1
|
Feng Y, Wang R, Su D, Zhai Y, Wang L, Yu L, Zhang Y, Ma X, Ma F. Identifying new sperm Western blot loading controls. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14226. [PMID: 34478154 DOI: 10.1111/and.14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of protein expression level plays a pivotal role in both biological and medical studies. Housekeeping proteins, generally encoded by housekeeping genes are used as loading control proteins to normalize protein expression. Obviously, proper reference standards are essential for adequate analysis of protein expression. However, our study showed that the widely used normalisation proteins, whose expression levels varied greatly among sperm samples, were unsuitable for data standardisation. To uncover the proteins steadily expressed in sperm, we analysed several published transcriptome data of sperm. Seven proteins whose expression levels were relatively stable (co-efficient variation values less than 0.35) were selected and further evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western Blot (WB) and immunocytochemistry. Our results showed that among the classical housekeeping proteins, only β-tubulin remained constant in sperm samples from 85 individuals. Compared with other classical housekeeping proteins such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, actin and histone H3, Cullin-1 (CUL1) and F-box only protein 7 (FBXO7) seemed to be more suitable to be used as internal controls for WB in sperm protein studies. Combined with the locations of these proteins, CUL1 and FBXO7 were suggested to be used as a housekeeping protein for total proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruohan Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei Su
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Zhai
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Pediatric Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang S, Cao S, Zhou T, Kong L, Liang G. 4-tert-octylphenol injures motility and viability of human sperm by affecting cAMP-PKA/PKC-tyrosine phosphorylation signals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 62:234-243. [PMID: 30098580 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
4-tert-octylphenol (4t-OP) is a well-known xenoestrogen. Our objective was to explore the effects and molecular mechanisms of 4t-OP on human sperm. Sperm samples were exposed to 0, 0.1, or 0.3 mM 4t-OP for two hours. Results showed that both sperm viability and motility were significantly injured by 0.3 mM 4t-OP. We applied comparative proteomics to explore the molecular targets affected by 4t-OP. 81 differentially expressed (DE) proteins were identified. Bioinformatic analysis showed that these proteins were highly associated with motility and apoptosis, and were mostly enriched in cAMP-PKA/PKC-phosphorylation-associated pathway. We further verified that 0.1 mM and 0.3 mM 4t-OP significantly decreased cAMP activity of sperm. Expression of RACK1 and PRDX6 were detected by western blot (WB) to verify their tendencies in gels; antiapoptotic factor BCL2 was also detected by WB. The data indicated that 4-tert-octylphenol injures the motility and viability of human sperm probably by affecting cAMP-PKA/PKC-tyrosine phosphorylation signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Senyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Center of Reproductive Medicine, Yancheng Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Central Laboratory, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University 214002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Kong
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Geyu Liang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|