Molecular Identification of Two Thioredoxin Genes From Grapholita molesta and Their Function in Resistance to Emamectin Benzoate

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal Noncoding RNAs as Alternative Treatments for Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Ischemic cardiomyopathy is treated mainly with thrombolytic drugs, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass grafting to recanalize blocked vessels. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is an unavoidable complication of obstructive revascularization. Compared with those of myocardial ischemic injury, few effective therapeutic options are available for MIRI treatment. The pathophysiological mechanisms of MIRI involve the inflammatory response, the immune response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, intracellular Ca2+ overload, and cardiomyocyte energy metabolism. These mechanisms exacerbate MIRI. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) can alleviate MIRI through these mechanisms and, to some extent, prevent the limitations caused by direct MSC administration. Therefore, using MSC-EXOs instead of MSCs to treat MIRI is a potentially beneficial cell-free treatment strategy. In this review, we describe the mechanism of action of MSC-EXO-derived noncoding RNAs in the treatment of MIRI and discuss the advantages and limitations of this strategy, as well as possible future research directions.

Molecular identification of carboxylesterase genes and their potential roles in the insecticides susceptibility of Grapholita molesta

Grapholita molesta is one of the most damaging pests worldwide in stone and pome fruits. Application of chemical pesticides is still the main method to control this pest, which results in resistance to several types of insecticides. Carboxylesterase (CarE) is one of the important enzymes involved in the detoxification metabolism and tolerance of xenobiotics and insecticides. However, the roles of CarEs in insecticides susceptibility of G. molesta are still unclear. In the present study, the enzyme activity of CarEs and the mRNA expression of six CarE genes were consistently elevated after treatment with three insecticides (emamectin benzoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, and chlorantraniliprole). According to spatio-temporal expression profiles, six CarE genes expressed differently in different developmental stages, and highly expressed in some detoxification metabolic organs. RNAi-mediated knockdown of these six CarE genes indicated that the susceptibility of G. molesta to all these three insecticides were obviously raised after GmCarE9, GmCarE14, GmCarE16, and GmCarE22 knockdown, respectively. Overall, these results demonstrated that GmCarE9, GmCarE14, GmCarE16, and GmCarE22 play a role in the susceptibility of G. molesta to emamectin benzoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, and chlorantraniliprole treatment. This study expands our understanding of CarEs in insects, that the same CarE gene could participate in the susceptibility to different insecticides.

Unraveling the Bombus terrestris Hemolymph, an Indicator of the Immune Response to Microbial Infections, through Complementary Mass Spectrometry Approaches

Pollinators, including Bombus terrestris, are crucial for maintaining biodiversity in ecosystems and for agriculture. Deciphering their immune response under stress conditions is a key issue for protecting these populations. To assess this metric, we analyzed the B. terrestris hemolymph as an indicator of their immune status. Hemolymph analysis was carried out using mass spectrometry, MALDI molecular mass fingerprinting was used for its effectiveness in assessing the immune status, and high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to measure the impact of experimental bacterial infections on the "hemoproteome". By infecting with three different types of bacteria, we observed that B. terrestris reacts in a specific way to bacterial attacks. Indeed, bacteria impact survival and stimulate an immune response in infected individuals, visible through changes in the molecular composition of their hemolymph. The characterization and label-free quantification of proteins involved in specific signaling pathways in bumble bees by bottom-up proteomics revealed differences in protein expression between the non-experimentally infected and the infected bees. Our results highlight the alteration of pathways involved in immune and defense reactions, stress, and energetic metabolism. Lastly, we developed molecular signatures reflecting the health status of B. terrestris to pave the way for diagnosis/prognosis tools in response to environmental stress.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction Pathway Alterations Offer Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Ovarian Cancer

The mitochondrion is a very versatile organelle that participates in some important cancer-associated biological processes, including energy metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation, cell apoptosis, mitochondria-nuclear communication, dynamics, autophagy, calcium overload, immunity, and drug resistance in ovarian cancer. Multiomics studies have found that mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis signaling pathways act in human ovarian cancer, which demonstrates that mitochondria play critical roles in ovarian cancer. Many molecular targeted drugs have been developed against mitochondrial dysfunction pathways in ovarian cancer, including olive leaf extract, nilotinib, salinomycin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin, tigecycline, and eupatilin. This review article focuses on the underlying biological roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in ovarian cancer progression based on omics data, potential molecular relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and future perspectives of promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets based on the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway for ovarian cancer.

Coordinated transcriptomics and peptidomics of central nervous system identify neuropeptides and their G protein-coupled receptors in the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta

The oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta is a cosmopolitan pest of orchard, which causes serious economic losses to the fruit production. Neuropeptides and their specific receptors (primarily G protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs) regulate multiple biological functions in insects and represent promising next-generation pest management strategy. Here, we generated a transcriptome of the central nervous system (CNS) of G. molesta. Overall, 57 neuropeptide precursor genes were identified and 128 various mature peptides were predicted from these precursors. Using peptidomic analysis of CNS of G. molesta, we identified total of 28 mature peptides and precursor-related peptides from 16 precursors. A total of 41 neuropeptide GPCR genes belonging to three classes were also identified. These GPCRs and their probable ligands were predicted. Additionally, expression patterns of these 98 genes in various larval tissues were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. Taken together, these results will benefit further investigations to determine physiological functions and pharmacological characterization of neuropeptides and their GPCRs in G. molesta; and to develop specific neuropeptide-based agents for this tortricid fruit pest control.

Glutaredoxins and thioredoxin peroxidase involved in defense of emamectin benzoate induced oxidative stress in Grapholita molesta

Glutaredoxins (Grxs) and thioredoxin peroxidases (Tpxs) are major antioxidant enzyme families involved in regulating cellular redox homeostasis and in defense of enhanced oxidative stress through scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the functions of these enzymes have not been reported in the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), a worldwide pest of stone and pome fruits. Here, we identified four new antioxidant genes, GmGrx, GmGrx3, GmGrx5, and GmTpx which were induced by exposure with emamectin benzoate, a commonly used biopesticide for G. molesta control. Other environmental factors (low and high temperatures, Escherichia coli and Metarhizium anisopliae) also significantly induced the expression of these genes. After GmGrx or GmTpx silenced by RNA interference (RNAi), the percentage of larval survival to emamectin benzoate were significantly decreased, demonstrating that GmGrx and GmTpx are involved in protecting G. molesta from stresses induced by emamectin benzoate. Furthermore, silenced GmGrx, GmGrx3, GmGrx5, or GmTpx significantly enhanced the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (except GmTpx) and peroxidase (POD), as well as the contents of hydrogen peroxide and metabolites ascorbate. Taken together, our results suggest that GmGrx, GmGrx3, GmGrx5, and GmTpx may play critical roles in antioxidant defense. Specially, GmGrx and GmTpx contribute to the defense of oxidative damage induced by exposure to emamectin benzoate through scavenging excessive ROS in G. molesta. Our findings provided a theoretical basis for understanding functions of insect glutaredoxin and peroxidase systems.