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Baidoo N, Sanger GJ. The human colon: Evidence for degenerative changes during aging and the physiological consequences. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024:e14848. [PMID: 38887160 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of constipation increases among the elderly (>65 years), while abdominal pain decreases. Causes include changes in lifestyle (e.g., diet and reduced exercise), disease and medications affecting gastrointestinal functions. Degenerative changes may also occur within the colo-rectum. However, most evidence is from rodents, animals with relatively high rates of metabolism and accelerated aging, with considerable variation in time course. In humans, cellular and non-cellular changes in the aging intestine are poorly investigated. PURPOSE To examine all available studies which reported the effects of aging on cellular and tissue functions of human isolated colon, noting the region studied, sex and age of tissue donors and study size. The focus on human colon reflects the ability to access full-thickness tissue over a wide age range, compared with other gastrointestinal regions. Details are important because of natural human variability. We found age-related changes within the muscle, in the enteric and nociceptor innervation, and in the submucosa. Some involve all regions of colon, but the ascending colon appears more vulnerable. Changes can be cell- and sublayer-dependent. Mechanisms are unclear but may include development of "senescent-like" and associated inflammaging, perhaps associated with increased mucosal permeability to harmful luminal contents. In summary, reduced nociceptor innervation can explain diminished abdominal pain among the elderly. Degenerative changes within the colon wall may have little impact on symptoms and colonic functions, because of high "functional reserve," but are likely to facilitate the development of constipation during age-related challenges (e.g., lifestyle, disease, and medications), now operating against a reduced functional reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Baidoo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Sanger
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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2
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Traserra S, Alcalá-González LG, Barber C, Landolfi S, Malagelada C, Lange R, Forestier S, Corsetti M, Jimenez M. New insights into the characterization of the mechanism of action of hyoscine butylbromide in the human colon ex vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 972:176550. [PMID: 38570081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyoscine butylbromide (HBB) is one of the most used antispasmodics in clinical practice. Recent translational consensus has demonstrated a similarity between human colonic motor patterns studied ex vivo and in vivo, suggesting ex vivo can predict in vivo results. It is unclear whether the mechanism of action of antispasmodics can predict different use in clinical practice. The aim of the present study is to bridge this gap dissecting HBB's role in excitatory and inhibitory neural pathways. METHODS 309 colon samples from 48 patients were studied in muscle bath experiments. HBB was tested on: 1-spontaneous phasic contractions (SPCs); 2-carbachol-induced contractility; electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced selective stimulation of 3-excitatory and 4-inhibitory pathways and 5- SPCs and EFS-induced contractions enhanced by neostigmine. Atropine, AF-DX116 (M2 blocker) and DAU-5884 (M3 blocker) were used as comparators. RESULTS In the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), HBB and atropine 1 μM reduced SPCs. HBB and atropine concentration-dependently reduced carbachol- and EFS-induced contractions. Inhibitory effects of DAU-5884 on EFS-induced contractions were more potent than of AF-DX116. HBB did not affect the off-response associated to neural inhibitory responses. Neostigmine enhanced both SPCs and EFS-induced contractions. In the presence of TTX and ω-conotoxin (GVIA), neostigmine still enhanced SPCs. Addition of HBB and atropine reduced these responses. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that HBB inhibits neural cholinergic contractions associated to muscarinic (mainly M3) receptors. HBB has a potential role in reducing colonic spasm induced by the release of acetylcholine from enteric motor neurons and from an atypical source including a potential non-neuronal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Traserra
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Barber
- Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Digestive System Research Unit, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefania Landolfi
- Valld'Hebron University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Malagelada
- Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Digestive System Research Unit, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Maura Corsetti
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham, United Kingdom; University of Nottingham, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Jimenez
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Li H, Ji Y, Luo H, Huizinga JD, Chen J. Ingesting yeast extract causes excitation of neurogenic and myogenic colonic motor patterns in the rat. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18343. [PMID: 38760903 PMCID: PMC11101669 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods play a significant role in the human diet for their natural, highly nutritious and healthy attributes. Our aim was to study the effect of yeast extract, a fermented substance extracted from natural yeast, on colonic motility to better understand its potential therapeutic role. A yeast extract was given to rats by gavage for 3 days, and myogenic and neurogenic components of colonic motility were studied using spatiotemporal maps made from video recordings of the whole colon ex vivo. A control group received saline gavages. The yeast extract caused excitation of the musculature by increasing the propagation length and duration of long-distance contractions, the major propulsive activity of the rat colon. The yeast extract also evoked rhythmic propulsive motor complexes (RPMCs) which were antegrade in the proximal and mid-colon and retrograde in the distal colon. RPMC activity was evoked by distention-induced neural activity, but it was myogenic in nature since we showed it to be generated by bethanechol in the presence of tetrodotoxin. In conclusion, ingestion of yeast extract stimulates rat colon motility by exciting neurogenic and myogenic control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Li
- Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Yanzhao Ji
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Hesheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System DiseasesWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jan D. Huizinga
- Department of MedicineFarncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Ji‐Hong Chen
- Department of MedicineFarncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
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4
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Wattchow DA, Brookes SJ, Spencer NJ, Heitmann PT, De Giorgio R, Costa M, Dinning PG. From the organ bath to the whole person: a review of human colonic motility. ANZ J Surg 2024; 94:320-326. [PMID: 37974532 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Motor function of the colon is essential for health. Our current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie colonic motility are based upon a range of experimental techniques, including molecular biology, single cell studies, recordings from muscle strips, analysis of part or whole organ ex vivo through to in vivo human recordings. For the surgeon involved in the clinical management of colonic conditions this amounts to a formidable volume of material. Here, we synthesize the key findings from these various experimental approaches so that surgeons can be better armed to deal with the complexities of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wattchow
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Departments of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul T Heitmann
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Departments of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Hussain A, Zhang Z, Yu J, Wei R, Arshad H, Lew J, Jagan C, Wang Y, Chen JH, Huizinga JD. Haustral rhythmic motor patterns of the human large bowel revealed by ultrasound. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G295-G305. [PMID: 37461842 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00068.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Effective and widely available strategies are needed to diagnose colonic motility dysfunction. We investigated whether ultrasonography could generate spatiotemporal maps combined with motor pattern frequency analysis, to become a noninvasive method to characterize human colon motor patterns. Abdominal colonic ultrasonography was performed on healthy subjects (N = 7), focusing on the detailed recording of spontaneous haustral activities. We developed image segmentation and frequency analysis software to analyze the motor patterns captured. Ultrasonography recordings of the ascending, transverse, and descending colon identified three distinct rhythmic motor patterns: the 1 cycle/min and the 3 cycles/min cyclic motor pattern were seen throughout the whole colon, whereas the 12 cycles/min cyclic motor pattern was identified in the ascending colon. The rhythmic motor patterns of the human colon that are associated with interstitial cells of Cajal-associated pacemaking activity can be accurately identified and quantified using ultrasound.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ultrasonography in the clinical field is an underutilized tool for assessing colonic motility; however, with the addition of frequency analysis techniques, it provides a method to identify human colonic motor patterns. Here we report on the 1, 3, and 12 cpm rhythmic motor patterns. Ultrasound has the potential to become a bedside assessment for colonic dysmotility and may reveal the health of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) pacemaker activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Hussain
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Yu
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruihan Wei
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hamza Arshad
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinhwan Lew
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cierra Jagan
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yongdong Wang
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Traserra S, Casabella-Ramón S, Vergara P, Jimenez M. E. coli infection disrupts the epithelial barrier and activates intrinsic neurosecretory reflexes in the pig colon. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1170822. [PMID: 37334046 PMCID: PMC10272729 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1170822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess the barrier integrity and possible activation of enteric neural pathways associated with secretion and motility in the pig colon induced by an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge. 50 Danbred male piglets were used for this study. 16 were challenged with an oral dose of the ETEC strain F4+ 1.5 × 109 colony-forming unit. Colonic samples were studied 4- and 9-days post-challenge using both a muscle bath and Ussing chamber. Colonic mast cells were stained with methylene blue. In control animals, electrical field stimulation induced neurosecretory responses that were abolished by tetrodotoxin (10-6M) and reduced by the combination of atropine (10-4M) and α-chymotrypsin (10U/mL). Exogenous addition of carbachol, vasoactive intestinal peptide, forskolin, 5-HT, nicotine, and histamine produced epithelial Cl- secretion. At day 4 post-challenge, ETEC increased the colonic permeability. The basal electrogenic ion transport remained increased until day 9 post-challenge and was decreased by tetrodotoxin (10-6M), atropine (10-4M), hexamethonium (10-5M), and ondansetron (10-5M). In the muscle, electrical field stimulation produced frequency-dependent contractile responses that were abolished with tetrodotoxin (10-6M) and atropine (10-6M). Electrical field stimulation and carbachol responses were not altered in ETEC animals in comparison with control animals at day 9 post-challenge. An increase in mast cells, stained with methylene blue, was observed in the mucosa and submucosa but not in the muscle layer of ETEC-infected animals on day 9 post-challenge. ETEC increased the response of intrinsic secretory reflexes and produced an impairment of the colonic barrier that was restored on day 9 post-challenge but did not modify neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Traserra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Casabella-Ramón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patri Vergara
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcel Jimenez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Heitmann PT, Keightley L, Wiklendt L, Wattchow DA, Brookes SSJ, Spencer NJ, Costa M, Dinning PG. The effects of loperamide on excitatory and inhibitory neuromuscular function in the human colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14442. [PMID: 36054796 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most animal species, opioids alter colonic motility via the inhibition of excitatory enteric motor neurons. The mechanisms by which opioids alter human colonic motility are unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of loperamide on neuromuscular function in the human colon. METHODS Tissue specimens of human colon from 10 patients undergoing an anterior resection were divided into three inter-taenial circular muscle strips. Separate organ baths were used to assess: (1) excitatory transmission (selective blockade of inhibitory transmission: L-NOARG/MRS2179); (2) inhibitory transmission (selective blockade of excitatory transmission: hyoscine hydrobromide); and (3) a control bath (no drug additions). Neuromuscular function was assessed using force transducer recordings and electrical field stimulation (EFS; 20 V, 10 Hz, 0.5 ms, 10 s) prior to and following loperamide and naloxone. KEY RESULTS In human preparations with L-NOARG/MRS2179, loperamide had no significant effects on isometric contractions. In preparations with hyoscine hydrobromide, loperamide reduced isometric relaxation during EFS (median difference + 0.60 g post-loperamide, Z = -2.35, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Loperamide had no effect on excitatory neuromuscular function in human colonic circular muscle. These findings suggest that loperamide alters colonic function by acting primarily on inhibitory motor neurons, premotor enteric neurons, or via alternative non-opioid receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Heitmann
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Departments of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren Keightley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Departments of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon S J Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Departments of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Tan W, Lee G, Chen JH, Huizinga JD. Relationships Between Distention-, Butyrate- and Pellet-Induced Stimulation of Peristalsis in the Mouse Colon. Front Physiol 2020; 11:109. [PMID: 32132933 PMCID: PMC7040375 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Luminal factors such as short-chain fatty acids are increasingly recognized for playing a regulatory role in peristaltic activity. Our objective was to understand the roles of butyrate and propionate in regulating peristaltic activity in relation to distention-induced activities. Methods Butyrate and propionate were perfused intraluminally under varying intraluminal pressures in murine colons bathed in Krebs solution. We used video recording and spatiotemporal maps to examine peristalsis induced by the intrinsic rhythmic colonic motor complex (CMC) as well as pellet-induced peristaltic reflex movements. Results The CMC showed several configurations at different levels of excitation, culminating in long distance contractions (LDCs) which possess a triangular shape in murine colon spatiotemporal maps. Butyrate increased the frequency of CMCs but was a much weaker stimulus than distention and only contributed to significant changes under low distention. Propionate inhibited CMCs by decreasing either their amplitudes or frequencies, but only in low distention conditions. Butyrate did not consistently counteract propionate-induced inhibition likely due to the multiple and distinct mechanisms of action for these signaling molecules in the lumen. Pellet movement occurred through ongoing CMCs as well as pellet induced peristaltic reflex movements and butyrate augmented both types of peristaltic motor patterns to decrease the amount of time required to expel each pellet. Conclusions Butyrate is effective in promoting peristalsis, but only when the level of colonic activity is low such as under conditions of low intraluminal pressure. This suggests that it may play a significant role in patients with poor fiber intake, where there is low mechanical stimulation in the lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Corsetti M, Costa M, Bassotti G, Bharucha AE, Borrelli O, Dinning P, Di Lorenzo C, Huizinga JD, Jimenez M, Rao S, Spiller R, Spencer NJ, Lentle R, Pannemans J, Thys A, Benninga M, Tack J. First translational consensus on terminology and definitions of colonic motility in animals and humans studied by manometric and other techniques. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:559-579. [PMID: 31296967 PMCID: PMC7136172 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in colonic motility are implicated in the pathophysiology of bowel disorders, but high-resolution manometry of human colonic motor function has revealed that our knowledge of normal motor patterns is limited. Furthermore, various terminologies and definitions have been used to describe colonic motor patterns in children, adults and animals. An example is the distinction between the high-amplitude propagating contractions in humans and giant contractions in animals. Harmonized terminology and definitions are required that are applicable to the study of colonic motility performed by basic scientists and clinicians, as well as adult and paediatric gastroenterologists. As clinical studies increasingly require adequate animal models to develop and test new therapies, there is a need for rational use of terminology to describe those motor patterns that are equivalent between animals and humans. This Consensus Statement provides the first harmonized interpretation of commonly used terminology to describe colonic motor function and delineates possible similarities between motor patterns observed in animal models and humans in vitro (ex vivo) and in vivo. The consolidated terminology can be an impetus for new research that will considerably improve our understanding of colonic motor function and will facilitate the development and testing of new therapies for colonic motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Corsetti
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marcello Costa
- Human Physiology and Centre of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gabrio Bassotti
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adil E Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, UK
| | - Phil Dinning
- Human Physiology and Centre of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carlo Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcel Jimenez
- Department of Cell Physiology, Physiology and Immunology and Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Satish Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Robin Spiller
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roger Lentle
- Digestive Biomechanics Group, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jasper Pannemans
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Thys
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc Benninga
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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10
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Gallego D, Malagelada C, Accarino A, Gori A, Malagelada JR, Azpiroz F, De Giorgio R, Jimenez M. Functional neuromuscular impairment in severe intestinal dysmotility. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13458. [PMID: 30178519 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) and enteric dysmotility (ED) are severe intestinal motility disorders usually associated with underlying neuromuscular abnormalities. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vitro neuromuscular function of patients with severe intestinal motility disorders. METHODS Full-thickness intestinal biopsies (16 jejunum and 3 ileum) obtained from patients with CIPO (n = 10) and ED (n = 9) were studied using muscle bath and microelectrode techniques. Control samples (n = 6 ileum and n = 6 jejunum) were used to establish the range of normality. KEY RESULTS Fourteen parameters were defined to assess muscle contractility and nerve-muscle interaction: five to evaluate smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and nine to evaluate inhibitory neuromuscular transmission. For each sample, a parameter was scored 0 if the value was inside the normal range or a value of 1 if it was outside. Patients' samples (CIPO/ED) had more abnormal parameters than controls (P < 0.001 for both jejunum and ileum). Functional abnormalities were found to be heterogeneous. The most prevalent abnormality was a decreased purinergic neuromuscular transmission, which was detected in 43.8% of jejunal samples. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Abnormalities of neuromuscular intestinal function are detected in vitro in severe intestinal dysmotility. However, consistent with the heterogeneity of the disease pathophysiology, functional impairment cannot be attributed to a single mechanism. Specifically, defects of purinergic neuromuscular transmission may have an important role in motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gallego
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Neurosciences Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Malagelada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.,Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Accarino
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.,Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandra Gori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan Ramón Malagelada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.,Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.,Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marcel Jimenez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Neurosciences Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Corsetti M, Pagliaro G, Demedts I, Deloose E, Gevers A, Scheerens C, Rommel N, Tack J. Pan-Colonic Pressurizations Associated With Relaxation of the Anal Sphincter in Health and Disease: A New Colonic Motor Pattern Identified Using High-Resolution Manometry. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112:479-489. [PMID: 27596695 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Only a few studies have applied high-resolution manometry (HRM) to the study of colonic motility in adults and none of them have concurrently evaluated colonic and anal motor activity. The aim of the study was to evaluate colonic and anal motor activity by means of HRM in healthy subjects. As the present study revealed the presence of a new colonic motor pattern (pan-colonic pressurizations) in healthy subjects, three additional studies were conducted: the first and the second to exclude that this motor event results from an artifact due to abdominal wall contraction and to confirm its modulation by cholinergic stimulation, and the third, as pilot study, to test the hypothesis that this colonic pattern is defective in patients with chronic constipation refractory to current pharmacological treatments. METHODS In both volunteers and patients the HRM catheter was advanced proximally during colonoscopy. RESULTS In all subjects, pressure increases of 15±3 mm Hg and 24±4 s simultaneously occurring in all colonic sensors (pan-colonic pressurizations) and associated with anal sphincter relaxation were identified. Subjects had 85±38 pan-colonic pressurizations, which increased significantly during meal (P=0.007) and decreased afterward (P=0.01), and were correlated with feelings of and desire to evacuate gas. The mean number of propagating sequences was 47±39, and only retrograde increased significantly postprandially (P=0.01). Pan-colonic pressurizations differed from strain artifacts and significantly increased after prostigmine. In patients pan-colonic pressurizations were significantly reduced as compared with volunteers. CONCLUSIONS Pan-colonic pressurizations associated with relaxations of the anal sphincter represent a new colonic motor pattern that seems to be defective in patients with treatment-refractory chronic constipation and may have a role in the transport of colonic gas and in the facilitation of the propagating sequence-induced colonic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Corsetti
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Giuseppe Pagliaro
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Demedts
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Deloose
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemie Gevers
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Scheerens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Rommel
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Intraluminal pressure patterns in the human colon assessed by high-resolution manometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41436. [PMID: 28216670 PMCID: PMC5316981 DOI: 10.1038/srep41436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of colonic motor dysfunction is rarely done because of inadequate methodology and lack of knowledge about normal motor patterns. Here we report on elucidation of intraluminal pressure patterns using High Resolution Colonic Manometry during a baseline period and in response to a meal, in 15 patients with constipation, chronically dependent on laxatives, 5 healthy volunteers and 9 patients with minor, transient, IBS-like symptoms but no sign of constipation. Simultaneous pressure waves (SPWs) were the most prominent propulsive motor pattern, associated with gas expulsion and anal sphincter relaxation, inferred to be associated with fast propagating contractions. Isolated pressure transients occurred in most sensors, ranging in amplitude from 5–230 mmHg. Rhythmic haustral boundary pressure transients occurred at sensors about 4–5 cm apart. Synchronized haustral pressure waves, covering 3–5 cm of the colon occurred to create a characteristic intrahaustral cyclic motor pattern at 3–6 cycles/min, propagating in mixed direction. This activity abruptly alternated with erratic patterns resembling the segmentation motor pattern of the small intestine. High amplitude propagating pressure waves (HAPWs) were too rare to contribute to function assessment in most subjects. Most patients, dependent on laxatives for defecation, were able to generate normal motor patterns in response to a meal.
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13
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Relationships between motor patterns and intraluminal pressure in the 3-taeniated proximal colon of the rabbit. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42293. [PMID: 28195136 PMCID: PMC5307310 DOI: 10.1038/srep42293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Manometry is used worldwide to assess motor function of the gastrointestinal tract, and the measured intraluminal pressure patterns are usually equated with contraction patterns. In the colon, simultaneous pressure increases throughout the entire colon are most often called simultaneous contractions, although this inference has never been verified. To evaluate the relationship between pressure and contraction in the colon we performed high-resolution manometry and measured diameter changes reflecting circular muscle contractions in the rabbit colon. We show that within a certain range of contraction amplitudes and frequencies, the intraluminal pressure pattern faithfully resembles the contraction pattern. However, when the frequency is very high (as in fast propagating contractions in a cluster) the consequent intraluminal pressures merge. When the contraction speed of propagation is very fast (above ~5 cm/s), the resulting pressure occurs simultaneous throughout the colon; hence simultaneous pressure is measured as are caused by fast propagating contractions. The very slow propagating, low amplitude haustral boundary contractions show a very characteristic pattern in spatiotemporal contraction maps that is not faithfully reproduced in the pressure maps. Correct interpretation of pressure events in high-resolution manometry is essential to make it a reliable tool for diagnosis and management of patients with colon motor dysfunction.
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14
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Smith TK, Koh SD. A model of the enteric neural circuitry underlying the generation of rhythmic motor patterns in the colon: the role of serotonin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G1-G14. [PMID: 27789457 PMCID: PMC5283906 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00337.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the role of multiple cell types involved in rhythmic motor patterns in the large intestine that include tonic inhibition of the muscle layers interrupted by rhythmic colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) and secretomotor activity. We propose a model that assumes these motor patterns are dependent on myenteric descending 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) interneurons. Asynchronous firing in 5-HT neurons excite inhibitory motor neurons (IMNs) to generate tonic inhibition occurring between CMMCs. IMNs release mainly nitric oxide (NO) to inhibit the muscle, intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs), glial cells, and pacemaker myenteric pacemaker interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-MY). Mucosal release of 5-HT from enterochromaffin (EC) cells excites the mucosal endings of IPANs that synapse with 5-HT descending interneurons and perhaps ascending interneurons, thereby coupling EC cell 5-HT to myenteric 5-HT neurons, synchronizing their activity. Synchronized 5-HT neurons generate a slow excitatory postsynaptic potential in IPANs via 5-HT7 receptors and excite glial cells and ascending excitatory nerve pathways that are normally inhibited by NO. Excited glial cells release prostaglandins to inhibit IMNs (disinhibition) to allow full excitation of ICC-MY and muscle by excitatory motor neurons (EMNs). EMNs release ACh and tachykinins to excite pacemaker ICC-MY and muscle, leading to the simultaneous contraction of both the longitudinal and circular muscle layers. Myenteric 5-HT neurons also project to the submucous plexus to couple motility with secretion, especially during a CMMC. Glial cells are necessary for switching between different colonic motor behaviors. This model emphasizes the importance of myenteric 5-HT neurons and the likely consequence of their coupling and uncoupling to mucosal 5-HT by IPANs during colonic motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Keith Smith
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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15
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Spencer NJ, Dinning PG, Brookes SJ, Costa M. Insights into the mechanisms underlying colonic motor patterns. J Physiol 2016; 594:4099-116. [PMID: 26990133 PMCID: PMC4967752 DOI: 10.1113/jp271919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there have been significant technical and methodological advances in our ability to record the movements of the gastrointestinal tract. This has led to significant changes in our understanding of the different types of motor patterns that exist in the gastrointestinal tract (particularly the large intestine) and in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their generation. Compared with other tubular smooth muscle organs, a rich variety of motor patterns occurs in the large intestine. This reflects a relatively autonomous nervous system in the gut wall, which has its own unique population of sensory neurons. Although the enteric nervous system can function independently of central neural inputs, under physiological conditions bowel motility is influenced by the CNS: if spinal pathways are disrupted, deficits in motility occur. The combination of high resolution manometry and video imaging has improved our knowledge of the range of motor patterns and provided some insight into the neural and mechanical factors underlying propulsion of contents. The neural circuits responsible for the generation of peristalsis and colonic migrating motor complexes have now been identified to lie within the myenteric plexus and do not require inputs from the mucosa or submucosal ganglia for their generation, but can be modified by their activity. This review will discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the different patterns of propagating motor activity in the large intestine of mammals and how latest technologies have led to major changes in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Spencer
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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16
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Zhu YF, Wang XY, Parsons SP, Huizinga JD. Stimulus-induced pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal associated with the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1064-74. [PMID: 26968691 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ICC-DMP have been proposed to generate stimulus-dependent pacemaker activity, rhythmic transient depolarizations, that take part in orchestrating segmentation and clustered propulsive motor patterns in the small intestine. However, little is known about the fundamental properties of ICC-DMP. METHODS This study was undertaken to increase our understanding of intrinsic properties of the ICC-DMP through calcium imaging and intracellular electrical recordings. KEY RESULTS Without stimulation, most ICC-DMP were quiescent. In some preparations ICC-DMP generated rhythmic low-frequency calcium oscillations (<10 cpm) with or without high frequency activity superimposed (>35 cpm). Immunohistochemistry proved the existence of NK1R on the ICC-DMP and close contacts between ICC-DMP and substance P-positive nerves. Substance P (25 nM) induced low-frequency calcium oscillations that were synchronized across the ICC-DMP network. Substance P also induced low frequency rhythmic transient depolarizations (<10cpm) in circular muscle cells close to the ICC-DMP. An intracellular recording from a positively identified ICC-DMP showed rhythmic transient depolarizations with superimposed high frequency activity. To investigate if quiescent ICC-DMP were chronically inhibited by nitrergic activity, nNOS was inhibited, but without effect. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Substance P changes non-synchronized high frequency flickering or quiescence in ICC-DMP into strong rhythmic calcium transients that are synchronized within the network; they are associated with rhythmic transient depolarizations within the same frequency range. We hypothesize that Substance P, released from nerves, can evoke rhythmicity in ICC-DMP, thereby providing it with potential pacemaker activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Zhu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - X-Y Wang
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - S P Parsons
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J D Huizinga
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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