li J. Advances in biomineralization-inspired materials for hard tissue repair. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:42. [PMID: 34876550 PMCID: PMC8651686 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms form mineralized tissues with hierarchical structures and excellent properties, including the bones and teeth in vertebrates. The underlying mechanisms and pathways of biomineralization provide inspiration for designing and constructing materials to repair hard tissues. In particular, the formation processes of minerals can be partly replicated by utilizing bioinspired artificial materials to mimic the functions of biomolecules or stabilize intermediate mineral phases involved in biomineralization. Here, we review recent advances in biomineralization-inspired materials developed for hard tissue repair. Biomineralization-inspired materials are categorized into different types based on their specific applications, which include bone repair, dentin remineralization, and enamel remineralization. Finally, the advantages and limitations of these materials are summarized, and several perspectives on future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Tang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhiyun Dong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiang Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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2
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Amelogenesis: Transformation of a protein-mineral matrix into tooth enamel. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107809. [PMID: 34748943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During enamel formation, the organic enamel protein matrix interacts with calcium phosphate minerals to form elongated, parallel, and bundled enamel apatite crystals of extraordinary hardness and biomechanical resilience. The enamel protein matrix consists of unique enamel proteins such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin, which are secreted by highly specialized cells called ameloblasts. The ameloblasts also facilitate calcium and phosphate ion transport toward the enamel layer. Within ameloblasts, enamel proteins are transported as a polygonal matrix with 5 nm subunits in secretory vesicles. Upon expulsion from the ameloblasts, the enamel protein matrix is re-organized into 20 nm subunit compartments. Enamel matrix subunit compartment assembly and expansion coincide with C-terminal cleavage by the MMP20 enamel protease and N-terminal amelogenin self-assembly. Upon enamel crystal precipitation, the enamel protein phase is reconfigured to surround the elongating enamel crystals and facilitate their elongation in C-axis direction. At this stage of development, and upon further amelogenin cleavage, central and polyproline-rich fragments of the amelogenin molecule associate with the growing mineral crystals through a process termed "shedding", while hexagonal apatite crystals fuse in longitudinal direction. Enamel protein sheath-coated enamel "dahlite" crystals continue to elongate until a dense bundle of parallel apatite crystals is formed, while the enamel matrix is continuously degraded by proteolytic enzymes. Together, these insights portrait enamel mineral nucleation and growth as a complex and dynamic set of interactions between enamel proteins and mineral ions that facilitate regularly seeded apatite growth and parallel enamel crystal elongation.
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3
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Wang Y, Hu D, Cui J, Zeng Y, Gan X, Chen Z, Ren Q, Zhang L. Unraveling the mechanism for an amelogenin-derived peptide regulated hydroxyapatite mineralization via specific functional domain identification. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10373-10383. [PMID: 33112349 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00949k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Amelogenin and its various derived peptides play important roles in promoting biomimetic mineralization of enamel. Previously, an amelogenin-derived peptide named QP5 was proved to be able to repair demineralized enamel. The objective here was to interpret the mechanism of QP5 by elucidating the specific function of each domain for further sequence and efficacy improvement. Peptide QP5 was separated into domains (QPX)5 and C-tail. (QPX)3 was also synthesized to investigate how QPX repeats affect the mineralization process. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that two (QPX) repeats adopted a β-sheet structure, while C-tail exhibited a disordered structure. (QPX)5 showed more absorption in confocal laser scanning microscopy observation and a higher K value in Langmuir adsorption isotherms compared to C-tail, while (QPX)3 with better hydropathy had greater adsorption capability than (QPX)5. Meanwhile, calcium consumption kinetics, transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction indicated that (QPX)5, C-tail and (QPX)3 had similar inhibitory effects on the spontaneous calcium consumption and the morphology of their nucleation products were alike, while QP5 had a greater inhibitory effect than them and induced elongated plate-like crystals. X-Ray diffraction further showed that both C-tail and (QPX)3 had greater potential in improving the apatite crystal orientation degree. In conclusion, (QPX)5 was the major adsorption region, both (QPX)5 and C-tail inhibited the nucleation, and C-tail contributed more to improve the HAP orientation degree, so QP5 could exert a significant remineralization effect. By reducing two repeats, (QPX)3 showed higher hydropathicity than (QPX)5 and achieved higher binding affinity, and it was more potential in improving the HAP orientation degree with lower economic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Die Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuhao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyan Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhongxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Dissanayake SSM, Ekambaram M, Li KC, Harris PWR, Brimble MA. Identification of Key Functional Motifs of Native Amelogenin Protein for Dental Enamel Remineralisation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25184214. [PMID: 32937944 PMCID: PMC7571260 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries or tooth decay is a preventable and multifactorial disease that affects billions of people globally and is a particular concern in younger populations. This decay arises from acid demineralisation of tooth enamel resulting in mineral loss from the subsurface. The remineralisation of early enamel carious lesions could prevent the cavitation of teeth. The enamel protein amelogenin constitutes 90% of the total enamel matrix protein in teeth and plays a key role in the biomineralisation of tooth enamel. The physiological importance of amelogenin has led to the investigation of the possible development of amelogenin-derived biomimetics against dental caries. We herein review the literature on amelogenin, its primary and secondary structure, comparison to related species, and its’ in vivo processing to bioactive peptide fragments. The key structural motifs of amelogenin that enable enamel remineralisation are discussed. The presence of several motifs in the amelogenin structure (such as polyproline, N- and C-terminal domains and C-terminal orientation) were shown to play a critical role in the formation of particle shape during remineralization. Understanding the function/structure relationships of amelogenin can aid in the rational design of synthetic polypeptides for biomineralisation, halting enamel loss and leading to improved therapies for tooth decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama S. M. Dissanayake
- School of Chemical Sciences, 23 Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Manikandan Ekambaram
- Paediatric Dentistry, Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (M.E.); (K.C.L.)
| | - Kai Chun Li
- Paediatric Dentistry, Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (M.E.); (K.C.L.)
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, 23 Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- School of Biological Sciences, 3b Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, 3b Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (P.W.R.H.); (M.A.B.); Tel.: +64-9-373-7599 (P.W.R.H. & M.A.B.); Fax: +64-9-373-7422 (P.W.R.H. & M.A.B.)
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, 23 Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- School of Biological Sciences, 3b Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, 3b Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (P.W.R.H.); (M.A.B.); Tel.: +64-9-373-7599 (P.W.R.H. & M.A.B.); Fax: +64-9-373-7422 (P.W.R.H. & M.A.B.)
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Diekwisch TGH. Evolution: Herbivore-Type Teeth in a Cretaceous Tuatara Relative. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R395-R397. [PMID: 32369750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a new study, LeBlanc and co-workers have discovered an unusually complex dentition in a fossil relative of the modern-day tuatara that features compound occlusal surfaces, thick and prismatic enamel, and a novel enamel-to-bone tooth attachment. This finding suggests that complex dentitions arose independently in several reptilian lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G H Diekwisch
- Texas A&M University, Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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6
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Jokisaari JR, Wang C, Qiao Q, Hu X, Reed DA, Bleher R, Luan X, Klie RF, Diekwisch TG. Particle-Attachment-Mediated and Matrix/Lattice-Guided Enamel Apatite Crystal Growth. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3151-3161. [PMID: 30763075 PMCID: PMC7067265 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tooth enamel is a hard yet resilient biomaterial that derives its unique mechanical properties from decussating bundles of apatite crystals. To understand enamel crystal nucleation and growth at a nanoscale level and to minimize preparation artifacts, the developing mouse enamel matrix was imaged in situ using graphene liquid cells and atomic resolution scanning transmission electron and cryo-fracture electron microscopy. We report that 1-2 nm diameter mineral precipitates aggregated to form larger 5 nm particle assemblies within ameloblast secretory vesicles or annular organic matrix subunits. Further evidence for the fusion of 1-2 nm mineral precipitates into 5 nm mineral aggregates via particle attachment was provided by matrix-mediated calcium phosphate crystal growth studies. As a next step, aggregated particles organized into rows of 3-10 subunits and developed lattice suprastructures with 0.34 nm gridline spacings corresponding to the (002) planes of apatite crystals. Mineral lattice suprastructures superseded closely matched organic matrix patterns, suggestive of a combination of organic/inorganic templates guiding apatite crystal growth. Upon assembly of 2-5 nm subunits into crystal ribbons, lattice fringes indicative of the presence of larger ordered crystallites were observed surrounding elongating crystal ribbons, presumably guiding the c-axis growth of composite apatite crystals. Cryo-fracture micrographs revealed reticular networks of an organic matrix on the surface of elongating enamel crystal ribbons, suggesting that protein coats facilitate c-axis apatite crystal growth. Together, these data demonstrate (i) the involvement of particle attachment in enamel crystal nucleation, (ii) a combination of matrix- and lattice-guided crystal growth, and (iii) fusion of individual crystals via a mechanism similar to Ostwald ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. Jokisaari
- UIC Department of Physics. 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Canhui Wang
- UIC Department of Physics. 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Qiao Qiao
- UIC Department of Physics. 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago IL 60607, USA
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, 98 Rochester Street, Building 480, Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Xuan Hu
- UIC Department of Physics. 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - David A. Reed
- UIC Department of Oral Biology, 801 South Paulina, Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Reiner Bleher
- Northwestern University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NUANCE/BioCryo, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, USA
| | - Xianghong Luan
- UIC Department of Oral Biology, 801 South Paulina, Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Robert F. Klie
- UIC Department of Physics. 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Thomas G.H. Diekwisch
- UIC Department of Oral Biology, 801 South Paulina, Chicago IL 60612, USA
- TAMU Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas TX 75246, USA
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7
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Pandya M, Diekwisch TGH. Enamel biomimetics-fiction or future of dentistry. Int J Oral Sci 2019. [PMID: 30610185 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0038-6,1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth enamel is a complex mineralized tissue consisting of long and parallel apatite crystals configured into decussating enamel rods. In recent years, multiple approaches have been introduced to generate or regenerate this highly attractive biomaterial characterized by great mechanical strength paired with relative resilience and tissue compatibility. In the present review, we discuss five pathways toward enamel tissue engineering, (i) enamel synthesis using physico-chemical means, (ii) protein matrix-guided enamel crystal growth, (iii) enamel surface remineralization, (iv) cell-based enamel engineering, and (v) biological enamel regeneration based on de novo induction of tooth morphogenesis. So far, physical synthesis approaches using extreme environmental conditions such as pH, heat and pressure have resulted in the formation of enamel-like crystal assemblies. Biochemical methods relying on enamel proteins as templating matrices have aided the growth of elongated calcium phosphate crystals. To illustrate the validity of this biochemical approach we have successfully grown enamel-like apatite crystals organized into decussating enamel rods using an organic enamel protein matrix. Other studies reviewed here have employed amelogenin-derived peptides or self-assembling dendrimers to re-mineralize mineral-depleted white lesions on tooth surfaces. So far, cell-based enamel tissue engineering has been hampered by the limitations of presently existing ameloblast cell lines. Going forward, these limitations may be overcome by new cell culture technologies. Finally, whole-tooth regeneration through reactivation of the signaling pathways triggered during natural enamel development represents a biological avenue toward faithful enamel regeneration. In the present review we have summarized the state of the art in enamel tissue engineering and provided novel insights into future opportunities to regenerate this arguably most fascinating of all dental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirali Pandya
- Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Thomas G H Diekwisch
- Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Tooth enamel is a complex mineralized tissue consisting of long and parallel apatite crystals configured into decussating enamel rods. In recent years, multiple approaches have been introduced to generate or regenerate this highly attractive biomaterial characterized by great mechanical strength paired with relative resilience and tissue compatibility. In the present review, we discuss five pathways toward enamel tissue engineering, (i) enamel synthesis using physico-chemical means, (ii) protein matrix-guided enamel crystal growth, (iii) enamel surface remineralization, (iv) cell-based enamel engineering, and (v) biological enamel regeneration based on de novo induction of tooth morphogenesis. So far, physical synthesis approaches using extreme environmental conditions such as pH, heat and pressure have resulted in the formation of enamel-like crystal assemblies. Biochemical methods relying on enamel proteins as templating matrices have aided the growth of elongated calcium phosphate crystals. To illustrate the validity of this biochemical approach we have successfully grown enamel-like apatite crystals organized into decussating enamel rods using an organic enamel protein matrix. Other studies reviewed here have employed amelogenin-derived peptides or self-assembling dendrimers to re-mineralize mineral-depleted white lesions on tooth surfaces. So far, cell-based enamel tissue engineering has been hampered by the limitations of presently existing ameloblast cell lines. Going forward, these limitations may be overcome by new cell culture technologies. Finally, whole-tooth regeneration through reactivation of the signaling pathways triggered during natural enamel development represents a biological avenue toward faithful enamel regeneration. In the present review we have summarized the state of the art in enamel tissue engineering and provided novel insights into future opportunities to regenerate this arguably most fascinating of all dental tissues. Five pathways for tooth enamel engineering hold great promise for developing new technologies, leading to novel biomaterials and biotechnologies to regenerate enamel tissue. Tooth enamel is a unique tissue-specific biomaterial with exceptional structural and mechanical properties. In recent years, many approaches have been adopted to generate or regenerate this complex tissue; Mirali Pandya and Thomas Diekwisch of Texas A&M College of Dentistry, USA conducted a review of the current state and future directions of enamel tissue engineering. In their review, the authors focused on five pathways for enamel tissue engineering: (1) physical synthesis of enamel; (2) biochemical enamel engineering; (3) in situ enamel engineering; (4) cell-based enamel engineering; and (5) whole tooth regeneration. The authors conclude that those five approaches will help identify the biological mechanisms that lead to the generation of tooth enamel.
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9
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Diaz-Rodriguez P, Garcia-Triñanes P, Echezarreta López MM, Santoveña A, Landin M. Mineralized alginate hydrogels using marine carbonates for bone tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:235-242. [PMID: 29804973 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The search for an ideal bone tissue replacement has led to the development of new composite materials designed to simulate the complex inorganic/organic structure of bone. The present work is focused on the development of mineralized calcium alginate hydrogels by the addition of marine derived calcium carbonate biomineral particles. Following a novel approach, we were able to obtain calcium carbonate particles of high purity and complex micro and nanostructure dependent on the source material. Three different types of alginates were selected to develop inorganic/organic scaffolds in order to correlate alginate composition with scaffold properties and cell behavior. The incorporation of calcium carbonates into alginate networks was able to promote extracellular matrix mineralization and osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells when added at 7 mg/ml. We demonstrated that the selection of the alginate type and calcium carbonate origin is crucial to obtain adequate systems for bone tissue engineering as they modulate the mechanical properties and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Diaz-Rodriguez
- Dpto. Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Bioingeniería en Red para el Envejecimiento Saludable-IBEROS Network, Spain.
| | | | - M M Echezarreta López
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Sección de Farmacia, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - A Santoveña
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Sección de Farmacia, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - M Landin
- Dpto. Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Mukherjee K, Ruan Q, Nutt S, Tao J, De Yoreo JJ, Moradian-Oldak J. Peptide-Based Bioinspired Approach to Regrowing Multilayered Aprismatic Enamel. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2546-2557. [PMID: 29623301 PMCID: PMC5879487 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The gradual discovery of functional domains in native enamel matrix proteins has enabled the design of smart bioinspired peptides for tooth enamel mimetics and repair. In this study, we expanded upon the concept of biomineralization to design smaller amelogenin-inspired peptides with conserved functional domains for clinical translation. The synthetic peptides displayed a characteristic nanostructured scaffold reminiscent of 'nanospheres' seen in the enamel matrix and effectively controlled apatite nucleation in vitro resulting in the formation of smaller crystallites. Following application of the peptides to sectioned human molar teeth, a robust, oriented, synthetic aprismatic enamel was observed after 7 days of incubation in situ. There was a two-fold increase in the hardness and modulus of the regrown enamel-like apatite layers and an increase in the attachment of the tooth-regrown layer interface compared to control samples. Repeated peptide applications generated multiple enamel-like hydroxyapatite (HAP) layers of limited thickness produced by epitaxial growth in which c-axis oriented nanorods evolved on the surface of native enamel. We conclude that peptide analogues with active domains can effectively regulate the orientation of regenerated HAP layers to influence functional response. Moreover, this enamel biofabrication approach demonstrates the peptide-mediated growth of multiple microscale HAP arrays of organized microarchitecture with potential for enamel repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Mukherjee
- Center
for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences,
Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University
of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, 90033 Los Angeles, United States
| | - Qichao Ruan
- Center
for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences,
Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University
of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, 90033 Los Angeles, United States
| | - Steven Nutt
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 3651 Watt Way, 90089 Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, 902 Battelle
Blvd, 99352 Richland, United States
| | - James J. De Yoreo
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, 902 Battelle
Blvd, 99352 Richland, United States
| | - Janet Moradian-Oldak
- Center
for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences,
Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University
of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, 90033 Los Angeles, United States
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11
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Pandya M, Liu H, Dangaria SJ, Zhu W, Li LL, Pan S, Abufarwa M, Davis RG, Guggenheim S, Keiderling T, Luan X, Diekwisch TGH. Integrative Temporo-Spatial, Mineralogic, Spectroscopic, and Proteomic Analysis of Postnatal Enamel Development in Teeth with Limited Growth. Front Physiol 2017; 8:793. [PMID: 29114228 PMCID: PMC5660681 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth amelogenesis is a complex process beginning with enamel organ cell differentiation and enamel matrix secretion, transitioning through changes in ameloblast polarity, cytoskeletal, and matrix organization, that affects crucial biomineralization events such as mineral nucleation, enamel crystal growth, and enamel prism organization. Here we have harvested the enamel organ including the pliable enamel matrix of postnatal first mandibular mouse molars during the first 8 days of tooth enamel development to conduct a step-wise cross-sectional analysis of the changes in the mineral and protein phase. Mineral phase diffraction pattern analysis using single-crystal, powder sample X-ray diffraction analysis indicated conversion of calcium phosphate precursors to partially fluoride substituted hydroxyapatite from postnatal day 4 (4 dpn) onwards. Attenuated total reflectance spectra (ATR) revealed a substantial elevation in phosphate and carbonate incorporation as well as structural reconfiguration between postnatal days 6 and 8. Nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) demonstrated highest protein counts for ECM/cell surface proteins, stress/heat shock proteins, and alkaline phosphatase on postnatal day 2, high counts for ameloblast cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulin β5, tropomyosin, β-actin, and vimentin on postnatal day 4, and elevated levels of cofilin-1, calmodulin, and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase on day 6. Western blot analysis of hydrophobic enamel proteins illustrated continuously increasing amelogenin levels from 1 dpn until 8 dpn, while enamelin peaked on days 1 and 2 dpn, and ameloblastin on days 1-5 dpn. In summary, these data document the substantial changes in the enamel matrix protein and mineral phase that take place during postnatal mouse molar amelogenesis from a systems biological perspective, including (i) relatively high levels of matrix protein expression during the early secretory stage on postnatal day 2, (ii) conversion of calcium phosphates to apatite, peak protein folding and stress protein counts, and increased cytoskeletal protein levels such as actin and tubulin on day 4, as well as (iii) secondary structure changes, isomerase activity, highest amelogenin levels, and peak phosphate/carbonate incorporation between postnatal days 6 and 8. Together, this study provides a baseline for a comprehensive understanding of the mineralogic and proteomic events that contribute to the complexity of mammalian tooth enamel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirali Pandya
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hui Liu
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Smit J Dangaria
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Weiying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leo L Li
- Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shuang Pan
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Moufida Abufarwa
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Roderick G Davis
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Stephen Guggenheim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Xianghong Luan
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Thomas G H Diekwisch
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Dallas, TX, United States
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Pandya M, Lin T, Li L, Allen MJ, Jin T, Luan X, Diekwisch TGH. Posttranslational Amelogenin Processing and Changes in Matrix Assembly during Enamel Development. Front Physiol 2017; 8:790. [PMID: 29089900 PMCID: PMC5651044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular tooth enamel matrix is a unique, protein-rich environment that provides the structural basis for the growth of long and parallel oriented enamel crystals. Here we have conducted a series of in vivo and in vitro studies to characterize the changes in matrix shape and organization that take place during the transition from ameloblast intravesicular matrices to extracellular subunit compartments and pericrystalline sheath proteins, and correlated these changes with stages of amelogenin matrix protein posttranslational processing. Our transmission electron microscopic studies revealed a 2.5-fold difference in matrix subunit compartment dimensions between secretory vesicle and extracellular enamel protein matrix as well as conformational changes in matrix structure between vesicles, stippled materials, and pericrystalline matrix. Enamel crystal growth in organ culture demonstrated granular mineral deposits associated with the enamel matrix framework, dot-like mineral deposits along elongating initial enamel crystallites, and dramatic changes in enamel matrix configuration following the onset of enamel crystal formation. Atomic force micrographs provided evidence for the presence of both linear and hexagonal/ring-shaped full-length recombinant amelogenin protein assemblies on mica surfaces, while nickel-staining of the N-terminal amelogenin N92 His-tag revealed 20 nm diameter oval and globular amelogenin assemblies in N92 amelogenin matrices. Western blot analysis comparing loosely bound and mineral-associated protein fractions of developing porcine enamel organs, superficial and deep enamel layers demonstrated (i) a single, full-length amelogenin band in the enamel organ followed by 3 kDa cleavage upon entry into the enamel layer, (ii) a close association of 8–16 kDa C-terminal amelogenin cleavage products with the growing enamel apatite crystal surface, and (iii) a remaining pool of N-terminal amelogenin fragments loosely retained between the crystalline phases of the deep enamel layer. Together, our data establish a temporo-spatial correlation between amelogenin protein processing and the changes in enamel matrix configuration that take place during the transition from intracellular vesicle compartments to extracellular matrix assemblies and the formation of protein coats along elongating apatite crystal surfaces. In conclusion, our study suggests that enzymatic cleavage of the amelogenin enamel matrix protein plays a key role in the patterning of the organic matrix framework as it affects enamel apatite crystal growth and habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirali Pandya
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Tiffani Lin
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leo Li
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Tianquan Jin
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Biocytogen, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Xianghong Luan
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Thomas G H Diekwisch
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Dallas, TX, United States.,Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Pandya M, Rosene L, Farquharson C, Millán JL, Diekwisch TGH. Intravesicular Phosphatase PHOSPHO1 Function in Enamel Mineralization and Prism Formation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:805. [PMID: 29089903 PMCID: PMC5651051 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of mineral ions from the enamel organ-associated blood vessels to the developing enamel crystals involves complex cargo packaging and carriage mechanisms across several cell layers, including the ameloblast layer and the stratum intermedium. Previous studies have established PHOSPHO1 as a matrix vesicle membrane-associated phosphatase that interacts with matrix vesicles molecules phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine to initiate apatite crystal formation inside of matrix vesicles in bone. In the present study, we sought to determine the function of Phospho1 during amelogenesis. PHOSPHO1 protein localization during amelogenesis was verified using immunohistochemistry, with positive signals in the enamel layer, ameloblast Tomes' processes, and in the walls of ameloblast secretory vesicles. These ameloblast secretory vesicle walls were also labeled for amelogenin and the exosomal protein marker HSP70 using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, PHOSPHO1 presence in the enamel organ was confirmed by Western blot. Phospho1−/− mice lacked sharp incisal tips, featured a significant 25% increase in total enamel volume, and demonstrated a significant 2-fold reduction in silver grain density of von Kossa stained ground sections indicative of reduced mineralization in the enamel layer when compared to wild-type mice (p < 0.001). Scanning electron micrographs of Phospho1−/− mouse enamel revealed a loss of the prominent enamel prism “picket fence” structure, a loss of parallel crystal organization within prisms, and a 1.56-fold increase in enamel prism width (p < 0.0001). Finally, EDS elemental analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in phosphate incorporation in the enamel layer when compared to controls (p < 0.05). Together, these data establish that the matrix vesicle membrane-associated phosphatase PHOSPHO1 is essential for physiological enamel mineralization. Our findings also suggest that intracellular ameloblast secretory vesicles have unexpected compositional similarities with the extracellular matrix vesicles of bone, dentin, and cementum in terms of vesicle membrane composition and intravesicular ion assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirali Pandya
- Department of Periodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States.,Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Lauren Rosene
- Department of Periodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States.,Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Colin Farquharson
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - José L Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thomas G H Diekwisch
- Department of Periodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States.,Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
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Han S, Fan Y, Zhou Z, Tu H, Li D, Lv X, Ding L, Zhang L. Promotion of enamel caries remineralization by an amelogenin-derived peptide in a rat model. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 73:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mao Y, Satchell PG, Luan X, Diekwisch TGH. SM50 repeat-polypeptides self-assemble into discrete matrix subunits and promote appositional calcium carbonate crystal growth during sea urchin tooth biomineralization. Ann Anat 2015; 203:38-46. [PMID: 26194158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The two major proteins involved in vertebrate enamel formation and echinoderm sea urchin tooth biomineralization, amelogenin and SM50, are both characterized by elongated polyproline repeat domains in the center of the macromolecule. To determine the role of polyproline repeat polypeptides in basal deuterostome biomineralization, we have mapped the localization of SM50 as it relates to crystal growth, conducted self-assembly studies of SM50 repeat polypeptides, and examined their effect on calcium carbonate and apatite crystal growth. Electron micrographs of the growth zone of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchin teeth documented a series of successive events from intravesicular mineral nucleation to mineral deposition at the interface between tooth surface and odontoblast syncytium. Using immunohistochemistry, SM50 was detected within the cytoplasm of cells associated with the developing tooth mineral, at the mineral secreting front, and adjacent to initial mineral deposits, but not in muscles and ligaments. Polypeptides derived from the SM50 polyproline alternating hexa- and hepta-peptide repeat region (SM50P6P7) formed highly discrete, donut-shaped self-assembly patterns. In calcium carbonate crystal growth studies, SM50P6P7 repeat peptides triggered the growth of expansive networks of fused calcium carbonate crystals while in apatite growth studies, SM50P6P7 peptides facilitated the growth of needle-shaped and parallel arranged crystals resembling those found in developing vertebrate enamel. In comparison, SM50P6P7 surpassed the PXX24 polypeptide repeat region derived from the vertebrate enamel protein amelogenin in its ability to promote crystal nucleation and appositional crystal growth. Together, these studies establish the SM50P6P7 polyproline repeat region as a potent regulator in the protein-guided appositional crystal growth that occurs during continuous tooth mineralization and eruption. In addition, our studies highlight the role of species-specific polyproline repeat motifs in the formation of discrete self-assembled matrices and the resulting control of mineral growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Mao
- UIC College of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, USA
| | | | - Xianghong Luan
- UIC College of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, USA; UIC College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, USA
| | - Thomas G H Diekwisch
- UIC College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, USA; Baylor College of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics, USA.
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Varga G, Kerémi B, Bori E, Földes A. Function and repair of dental enamel - Potential role of epithelial transport processes of ameloblasts. Pancreatology 2015; 15:S55-60. [PMID: 25747281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hardest mammalian tissue, dental enamel is produced by ameloblasts, which are electrolyte-transporting epithelial cells. Although the end product is very different, they show many similarities to transporting epithelia of the pancreas, salivary glands and kidney. Enamel is produced in a multi-step epithelial secretory process that features biomineralization which is an interplay of secreted ameloblast specific proteins and the time-specific transport of minerals, protons and bicarbonate. First, "secretory" ameloblasts form the entire thickness of the enamel layer, but with low mineral content. Then they differentiate into "maturation" ameloblasts, which remove organic matrix from the enamel and in turn further build up hydroxyapatite crystals. The protons generated by hydroxyapatite formation need to be buffered, otherwise enamel will not attain full mineralization. Buffering requires a tight pH regulation and secretion of bicarbonate by ameloblasts. The whole process has been the focus of many immunohistochemical and gene knock-out studies, but, perhaps surprisingly, no functional data existed for mineral ion transport by ameloblasts. However, recent studies including ours provided a better insight for molecular mechanism of mineral formation. The secretory regulation is not completely known as yet, but its significance is crucial. Impairing regulation retards or prevents completion of enamel mineralization and results in the development of hypomineralized enamel that easily erodes after dental eruption. Factors that impair this function are fluoride and disruption of pH regulators. Revealing these factors may eventually lead to the treatment of enamel hypomineralization related to genetic or environmentally induced malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Varga
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Beáta Kerémi
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Bori
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Földes
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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