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Marin-Couture E, Pérusse L, Bouchard C, Schrauwen P, Joanisse DR, Tremblay A. Mechanical efficiency: associations with body composition and glycemic profile in healthy adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05528-w. [PMID: 39068628 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the association between net mechanical efficiency (NME) and body composition and glycemic profile, in middle-aged (38.3 ± 14.3 years) participants from the Quebec Family Study (QFS). Analyses were completed on a sample of 605 participants (271 males and 334 females) who performed a submaximal exercise test on an ergometer consisting of three consecutive 6-min workloads at increasing intensity during which respiratory gas exchange was assessed. The calculation of NME [power output/ (vO2-vO2seated before exercise)] was based on the values of the last 3 min of the first workload at a targeted power output of 30 W. Correlations between NME and dependent variables were computed separately in males and females. Associations between NME and body composition and glucose-insulin variables were assessed by comparing groups of subjects categorized in sex-specific tertiles of NME after adjustments for age. Significant negative correlations were observed between NME and body composition and glycemic profile in both sexes. Comparison across tertiles showed that individuals with high NME displayed more favorable adiposity and glycemic profiles. These differences remained significant after further adjustments for participation in vigorous physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and mean exercise respiratory exchange ratio whereas most differences in glucose-insulin variables became non-significant after further adjustment for percent body fat. QFS familial data indicate that the heritability of NME reaches about 30%. In conclusion, the results of this study show that beyond aerobic fitness and physical activity-participation, mechanical efficiency is an additional activity-related variable that is independently associated with variations in body composition and glycemic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marin-Couture
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, PEPS, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF), Quebec City, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Durable - VITAM, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, PEPS, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF), Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Denis R Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, PEPS, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, PEPS, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF), Quebec City, Canada.
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Canada.
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de Fátima Guimarães R, Barnett TA, Reid RER, Tremblay A, Henderson M, Mathieu ME. Determinants of mechanical efficiency trajectories from childhood to adolescence: Findings from the QUALITY cohort. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 87:103040. [PMID: 36495687 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the shape and number of mechanical efficiency (ME) trajectories from childhood to adolescence; and verify whether ME trajectory membership can be predicted by sex, biological maturation, body weight, body composition and physical activity (PA) in childhood. METHODS Data from QUALITY, an ongoing cohort study on the natural history of obesity, were used. Participants attended a baseline visit (8-10 years, n = 630) and follow-up visits two years (n = 564), and seven years (n = 377) later. ME was assessed by an incremental cycling test at 50w (ME50w, %) and at VO2peak (MEVO2peak, %). Group-based trajectory analysis for ME and a logistic regression were performed. RESULTS Mean age of the 454 participants (boys = 54%) was 9.7 ± 0.9 years at baseline. Two distinct ME50w trajectories were identified and all tended to decrease. No distinct trajectories emerged for MEVO2peak; average MEVO2peak increased over time. Thus, the difference between MEVO2peak (∆) at baseline and follow-up was calculated for correlation analysis. Trajectory groups were labeled "Low-Decreaser" and "High-Decreaser" (Reference) for ME50w, describing the starting point and slope. High-Decreasers were mostly prepubertal girls, had lower body weight and fat free mass index, lower PA and lower VO2peak at baseline (χ2or t-test, p < 0.05). Girls were less likely to be Low-Decreasers (OR = 0.56, 95%CI = 0.42-0.74), while having overweight/obesity predicted a greater likelihood of classification in the Low-Decreaser trajectory (OR = 2.38, 95%CI = 1.16-4.88). Those with higher PA were more likely to be Low-Decreasers (OR = 1.02, 95%CI = 1.01-1.04). Finally, concerning MEVO2peak, sex, biological maturation, body weight, zBMI, fat free mass index, PA and VO2peak were positively correlated with ∆ MEVO2peak. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that excess weight at baseline predicts low levels of ME in childhood and adolescence. Additionally, higher PA at baseline is not related to higher ME50w levels. More research is needed to identify different approaches to explore this measure in transition to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseane de Fátima Guimarães
- Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique de la Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2100 Edouard Montpetit Blvd. #6219, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, 5858 Côte-des-Neiges Rd, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Tracie Ann Barnett
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, 5858 Côte-des-Neiges Rd, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Côte-des-Neiges Rd, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Ryan E R Reid
- Human Kinetics Department, St Francis Xavier University, 4130 University Ave, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, 2300, rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Mélanie Henderson
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, 5858 Côte-des-Neiges Rd, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada; Département de Pédiatrique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 3175, chemin Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Mathieu
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique de la Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2100 Edouard Montpetit Blvd. #6219, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, 5858 Côte-des-Neiges Rd, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada.
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The Regulation of Fat Metabolism During Aerobic Exercise. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121699. [PMID: 33371437 PMCID: PMC7767423 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the lipid profile is altered by physical activity, the study of lipid metabolism is a remarkable element in understanding if and how physical activity affects the health of both professional athletes and sedentary subjects. Although not fully defined, it has become clear that resistance exercise uses fat as an energy source. The fatty acid oxidation rate is the result of the following processes: (a) triglycerides lipolysis, most abundant in fat adipocytes and intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) stores, (b) fatty acid transport from blood plasma to muscle sarcoplasm, (c) availability and hydrolysis rate of intramuscular triglycerides, and (d) transport of fatty acids through the mitochondrial membrane. In this review, we report some studies concerning the relationship between exercise and the aforementioned processes also in light of hormonal controls and molecular regulations within fat and skeletal muscle cells.
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Jabbour G, Majed L. Mechanical Efficiency at Different Exercise Intensities Among Adolescent Boys With Different Body Fat Levels. Front Physiol 2019; 10:265. [PMID: 30930799 PMCID: PMC6428771 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanical efficiency (ME) and associated factors in obese, overweight, and normal-weight adolescent boys during incremental cycle exercise test to exhaustion. Forty-five sedentary adolescent boys (13–14 years old) were separated in three groups according to the percentage of fat mass as follows: 15 normal-weight (NW) (body fat: 16.0 ± 1.9%), 15 overweight (OW) (body fat: 24.0 ± 1.6%), and 15 obese (OB) (body fat: 31.0 ± 3.0%). All groups completed an incremental cycle exercise to exhaustion in which energy consumption (E, W), ME (%), lipid oxidation rate (LO, %), plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were determined consecutively at rest and at three intensity levels corresponding to 50 and 75% of each participant’s maximal heart rate (50%HRmax and 75%HRmax) and peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak). During the incremental cycle exercise test, plasma epinephrine, and norepinephrine responses as well as ME determined at 50%HRmax, 75%HRmax, and at VO2peak stages were significantly lower in OB compared to NW and OW individuals (ps < 0.01). Multiple linear regressions showed that body weight (ß = -0.64, p < 0.001), energy consumption (ß = -0.24, p < 0.05) and lipid oxidation (ß = 0.69, p < 0.01) were significant predictors of ME at 50%HRmax. However, at 75%HRmax and V˙O2peak, significant predictors of ME were epinephrine (ß = 0.34, ß = 0.49, respectively, ps = 0.01), norepinephrine (ß = 0.26, ß = 0.60, respectively, ps < 0.05) and power output (ß = 0.62, ß = 0.71, respectively, ps < 0.01). These findings suggest that excess in body weight exerts a negative effect on ME at a low intensity by increasing energy consumption for obese and overweight adolescent boys, while at higher intensities (75%HRmax and VO2peak) the lower ME could be better explained by the lower power output and catecholamine responses that were attenuated among obese and overweight adolescent boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Jabbour
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lina Majed
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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