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Ma W, Li Y, Yang L, Yan S. Sex Differences in Antennal Transcriptome of Hyphantria cunea and Analysis of Odorant Receptor Expression Profiles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9070. [PMID: 39201754 PMCID: PMC11354529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects rely on olfaction for mating, finding oviposition sites, and locating hosts. Hyphantria cunea is a serious pest that severely damages forests. Differential expression analysis of olfactory-related genes between males and females is the basis for elucidating the functions of olfactory-related proteins in H. cunea. In this study, Illumina HiSeqTM 4000 high-throughput sequencing technology was used to perform transcriptome sequencing of the antennal tissues of adult male and female H. cunea. Functional annotation was conducted using the NR, Swiss-Prot, KOG, KEGG, and GO databases, and the results showed that the antennal transcriptome of adult H. cunea contained 50,158 unigenes. Differential expression analysis identified 3923 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between male and female antennae. A total of 221 olfactory-related genes were annotated, and 96 sex-biased genes were identified, including 13 odorant receptors (ORs), 48 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 7 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 10 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 10 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 2 gustatory receptors (GRs), and 6 odorant-degrading enzymes (ODEs), indicating that there were differences in olfaction between male and female H. cunea. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to verify the expression levels of 21 putative general odorant receptor genes in male and female antennae. HcunOR4 and HcunOR5 showed female-biased expression; HcunOR48, HcunOR49 and HcunOR50 showed male-biased expression. The results were consistent with the transcriptome differential analysis. The screening of male-biased odorant receptor genes might provide a theoretical basis for the functional characterization of odorant receptors for recognizing sex pheromones in H. cunea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yaning Li
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lina Yang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shanchun Yan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Xu C, Fu N, Cai X, Li Z, Bian L, Xiu C, Chen Z, Ma L, Luo Z. Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Type-II Sex Pheromone Biosynthesis in the Tea Geometrid ( Ectropis obliqua) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). INSECTS 2024; 15:276. [PMID: 38667406 PMCID: PMC11050716 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Ectropis obliqua, a notorious tea pest, produces a Type-II sex pheromone blend for mate communication. This blend contains (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene, (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-octadecadiene, and (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene. To elucidate the genes related to the biosynthesis of these sex pheromone components, transcriptome sequencing of the female E. obliqua pheromone gland and the abdomen without pheromone gland was performed. Comparative RNAseq analyses identified 52 putative genes, including 7 fatty acyl-CoA elongases (ELOs), 9 fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs), 1 decarbonylase (DEC), 3 lipophorins (LIPs), and 32 cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). Tissue expression profiles revealed that two ELOs (ELO3 and ELO5), two FARs (FAR2 and FAR9), one DEC (CYP4G173), and one LIP (LIP1) displayed either abdomen-centric or -specific expression, suggesting potential roles in sex pheromone biosynthesis within the oenocytes of E. obliqua. Furthermore, the tissue expression patterns, combined with phylogenetic analysis, showed that CYP340BD1, which was expressed specifically and predominantly only in the pheromone gland, was clustered with the previously reported epoxidases, highlighting its potential role in the epoxidation of the unsaturated polytriene sex pheromone components. Collectively, our research provides valuable insights into the genes linked to sex pheromone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (N.F.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (L.B.); (C.X.); (Z.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Nanxia Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (N.F.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (L.B.); (C.X.); (Z.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (N.F.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (L.B.); (C.X.); (Z.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zhaoqun Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (N.F.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (L.B.); (C.X.); (Z.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lei Bian
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (N.F.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (L.B.); (C.X.); (Z.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chunli Xiu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (N.F.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (L.B.); (C.X.); (Z.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zongmao Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (N.F.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (L.B.); (C.X.); (Z.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Long Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Zongxiu Luo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (N.F.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (L.B.); (C.X.); (Z.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Li JL, Li SS, Luo ZJ, Lu J, Cai XM, Luo ZX, Bian L, Xiu CL, Fu NX, Liu NY, Li ZQ. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ebony knockout causes melanin pigmentation and prevents moth Eclosion in Ectropis grisescens. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 200:105810. [PMID: 38582582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Ectropis grisescens (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a destructive tea pest in China. Mimesis, characterized by changing body color, is an important trait of E. grisescens larvae. Hence, identifying melanin pathway-related genes may contribute to developing new pest control strategies. In the present study, we cloned Egebony, a gene potentially involved in melanin pigmentation in E. grisescens, and subsequently conducted CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of Egebony to analyze its role in pigmentation and development. At the larvae, prepupae, and pupae stages, Egebony-knockout individuals exhibited darker pigmentation than the wild-type. However, Egebony knockout did not impact the colors of sclerotized appendants, including ocelli, setae, and claws. While mutant pupae could successfully develop into moths, they were unable to emerge from the puparium. Notably, embryo hatchability and larval survival of mutants remained normal. Further investigation indicated that mutant pupae exhibited significantly stronger shearing force than the wild-type, with the pigmented layer of mutant pupae appearing darker and thicker. Collectively, these results suggest that the loss of Egebony might increase the rigidity of the puparium and prevent moth eclosion. This study provides new insights into understanding the function and diversification of ebony in insect development and identifies a lethal gene that can be manipulated for developing effective pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China; East China Academy of Inventory and Planning of NFGA, Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Si Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Lu
- East China Academy of Inventory and Planning of NFGA, Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Xiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Bian
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Li Xiu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Xia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao-Qun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China.
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Yuan TT, Luo ZJ, Luo ZX, Cai XM, Bian L, Xiu CL, Fu NX, Chen ZM, Zhang LW, Li ZQ. Olfactory Gene Families in Scopula subpunctaria and Candidates for Type-II Sex Pheromone Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415775. [PMID: 36555416 PMCID: PMC9779464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scopula subpunctaria, an abundant pest in tea gardens, produce type-II sex pheromone components, which are critical for its communicative and reproductive abilities; however, genes encoding the proteins involved in the detection of type-II sex pheromone components have rarely been documented in moths. In the present study, we sequenced the transcriptomes of the male and female S. subpunctaria antennae. A total of 150 candidate olfaction genes, comprising 58 odorant receptors (SsubORs), 26 ionotropic receptors (SsubIRs), 24 chemosensory proteins (SsubCSPs), 40 odorant-binding proteins (SsubOBPs), and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SsubSNMPs) were identified in S. subpunctaria. Phylogenetic analysis, qPCR, and mRNA abundance analysis results suggested that SsubOR46 may be the Orco (non-traditional odorant receptor, a subfamily of ORs) of S. subpunctaria. SsubOR9, SsubOR53, and SsubOR55 belonged to the pheromone receptor (PR) clades which have a higher expression in male antennae. Interestingly, SsubOR44 was uniquely expressed in the antennae, with a higher expression in males than in females. SsubOBP25, SsubOBP27, and SsubOBP28 were clustered into the moth pheromone-binding protein (PBP) sub-family, and they were uniquely expressed in the antennae, with a higher expression in males than in females. SsubOBP19, a member of the GOBP2 group, was the most abundant OBP in the antennae. These findings indicate that these olfactory genes, comprising five candidate PRs, three candidate PBPs, and one candidate GOBP2, may be involved in type II sex pheromone detection. As well as these genes, most of the remaining SsubORs, and all of the SsubIRs, showed a considerably higher expression in the female antennae than in the male antennae. Many of these, including SsubOR40, SsubOR42, SsubOR43, and SsubIR26, were more abundant in female antennae. These olfactory and ionotropic receptors may be related to the detection of host plant volatiles. The results of this present study provide a basis for exploring the olfaction mechanisms in S. subpunctaria, with a focus on the genes involved in type II sex pheromones. The evolutionary analyses in our study provide new insights into the differentiation and evolution of lepidopteran PRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zi-Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zong-Xiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lei Bian
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chun-Li Xiu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Nan-Xia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zong-Mao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Long-Wa Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (L.-W.Z.); (Z.-Q.L.)
| | - Zhao-Qun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (L.-W.Z.); (Z.-Q.L.)
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Yang C, Cheng J, Lin J, Zheng Y, Yu X, Sun J. Sex Pheromone Receptors of Lepidopteran Insects. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.797287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex pheromone receptors (SPRs) of Lepidopteran insects play important roles in chemical communication. In the sex pheromone detection processes, sex pheromone molecule (SPM), SPR, co-receptor (Orco), pheromone binding protein (PBP), sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP), and pheromone degradation enzyme (PDE) play individual and cooperative roles. Commonly known as butterfly and moth, the Lepidopteran insects are widely distributed throughout the world, most of which are pests. Comprehensive knowledge of the SPRs of Lepidopteran insects would help the development of sex lure technology and the sex communication pathway research. In this review, we summarized SPR/Orco information from 10 families of Lepidopteran insects from corresponding studies. According to the research progress in the literature, we speculated the evolution of SPRs/Orcos and phylogenetically analyzed the Lepidopteran SPRs and Orcos with the neighbor-joining tree and further concluded the relationship between the cluster of SPRs and their ligands; we analyzed the predicted structural features of SPRs and gave our prediction results of SPRs and Orcos with Consensus Constrained TOPology Prediction (CCTOP) and SwissModel; we summarized the functional characterization of Lepidopteran SPRs and SPR-ligand interaction and then described the progress in the sex pheromone signaling pathways and metabotropic ion channel. Further studies are needed to work out the cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structure of SPR and the SPR-ligand docking pattern in a biophysical perspective, which will directly facilitate the understanding of sex pheromone signal transduction pathways and provide guidance in the sex lure technology in field pest control.
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Zhang XQ, Mang DZ, Liao H, Ye J, Qian JL, Dong SL, Zhang YN, He P, Zhang QH, Purba ER, Zhang LW. Functional Disparity of Three Pheromone-Binding Proteins to Different Sex Pheromone Components in Hyphantria cunea (Drury). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:55-66. [PMID: 33356240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyphantria cunea (Drury) is a destructive invasive pest species in China that uses type II sex pheromone components. To date, however, the binding mechanisms of its sex pheromone components to their respective pheromone-binding proteins (HcunPBPs 1/2/3) have not been explored. In the current study, all three HcunPBPs were expressed in the antennae of both sexes. The prokaryotic expression and ligand binding assays were employed to study the binding of the moth's four sex pheromone components, including two aldehydes and two epoxides, and 24 plant volatiles to the HcunPBPs. Our results showed that the abilities of these HcunPBPs to bind to the aldehydes were significantly different from binding to the epoxides. These three HcunPBPs also selectively bind to some of the plant volatiles tested. Our molecular docking results indicated that some crucial hydrophobic residues might play a role in the binding of HcunPBPs to their sex pheromone components. Three HcunPBPs have different selectivities for pheromone components with both major and minor structural differences. Our study provides a fundamental insight into the olfactory mechanism of moths at the molecular level, especially for moth species that use various type II pheromone components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ding-Ze Mang
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hui Liao
- Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia Ye
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jia-Li Qian
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shuang-Lin Dong
- Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qing-He Zhang
- Sterling International, Inc., Spokane, Washington 99216, United States
| | - Endang R Purba
- Structural Cellular Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Long-Wa Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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