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Sharma S, Antoniak S. New Insights in the Pathology of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2024; 9:117-119. [PMID: 38362352 PMCID: PMC10864952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Berna-Erro A, Granados MP, Rosado JA, Redondo PC. Thrombotic Alterations under Perinatal Hypoxic Conditions: HIF and Other Hypoxic Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14541. [PMID: 37833987 PMCID: PMC10572648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is considered to be a stressful physiological condition, which may occur during labor and the later stages of pregnancy as a result of, among other reasons, an aged placenta. Therefore, when gestation or labor is prolonged, low oxygen supply to the tissues may last for minutes, and newborns may present breathing problems and may require resuscitation maneuvers. As a result, poor oxygen supply to tissues and to circulating cells may last for longer periods of time, leading to life-threatening conditions. In contrast to the well-known platelet activation that occurs after reperfusion of the tissues due to an ischemia/reperfusion episode, platelet alterations in response to reduced oxygen exposition following labor have been less frequently investigated. Newborns overcome temporal hypoxic conditions by changing their organ functions or by adaptation of the intracellular molecular pathways. In the present review, we aim to analyze the main platelet modifications that appear at the protein level during hypoxia in order to highlight new platelet markers linked to complications arising from temporal hypoxic conditions during labor. Thus, we demonstrate that hypoxia modifies the expression and activity of hypoxic-response proteins (HRPs), including hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1), endoplasmic reticulum oxidase 1 (Ero1), and carbonic anhydrase (CIX). Finally, we provide updates on research related to the regulation of platelet function due to HRP activation, as well as the role of HRPs in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Berna-Erro
- Department of Physiology (Phycell), University of Extremadura, Avd de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (A.B.-E.); (P.C.R.)
| | | | - Juan Antonio Rosado
- Department of Physiology (Phycell), University of Extremadura, Avd de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (A.B.-E.); (P.C.R.)
| | - Pedro Cosme Redondo
- Department of Physiology (Phycell), University of Extremadura, Avd de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (A.B.-E.); (P.C.R.)
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Ail D, Samardzija M, Chang ACM, Keck J, Reddel RR, Grimm C. Stanniocalcin2, but Not Stanniocalcin1, Responds to Hypoxia in a HIF1-Dependent Manner in the Retina. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:882559. [PMID: 35812222 PMCID: PMC9259883 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.882559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for neuroprotective factors that can prevent or slow down the progression of retinal degeneration is still ongoing. Acute hypoxic stress has been shown to provide transient protection against subsequent damage in the retina. Stanniocalcins – STC1 and STC2 – are secreted glycoproteins that are hypoxia-regulated and were shown to be cytoprotective in various in vitro studies. Hence, we investigated the expression of stanniocalcins in the normal, degenerating and hypoxic retina. We show that the expression of Stc1 and Stc2 in the retina was detectable as early as postnatal day 10 and persisted during aging. Retinal expression of Stc2, but not Stc1, was induced in mice in an in vivo model of acute hypoxia and a genetic model of chronic hypoxia. Furthermore, we show that HIF1, not HIF2, is responsible for regulating Stc2 in cells with the molecular response to hypoxia activated due to the absence of von Hippel Lindau protein. Surprisingly, Stc2 was not normally expressed in photoreceptors but in the inner retina, as shown by laser capture microdissection and immunofluorescence data. The expression of both Stc1 and Stc2 remained unchanged in the degenerative retina with an almost complete loss of photoreceptors, confirming their expression in the inner retina. However, the absence of either Stc1 or Stc2 had no effect on retinal architecture, as was evident from retinal morphology of the respective knockout mice. Taken together our data provides evidence for the differential regulation of STC1 and STC2 in the retina and the prospect of investigating STC2 as a retinal neuroprotective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Ail
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marijana Samardzija
- Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andy C. M. Chang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jadwiga Keck
- Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger R. Reddel
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Grimm
- Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christian Grimm,
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CRACking the Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of SOCE during Platelet Activation in Thrombo-Occlusive Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040619. [PMID: 35203269 PMCID: PMC8870035 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombo-occlusive diseases such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and deep vein thrombosis with subsequent pulmonary embolism still represent a major health burden worldwide. Besides the cells of the vasculature or other hematopoietic cells, platelets are primarily responsible for the development and progression of an occluding thrombus. The activation and function of platelets crucially depend on free cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) as second messenger, which modulates platelet secretion, aggregation and thrombus formation. Ca2+ is elevated upon platelet activation by release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores thus triggering of the subsequent store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), which is facilitated by Ca2+ release-activated channels (CRACs). In general, CRACs are assembled by the pore-forming unit Orai in the plasma membrane and the Ca2+-sensing stromal interaction molecule (STIM) in the endoplasmic reticulum after the depletion of internal Ca2+ stores. In the last few years, there is a growing body of the literature demonstrating the importance of STIM and Orai-mediated mechanism in thrombo-occlusive disorders. Thus, this review provides an overview of the recent understanding of STIM and Orai signaling in platelet function and its implication in the development and progression of ischemic thrombo-occlusive disorders. Moreover, potential pharmacological implications of STIM and Orai signaling in platelets are anticipated and discussed in the end.
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Plasma Membrane and Organellar Targets of STIM1 for Intracellular Calcium Handling in Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102518. [PMID: 34685498 PMCID: PMC8533710 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Located at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) undergoes a complex conformational rearrangement after depletion of ER luminal Ca2+. Then, STIM1 translocates into discrete ER-plasma membrane (PM) junctions where it directly interacts with and activates plasma membrane Orai1 channels to refill ER with Ca2+. Furthermore, Ca2+ entry due to Orai1/STIM1 interaction may induce canonical transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) translocation to the plasma membrane, where it is activated by STIM1. All these events give rise to store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Besides the main pathway underlying SOCE, which mainly involves Orai1 and TRPC1 activation, STIM1 modulates many other plasma membrane proteins in order to potentiate the influxof Ca2+. Furthermore, it is now clear that STIM1 may inhibit Ca2+ currents mediated by L-type Ca2+ channels. Interestingly, STIM1 also interacts with some intracellular channels and transporters, including nuclear and lysosomal ionic proteins, thus orchestrating organellar Ca2+ homeostasis. STIM1 and its partners/effectors are significantly modulated in diverse acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. This highlights the importance of further disclosing their cellular functions as they might represent promising molecular targets for neuroprotection.
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Berlansky S, Humer C, Sallinger M, Frischauf I. More Than Just Simple Interaction between STIM and Orai Proteins: CRAC Channel Function Enabled by a Network of Interactions with Regulatory Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E471. [PMID: 33466526 PMCID: PMC7796502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel, activated by the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is critical for Ca2+ homeostasis and active signal transduction in a plethora of cell types. Spurred by the long-sought decryption of the molecular nature of the CRAC channel, considerable scientific effort has been devoted to gaining insights into functional and structural mechanisms underlying this signalling cascade. Key players in CRAC channel function are the Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and Orai1. STIM1 proteins span through the membrane of the ER, are competent in sensing luminal Ca2+ concentration, and in turn, are responsible for relaying the signal of Ca2+ store-depletion to pore-forming Orai1 proteins in the plasma membrane. A direct interaction of STIM1 and Orai1 allows for the re-entry of Ca2+ from the extracellular space. Although much is already known about the structure, function, and interaction of STIM1 and Orai1, there is growing evidence that CRAC under physiological conditions is dependent on additional proteins to function properly. Several auxiliary proteins have been shown to regulate CRAC channel activity by means of direct interactions with STIM1 and/or Orai1, promoting or hindering Ca2+ influx in a mechanistically diverse manner. Various proteins have also been identified to exert a modulatory role on the CRAC signalling cascade although inherently lacking an affinity for both STIM1 and Orai1. Apart from ubiquitously expressed representatives, a subset of such regulatory mechanisms seems to allow for a cell-type-specific control of CRAC channel function, considering the rather restricted expression patterns of the specific proteins. Given the high functional and clinical relevance of both generic and cell-type-specific interacting networks, the following review shall provide a comprehensive summary of regulators of the multilayered CRAC channel signalling cascade. It also includes proteins expressed in a narrow spectrum of cells and tissues that are often disregarded in other reviews of similar topics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Irene Frischauf
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria; (S.B.); (C.H.); (M.S.)
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La Russa D, Frisina M, Secondo A, Bagetta G, Amantea D. Modulation of Cerebral Store-operated Calcium Entry-regulatory Factor (SARAF) and Peripheral Orai1 Following Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Preconditioning in Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 441:8-21. [PMID: 32569806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) contributes to Ca2+ refilling of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but also provides Ca2+ influx involved in physiological and pathological signalling functions. Upon depletion of Ca2+ store, the sensor protein stromal interaction molecule (STIM) activates Orai1, forming an ion-conducting pore highly selective for Ca2+. SOCE-associated regulatory factor (SARAF) associates with STIM1 to facilitate a slow form of Ca2+-dependent inactivation of SOCE or interacts with Orai1 to stimulate SOCE in STIM1-independent manner. We have investigated whether cerebral ischemic damage and neuroprotection conferred by ischemic preconditioning (PC) in mouse are associated with changes in the expression of the molecular components of SOCE. Ischemic PC induced by 15-min occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo) resulted in significant amelioration of histological and functional outcomes produced, 72 h later, by a more severe ischemia (1 h MCAo). Neither ischemia, nor PC affected the expression of Orai1 in the frontoparietal cortex. However, the number of Orai1-immunopositive cells, mostly corresponding to Ly-6G+ neutrophils, was significantly elevated in the blood after the ischemic insult, regardless of previous PC. The expression of Stim1 and SARAF, mainly localised in NeuN-immunopositive neurons, was reduced in the ischemic cortex. Interestingly, neuroprotection by ischemic PC prevented the reduction of SARAF expression in the lesioned cortex and this could be interpreted as a compensatory mechanism to restore ER Ca2+ refilling in neurons in the absence of STIM1. Thus, preventing SARAF downregulation may represent a pivotal mechanism implicated in neuroprotection provided by ischemic PC and should be exploited as an original target for novel stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele La Russa
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Marialaura Frisina
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy.
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Joshi AD. New Insights Into Physiological and Pathophysiological Functions of Stanniocalcin 2. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:172. [PMID: 32296395 PMCID: PMC7136389 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stanniocalcin, a glycosylated peptide hormone, first discovered in a bony fish has originally been shown to play critical role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Two paralogs of stanniocalcin (STC1 and STC2) identified in mammals are widely expressed in variety of tissues. This review provides historical perspective on the discovery of fish and mammalian stanniocalcin, describes molecular regulation of STC2 gene, catalogs distribution as well as expression of STC2 in tissues, and provides key structural information known till date regarding mammalian STC2. Additionally, this mini review summarizes pivotal functions of STC2 in calcium and phosphate regulation, cytoprotection, cell development, and angiogenesis. Finally, STC2's role as a novel marker for human cancers has also been outlined. Reviewing these studies will provide an opportunity to understand STC2's structure, biological functions as well as key molecular pathways involving STC2, which will help us design innovative therapeutic interventions using this novel hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya D. Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Tang R, Li ZP, Li MX, Li DW, Ye HB, Su KM, Lin H, Zhang WT. Pro-inflammatory role of transient receptor potential canonical channel 6 in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018; 8:1334-1341. [PMID: 30216703 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has not been fully elucidated. This study sought to explore the role and mechanism of transient receptor potential canonical channel 6 (TRPC6) in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to evaluate TRPC6 immunolabeling. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to assay TRPC6, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), and calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (Orai1) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in 70 patients with CRSwNP, including eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRSwNP) or non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (nECRSwNP), and 28 control subjects. The concentrations of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-5, and IL-25, were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In experiments on human nasal epithelial cell (HNEC) culture and stimulation, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of intracellular Ca2+ was assayed by flow cytometry. Western blotting, real-time PCR, and ELISA were also conducted to assess the effects and mechanisms of TRPC6 activator 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol (OAG) and TRPC6 inhibitor 1-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl) propoxy]ethyl-1H-imidazole (SKF-96365) on HNECs. RESULTS Upregulation of TRPC6, STIM1, and Orai1 levels was found in CRSwNP patients, particularly in those with ECRSwNP. TRPC6-positive cells correlated positively with the numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils, respectively. Moreover, TRPC6 mRNA was positively correlated with STIM1 and Orai1 mRNA levels. The concentrations of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, IL-5, and IL-25, were elevated in CRSwNP, especially in ECRSwNP. In cultured HNECs, TRPC6, STIM1, Orai1, Ca2+ MFI levels, and inflammatory mediators were upregulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and OAG but were inhibited by SKF-96365. CONCLUSION TRPC6 plays a pro-inflammatory role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP via regulating Ca2+ flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Bo Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai-Ming Su
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Tian Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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