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Sheng CY, Son YH, Jang J, Park SJ. In vitro skeletal muscle models for type 2 diabetes. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:031306. [PMID: 36124295 PMCID: PMC9478902 DOI: 10.1063/5.0096420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally elevated blood sugar, poses a growing social, economic, and medical burden worldwide. The skeletal muscle is the largest metabolic organ responsible for glucose homeostasis in the body, and its inability to properly uptake sugar often precedes type 2 diabetes. Although exercise is known to have preventative and therapeutic effects on type 2 diabetes, the underlying mechanism of these beneficial effects is largely unknown. Animal studies have been conducted to better understand the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and the positive effects of exercise on type 2 diabetes. However, the complexity of in vivo systems and the inability of animal models to fully capture human type 2 diabetes genetics and pathophysiology are two major limitations in these animal studies. Fortunately, in vitro models capable of recapitulating human genetics and physiology provide promising avenues to overcome these obstacles. This review summarizes current in vitro type 2 diabetes models with focuses on the skeletal muscle, interorgan crosstalk, and exercise. We discuss diabetes, its pathophysiology, common in vitro type 2 diabetes skeletal muscle models, interorgan crosstalk type 2 diabetes models, exercise benefits on type 2 diabetes, and in vitro type 2 diabetes models with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Y. Sheng
- Biohybrid Systems Group, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Young Hoon Son
- Biohybrid Systems Group, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | - Sung-Jin Park
- Biohybrid Systems Group, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Connor KL, Teenan O, Cairns C, Banwell V, Thomas RA, Rodor J, Finnie S, Pius R, Tannahill GM, Sahni V, Savage CO, Hughes J, Harrison EM, Henderson RB, Marson LP, Conway BR, Wigmore SJ, Denby L. Identifying cell-enriched miRNAs in kidney injury and repair. JCI Insight 2020; 5:140399. [PMID: 33328386 PMCID: PMC7819746 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs, miRNAs (miRNAs), are emerging as important modulators in the pathogenesis of kidney disease, with potential as biomarkers of kidney disease onset, progression, or therapeutic efficacy. Bulk tissue small RNA-sequencing (sRNA-Seq) and microarrays are widely used to identify dysregulated miRNA expression but are limited by the lack of precision regarding the cellular origin of the miRNA. In this study, we performed cell-specific sRNA-Seq on tubular cells, endothelial cells, PDGFR-β+ cells, and macrophages isolated from injured and repairing kidneys in the murine reversible unilateral ureteric obstruction model. We devised an unbiased bioinformatics pipeline to define the miRNA enrichment within these cell populations, constructing a miRNA catalog of injury and repair. Our analysis revealed that a significant proportion of cell-specific miRNAs in healthy animals were no longer specific following injury. We then applied this knowledge of the relative cell specificity of miRNAs to deconvolute bulk miRNA expression profiles in the renal cortex in murine models and human kidney disease. Finally, we used our data-driven approach to rationally select macrophage-enriched miR-16-5p and miR-18a-5p and demonstrate that they are promising urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury in renal transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Connor
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Transplant Unit, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation Research and
| | - Oliver Teenan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carolynn Cairns
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Banwell
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Transplant Unit, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation Research and
| | - Rachel Ab Thomas
- Edinburgh Transplant Unit, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation Research and
| | - Julie Rodor
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Finnie
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Riinu Pius
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vishal Sahni
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ewen M Harrison
- Edinburgh Transplant Unit, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lorna P Marson
- Edinburgh Transplant Unit, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation Research and
| | - Bryan R Conway
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Wigmore
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Transplant Unit, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Denby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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