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Hyland-Monks R, Marchant D, Cronin L. Self-Paced Endurance Performance and Cerebral Hemodynamics of the Prefrontal Cortex: A Scoping Review of Methodology and Findings. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1089-1114. [PMID: 35609231 PMCID: PMC9301167 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that top-down executive function associated with the prefrontal cortex is key to the decision-making processes and pacing of endurance performance. A small but growing body of literature has investigated the neurological underpinnings of these processes by subjecting the prefrontal cortex to functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measurement during self-paced endurance task performance. Given that fNIRS measurement for these purposes is a relatively recent development, the principal aim of this review was to assess the methodological rigor and findings of this body of research. We performed a systematic literature search to collate research assessing prefrontal cortex oxygenation via fNIRS during self-paced endurance performance. A total of 17 studies met the criteria for inclusion. We then extracted information concerning the methodology and findings from the studies reviewed. Promisingly, most of the reviewed studies reported having adopted commonplace and feasible best practice guidelines. However, a lack of adherence to these guidelines was evident in some areas. For instance, there was little evidence of measures to tackle and remove artifacts from data. Lastly, the reviewed studies provide insight into the significance of cerebral oxygenation to endurance performance and the role of the prefrontal cortex in pacing behavior. Therefore, future research that better follows the guidelines presented will help advance our understanding of the role of the brain in endurance performance and aid in the development of techniques to improve or maintain prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenation to help bolster endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hyland-Monks
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, 6249Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - David Marchant
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, 6249Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Lorcan Cronin
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, 6249Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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Cocksedge SP, Breese BC, Morgan PT, Nogueira L, Thompson C, Wylie LJ, Jones AM, Bailey SJ. Influence of muscle oxygenation and nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation on O 2 uptake kinetics and exercise tolerance. Nitric Oxide 2020; 99:25-33. [PMID: 32272260 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that acute supplementation with nitrate (NO3-)-rich beetroot juice (BR) would improve quadriceps muscle oxygenation, pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2) kinetics and exercise tolerance (Tlim) in normoxia and that these improvements would be augmented in hypoxia and attenuated in hyperoxia. In a randomised, double-blind, cross-over study, ten healthy males completed two-step cycle tests to Tlim following acute consumption of 210 mL BR (18.6 mmol NO3-) or NO3--depleted beetroot juice placebo (PL; 0.12 mmol NO3-). These tests were completed in normobaric normoxia [fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2): 21%], hypoxia (FIO2: 15%) and hyperoxia (FIO2: 40%). Pulmonary V˙O2 and quadriceps tissue oxygenation index (TOI), derived from multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy, were measured during all trials. Plasma [nitrite] was higher in all BR compared to all PL trials (P < 0.05). Quadriceps TOI was higher in normoxia compared to hypoxia (P < 0.05) and higher in hyperoxia compared to hypoxia and normoxia (P < 0.05). Tlim was improved after BR compared to PL ingestion in the hypoxic trials (250 ± 44 vs. 231 ± 41 s; P = 0.006; d = 1.13), with the magnitude of improvement being negatively correlated with quadriceps TOI at Tlim (r = -0.78; P < 0.05). Tlim was not improved following BR ingestion in normoxia (BR: 364 ± 98 vs. PL: 344 ± 78 s; P = 0.087, d = 0.61) or hyperoxia (BR: 492 ± 212 vs. PL: 472 ± 196 s; P = 0.273, d = 0.37). BR ingestion increased peak V˙O2 in hypoxia (P < 0.05), but not normoxia or hyperoxia (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that BR supplementation is more likely to improve Tlim and peak V˙O2 in situations when skeletal muscle is more hypoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P Cocksedge
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, UK; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, UK
| | - Brynmor C Breese
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Portland Square Building, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | - Paul T Morgan
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Leonardo Nogueira
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (Medical Biochemistry Institute Leopoldo de Meis), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christopher Thompson
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Lee J Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, UK; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, UK.
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Fan JL, O'Donnell T, Gray CL, Croft K, Noakes AK, Koch H, Tzeng YC. Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances cerebrovascular CO 2 reactivity in a sex-specific manner. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:760-769. [PMID: 31318615 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01116.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability plays an important role in endothelial dysfunction, and increased NO has the potential to enhance cerebral blood flow (CBF). Dietary supplementation with sodium nitrate, a precursor of NO, could improve cerebrovascular function, but this has not been investigated. In 17 individuals, we examined the effects of a 7-day supplementation of dietary nitrate (0.1 mmol·kg-1·day -1) on cerebrovascular function using a randomized, single-blinded placebo-controlled crossover design. We hypothesized that 7-day dietary nitrate supplementation increases CBF response to CO2 (cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity) and cerebral autoregulation (CA). We assessed middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) and blood pressure (BP) at rest and during CO2 breathing. Transfer function analysis was performed on resting beat-to-beat MCAv and BP to determine CA, from which phase, gain, and coherence of the BP-MCAv data were derived. Dietary nitrate elevated plasma nitrate concentration by ~420% (P < 0.001) and lowered gain (d = 1.2, P = 0.025) and phase of the BP-MCAv signal compared with placebo treatment (d = 0.7, P = 0.043), while coherence was unaffected (P = 0.122). Dietary nitrate increased the MCAv-CO2 slope in a sex-specific manner (interaction: P = 0.016). Dietary nitrate increased the MCAv-CO2 slope in men (d = 1.0, P = 0.014 vs. placebo), but had no effect in women (P = 0.919). Our data demonstrate that dietary nitrate greatly increased cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in healthy individuals, while its effect on CA remains unclear. The selective increase in the MCAv-CO2 slope observed in men indicates a clear sexual dimorphic role of NO in cerebrovascular function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found dietary nitrate supplementation improved the brain blood vessels' response to CO2, cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity, without affecting blood pressure in a group of healthy individuals. Meanwhile, the effect of dietary nitrate on the relationship between blood pressure and brain blood flow, cerebral autoregulation, was inconclusive. The improvement in cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity was only observed in the male participants, alluding to a sex difference in the effect of dietary nitrate on brain blood flow control. Our findings indicate that dietary nitrate could be an effective strategy to enhance cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Lin Fan
- Wellington Medical Technology Group, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Terrence O'Donnell
- Wellington Medical Technology Group, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Clint Lee Gray
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.,Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Croft
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Annabel Kate Noakes
- Wellington Medical Technology Group, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Henrietta Koch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Yu-Chieh Tzeng
- Wellington Medical Technology Group, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Le Roux-Mallouf T, Laurent J, Besset D, Marillier M, Larribaut J, Belaidi E, Corne C, Doutreleau S, Verges S. Effects of acute nitric oxide precursor intake on peripheral and central fatigue during knee extensions in healthy men. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1100-1114. [PMID: 31004378 DOI: 10.1113/ep087493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of acute NO precursor intake on vascular function, muscle and cerebral oxygenation and peripheral and central neuromuscular fatigue during knee-extension exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? Acute NO precursor ingestion increases the plasma concentrations of NO precursors (nitrate, arginine and citrulline) and enhances post-ischaemic vasodilatation, but has no significant effect on muscle and cerebral oxygenation, peripheral and central mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue and, consequently, does not improve exercise performance. ABSTRACT Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in matching blood flow to oxygen demand in the brain and contracting muscles during exercise. Previous studies have shown that increasing NO bioavailability can improve muscle function. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of acute NO precursor intake on muscle and cerebral oxygenation and on peripheral and central neuromuscular fatigue during exercise. In four experimental sessions, 15 healthy men performed a thigh ischaemia-reperfusion test followed by submaximal isometric knee extensions (5 s on-4 s off; 45% of maximal voluntary contraction) until task failure. In each session, subjects drank a nitrate-rich beetroot juice containing 520 mg nitrate (N), N and citrulline (6 g; N+C), N and arginine (6 g; N+A) or a placebo (PLA). Prefrontal cortex and quadriceps near-infrared spectroscopy parameters were monitored continuously. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and femoral nerve electrical stimulation were used to assess central and peripheral determinants of fatigue. The post-ischaemic increase in thigh blood total haemoglobin concentration was larger in N (10.1 ± 3.7 mmol) and N+C (10.9 ± 3.3 mmol) compared with PLA (8.2 ± 2.7 mmol; P < 0.05). Nitric oxide precursors had no significant effect on muscle and cerebral oxygenation or on peripheral and central mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue during exercise. The total number of knee extensions did not differ between sessions (N, 71.9 ± 33.2; N+A, 73.3 ± 39.4; N+C, 74.6 ± 34.0; PLA, 71.8 ± 39.9; P > 0.05). In contrast to the post-ischaemic hyperaemic response, NO bioavailability in healthy subjects might not be the limiting factor for tissue perfusion and oxygenation during submaximal knee extensions to task failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Laurent
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Dimitri Besset
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathieu Marillier
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Larribaut
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Elise Belaidi
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christelle Corne
- Inherited Metabolic Disease Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Biology, Biology and Pathology Institute, Hôpital Michallon, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Doutreleau
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Sport and Pathologies Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Hôpital Michallon, Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Verges
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Sport and Pathologies Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Hôpital Michallon, Grenoble, France
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