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Alberghina C, Torrisi F, D'Aprile S, Longhitano L, Giallongo S, Scandura G, Mannino G, Mele S, Sabini MG, Cammarata FP, Russo G, Abdelhameed AS, Zappalà A, Lo Furno D, Giuffrida R, Li Volti G, Tibullo D, Vicario N, Parenti R. Microglia and glioblastoma heterocellular interplay sustains tumour growth and proliferation as an off-target effect of radiotherapy. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13606. [PMID: 38454614 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), a WHO grade IV glioma, is a malignant primary brain tumour for which combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the first-line approach despite adverse effects. Tumour microenvironment (TME) is characterized by an interplay of cells and soluble factors holding a critical role in neoplastic development. Significant pathophysiological changes have been found in GBM TME, such as glia activation and oxidative stress. Microglia play a crucial role in favouring GBM growth, representing target cells of immune escape mechanisms. Our study aims at analysing radiation-induced effects in modulating intercellular communication and identifying the basis of protective mechanisms in radiation-naïve GBM cells. Tumour cells were treated with conditioned media (CM) derived from 0, 2 or 15 Gy irradiated GBM cells or 0, 2 or 15 Gy irradiated human microglia. We demonstrated that irradiated microglia promote an increase of GBM cell lines proliferation through paracrine signalling. On the contrary, irradiated GBM-derived CM affect viability, triggering cell death mechanisms. In addition, we investigated whether these processes involve mitochondrial mass, fitness and oxidative phosphorylation and how GBM cells respond at these induced alterations. Our study suggests that off-target radiotherapy modulates microglia to support GBM proliferation and induce metabolic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Alberghina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Torrisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona D'Aprile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Longhitano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Scandura
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Mele
- Medical Physics Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy
- Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Sabini
- Medical Physics Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy
- Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco P Cammarata
- Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Catania, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Catania, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Romano IR, D’Angeli F, Gili E, Fruciano M, Lombardo GAG, Mannino G, Vicario N, Russo C, Parenti R, Vancheri C, Giuffrida R, Pellitteri R, Lo Furno D. Melatonin Enhances Neural Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4891. [PMID: 38732109 PMCID: PMC11084714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are adult multipotent stem cells, able to differentiate toward neural elements other than cells of mesodermal lineage. The aim of this research was to test ASC neural differentiation using melatonin combined with conditioned media (CM) from glial cells. Isolated from the lipoaspirate of healthy donors, ASCs were expanded in a basal growth medium before undergoing neural differentiation procedures. For this purpose, CM obtained from olfactory ensheathing cells and from Schwann cells were used. In some samples, 1 µM of melatonin was added. After 1 and 7 days of culture, cells were studied using immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry to evaluate neural marker expression (Nestin, MAP2, Synapsin I, GFAP) under different conditions. The results confirmed that a successful neural differentiation was achieved by glial CM, whereas the addition of melatonin alone did not induce appreciable changes. When melatonin was combined with CM, ASC neural differentiation was enhanced, as demonstrated by a further improvement of neuronal marker expression, whereas glial differentiation was attenuated. A dynamic modulation was also observed, testing the expression of melatonin receptors. In conclusion, our data suggest that melatonin's neurogenic differentiation ability can be usefully exploited to obtain neuronal-like differentiated ASCs for potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Roberta Romano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Floriana D’Angeli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elisa Gili
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.G.); (M.F.); (C.V.)
| | - Mary Fruciano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.G.); (M.F.); (C.V.)
| | | | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Carlo Vancheri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.G.); (M.F.); (C.V.)
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
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3
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Romano IR, D'Angeli F, Vicario N, Russo C, Genovese C, Lo Furno D, Mannino G, Tamburino S, Parenti R, Giuffrida R. Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Tool for Bone and Cartilage Repair. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1781. [PMID: 37509421 PMCID: PMC10376676 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation ability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) and their potential therapeutic applications in bone and cartilage defects are reported in this review. This becomes particularly important when these disorders can only be poorly treated by conventional therapeutic approaches, and tissue engineering may represent a valuable alternative. Being of mesodermal origin, ASCs can be easily induced to differentiate into chondrocyte-like and osteocyte-like elements and used to repair damaged tissues. Moreover, they can be easily harvested and used for autologous implantation. A plethora of ASC-based strategies are being developed worldwide: they include the transplantation of freshly harvested cells, in vitro expanded cells or predifferentiated cells. Moreover, improving their positive effects, ASCs can be implanted in combination with several types of scaffolds that ensure the correct cell positioning; support cell viability, proliferation and migration; and may contribute to their osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation. Examples of these strategies are described here, showing the enormous therapeutic potential of ASCs in this field. For safety and regulatory issues, most investigations are still at the experimental stage and carried out in vitro and in animal models. Clinical applications have, however, been reported with promising results and no serious adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Roberta Romano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Floriana D'Angeli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Genovese
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, "Kore" University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Serena Tamburino
- Chi.Pla Chirurgia Plastica, Via Suor Maria Mazzarello, 54, 95128 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Zappalà A, Romano IR, D’Angeli F, Musumeci G, Lo Furno D, Giuffrida R, Mannino G. Functional Roles of Connexins and Gap Junctions in Osteo-Chondral Cellular Components. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044156. [PMID: 36835567 PMCID: PMC9967557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) formed by connexins (Cxs) play an important role in the intercellular communication within most body tissues. In this paper, we focus on GJs and Cxs present in skeletal tissues. Cx43 is the most expressed connexin, participating in the formation of both GJs for intercellular communication and hemichannels (HCs) for communication with the external environment. Through GJs in long dendritic-like cytoplasmic processes, osteocytes embedded in deep lacunae are able to form a functional syncytium not only with neighboring osteocytes but also with bone cells located at the bone surface, despite the surrounding mineralized matrix. The functional syncytium allows a coordinated cell activity through the wide propagation of calcium waves, nutrients and anabolic and/or catabolic factors. Acting as mechanosensors, osteocytes are able to transduce mechanical stimuli into biological signals that spread through the syncytium to orchestrate bone remodeling. The fundamental role of Cxs and GJs is confirmed by a plethora of investigations that have highlighted how up- and downregulation of Cxs and GJs critically influence skeletal development and cartilage functions. A better knowledge of GJ and Cx mechanisms in physiological and pathological conditions might help in developing therapeutic approaches aimed at the treatment of human skeletal system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ivana Roberta Romano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Floriana D’Angeli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.L.F.); (R.G.)
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.L.F.); (R.G.)
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
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Epigenetics and Metabolism Reprogramming Interplay into Glioblastoma: Novel Insights on Immunosuppressive Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020220. [PMID: 36829778 PMCID: PMC9952003 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system represents a complex environment in which glioblastoma adapts skillfully, unleashing a series of mechanisms suitable for its efficient development and diffusion. In particular, changes in gene expression and mutational events that fall within the domain of epigenetics interact complexly with metabolic reprogramming and stress responses enacted in the tumor microenvironment, which in turn fuel genomic instability by providing substrates for DNA modifications. The aim of this review is to analyze this complex interaction that consolidates several conditions that confer a state of immunosuppression and immunoevasion, making glioblastoma capable of escaping attack and elimination by immune cells and therefore invincible against current therapies. The progressive knowledge of the cellular mechanisms that underlie the resistance of the glioblastoma represents, in fact, the only weapon to unmask its weak points to be exploited to plan successful therapeutic strategies.
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6
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IGFBP-6 Alters Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Phenotype Driving Dasatinib Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020259. [PMID: 36836615 PMCID: PMC9960877 DOI: 10.3390/life13020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), BCR-ABL1-positive, is classified as a myeloproliferative characterized by Philadelphia chromosome/translocation t(9;22) and proliferating granulocytes. Despite the clinical success of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKi) agents in the treatment of CML, most patients have minimal residual disease contained in the bone marrow microenvironment, within which stromal cells assume a pro-inflammatory phenotype that determines their transformation in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) which, in turn can play a fundamental role in resistance to therapy. Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-6 (IGFBP-6) is expressed during tumor development, and is involved in immune-escape and inflammation as well, providing a potential additional target for CML therapy. Here, we aimed at investigating the role of IGFBP-6/SHH/TLR4 axis in TKi response. We used a CML cell line, LAMA84-s, and healthy bone marrow stromal cells, HS-5, in mono- or co-culture. The two cell lines were treated with Dasatinib and/or IGFBP-6, and the expression of inflammatory markers was tested by qRT-PCR; furthermore, expression of IGFBP-6, TLR4 and Gli1 were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immumocytochemistry. The results showed that both co-culture and Dasatinib exposure induce inflammation in stromal and cancer cells so that they modulate the expression of TLR4, and these effects were more marked following IGFBP-6 pre-treatment suggesting that this molecule may confer resistance through the inflammatory processes. This phenomenon was coupled with sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling. Indeed, our data also demonstrate that HS-5 treatment with PMO (an inducer of SHH) induces significant modulation of TLR4 and overexpression of IGFPB-6 suggesting that the two pathways are interconnected with each other and with the TLR-4 pathway. Finally, we demonstrated that pretreatment with IGFBP-6 and/or PMO restored LAMA-84 cell viability after treatment with Dasatinib, suggesting that both IGFBP-6 and SHH are involved in the resistance mechanisms induced by the modulation of TLR-4, thus indicating that the two pathways may be considered as potential therapeutic targets.
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Protective Effects of Human Pericyte-like Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Human Retinal Endothelial Cells in an In Vitro Model of Diabetic Retinopathy: Evidence for Autologous Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020913. [PMID: 36674425 PMCID: PMC9860961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by morphologic and metabolic alterations in endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes (PCs) of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). The loss of interendothelial junctions, increased vascular permeability, microaneurysms, and finally, EC detachment are the main features of DR. In this scenario, a pivotal role is played by the extensive loss of PCs. Based on previous results, the aim of this study was to assess possible beneficial effects exerted by adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and their pericyte-like differentiated phenotype (P-ASCs) on human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) in high glucose conditions (25 mM glucose, HG). P-ASCs were more able to preserve BRB integrity than ASCs in terms of (a) increased transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER); (b) increased expression of adherens junction and tight junction proteins (VE-cadherin and ZO-1); (c) reduction in mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and MMP-9; (d) reduction in the angiogenic factor VEGF and in fibrotic TGF-β1. Moreover, P-ASCs counteracted the HG-induced activation of the pro-inflammatory phospho-ERK1/2/phospho-cPLA2/COX-2 pathway. Finally, crosstalk between HRECs and ASCs or P-ASCs based on the PDGF-B/PDGFR-β axis at the mRNA level is described herein. Thus, P-ASCs might be considered valuable candidates for therapeutic approaches aimed at countering BRB disruption in DR.
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Lactate Rewrites the Metabolic Reprogramming of Uveal Melanoma Cells and Induces Quiescence Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010024. [PMID: 36613471 PMCID: PMC9820521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM), the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults, is among the tumors with poorer prognosis. Recently, the role of the oncometabolite lactate has become attractive due to its role as hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator, as an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation and, of course, as a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The aim of the present study was to dissect in UM cell line (92.1) the role of lactate as either a metabolite or a signaling molecule, using the known modulators of HCAR1 and of lactate transporters. Our results show that lactate (20 mM) resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation and migration, acting and switching cell metabolism toward oxidative phosphorylation. These results were coupled with increased euchromatin content and quiescence in UM cells. We further showed, in a clinical setting, that an increase in lactate transporters MCT4 and HCAR1 is associated with a spindle-shape histological type in UM. In conclusion, our results suggest that lactate metabolism may serve as a prognostic marker of UM progression and may be exploited as a potential therapeutic target.
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Denaro S, D’Aprile S, Alberghina C, Pavone AM, Torrisi F, Giallongo S, Longhitano L, Mannino G, Lo Furno D, Zappalà A, Giuffrida R, Tibullo D, Li Volti G, Vicario N, Parenti R. Neurotrophic and immunomodulatory effects of olfactory ensheathing cells as a strategy for neuroprotection and regeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1098212. [PMID: 36601122 PMCID: PMC9806219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1098212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence sustains glial cells as critical players during central nervous system (CNS) development, homeostasis and disease. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a type of specialized glia cells sharing properties with both Schwann cells and astrocytes, are of critical importance in physiological condition during olfactory system development, supporting its regenerative potential throughout the adult life. These characteristics prompted research in the field of cell-based therapy to test OEC grafts in damaged CNS. Neuroprotective mechanisms exerted by OEC grafts are not limited to axonal regeneration and cell differentiation. Indeed, OEC immunomodulatory properties and their phagocytic potential encourage OEC-based approaches for tissue regeneration in case of CNS injury. Herein we reviewed recent advances on the immune role of OECs, their ability to modulate CNS microenvironment via bystander effects and the potential of OECs as a cell-based strategy for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Denaro
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona D’Aprile
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristiana Alberghina
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pavone
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Torrisi
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Longhitano
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Nunzio Vicario, ; Rosalba Parenti,
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Nunzio Vicario, ; Rosalba Parenti,
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10
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The Role of Epigenetics in Neuroinflammatory-Driven Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315218. [PMID: 36499544 PMCID: PMC9740629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of central and/or peripheral nervous system neurons. Within this context, neuroinflammation comes up as one of the main factors linked to neurodegeneration progression. In fact, neuroinflammation has been recognized as an outstanding factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Interestingly, neuroinflammatory diseases are characterized by dramatic changes in the epigenetic profile, which might provide novel prognostic and therapeutic factors towards neuroinflammatory treatment. Deep changes in DNA and histone methylation, along with histone acetylation and altered non-coding RNA expression, have been reported at the onset of inflammatory diseases. The aim of this work is to review the current knowledge on this field.
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11
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Wahba NS, Saliem AO, Abd Allah EG, Mohammed MZ. Therapeutic efficacy of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells after chronic fluoxetine treatment on pars distalis in adult male albino rats. Tissue Cell 2022; 76:101770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Poongodi R, Chen YL, Yang TH, Huang YH, Yang KD, Lin HC, Cheng JK. Bio-Scaffolds as Cell or Exosome Carriers for Nerve Injury Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13347. [PMID: 34948144 PMCID: PMC8707664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central and peripheral nerve injuries can lead to permanent paralysis and organ dysfunction. In recent years, many cell and exosome implantation techniques have been developed in an attempt to restore function after nerve injury with promising but generally unsatisfactory clinical results. Clinical outcome may be enhanced by bio-scaffolds specifically fabricated to provide the appropriate three-dimensional (3D) conduit, growth-permissive substrate, and trophic factor support required for cell survival and regeneration. In rodents, these scaffolds have been shown to promote axonal regrowth and restore limb motor function following experimental spinal cord or sciatic nerve injury. Combining the appropriate cell/exosome and scaffold type may thus achieve tissue repair and regeneration with safety and efficacy sufficient for routine clinical application. In this review, we describe the efficacies of bio-scaffolds composed of various natural polysaccharides (alginate, chitin, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid), protein polymers (gelatin, collagen, silk fibroin, fibrin, and keratin), and self-assembling peptides for repair of nerve injury. In addition, we review the capacities of these constructs for supporting in vitro cell-adhesion, mechano-transduction, proliferation, and differentiation as well as the in vivo properties critical for a successful clinical outcome, including controlled degradation and re-absorption. Finally, we describe recent advances in 3D bio-printing for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Poongodi
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (R.P.); (T.-H.Y.)
| | - Ying-Lun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Hsiang Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (R.P.); (T.-H.Y.)
| | - Ya-Hsien Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Kuender D. Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chieh Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Kun Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (R.P.); (T.-H.Y.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
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Budiariati V, Rinendyaputri R, Noviantari A, Haq NMD, Budiono D, Pristihadi DN, Juliandi B, Fahrudin M, Boediono A. Conditioned medium of E17 rat brain cells induced differentiation of primary colony of mice blastocyst into neuron-like cells. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e86. [PMID: 34854268 PMCID: PMC8636651 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conditioned medium is the medium obtained from certain cultured cells and contained secretome from the cells. The secretome, which can be in the form of growth factors, cytokines, exosomes, or other proteins secreted by the cells, can induce the differentiation of cells that still have pluripotent or multipotent properties. Objectives This study examined the effects of conditioned medium derived from E17 rat brain cells on cells with pluripotent properties. Methods The conditioned medium used in this study originated from E17 rat brain cells. The CM was used to induce the differentiation of primary colonies of mice blastocysts. Primary colonies were stained with alkaline phosphatase to analyze the pluripotency. The morphological changes in the colonies were examined, and the colonies were stained with GFAP and Neu-N markers on days two and seven after adding the conditioned medium. Results The conditioned medium could differentiate the primary colony, beginning with the formation of embryoid-body-like structure; round GFAP positive cells were identified. Finally, neuron-like cells testing positive for Neu-N were observed on the seventh day after adding the conditioned medium. Conclusions Conditioned medium from different species, in this case, E17 rat brain cells, induced and promoted the differentiation of the primary colony from mice blastocysts into neuron-like cells. The addition of CM mediated neurite growth in the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vista Budiariati
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Ratih Rinendyaputri
- Center for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Ariyani Noviantari
- Center for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Noer Muhammad Dliyaul Haq
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Budiono
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Diah Nugrahani Pristihadi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Berry Juliandi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Mokhamad Fahrudin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Arief Boediono
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. In focus in HCB. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:1-4. [PMID: 34235551 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jürgen Roth
- University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ghrelin peptide improves glial conditioned medium effects on neuronal differentiation of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:35-46. [PMID: 33728539 PMCID: PMC8277640 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The influences of ghrelin on neural differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) were investigated in this study. The expression of typical neuronal markers, such as protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and Microtubule Associated Protein 2 (MAP2), as well as glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP) as a glial marker was evaluated in ASCs in different conditions. In particular, 2 µM ghrelin was added to control ASCs and to ASCs undergoing neural differentiation. For this purpose, ASCs were cultured in Conditioned Media obtained from Olfactory Ensheathing cells (OEC-CM) or from Schwann cells (SC-CM). Data on marker expression were gathered after 1 and 7 days of culture by fluorescence immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. Results show that only weak effects were induced by the addition of only ghrelin. Instead, dynamic ghrelin-induced modifications were detected on the increased marker expression elicited by glial conditioned media. In fact, the combination of ghrelin and conditioned media consistently induced a further increase of PGP9.5 and MAP2 expression, especially after 7 days of treatment. The combination of ghrelin with SC-CM produced the most evident effects. Weak or no modifications were found on conditioned medium-induced GFAP increases. Observations on the ghrelin receptor indicate that its expression in control ASCs, virtually unchanged by the addition of only ghrelin, was considerably increased by CM treatment. These increases were enhanced by combining ghrelin and CM treatment, especially at 7 days. Overall, it can be assumed that ghrelin favors a neuronal rather than a glial ASC differentiation.
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Microfluidic and Microscale Assays to Examine Regenerative Strategies in the Neuro Retina. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121089. [PMID: 33316971 PMCID: PMC7763644 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineering systems have transformed scientific knowledge of cellular behaviors in the nervous system (NS) and pioneered innovative, regenerative therapies to treat adult neural disorders. Microscale systems with characteristic lengths of single to hundreds of microns have examined the development and specialized behaviors of numerous neuromuscular and neurosensory components of the NS. The visual system is comprised of the eye sensory organ and its connecting pathways to the visual cortex. Significant vision loss arises from dysfunction in the retina, the photosensitive tissue at the eye posterior that achieves phototransduction of light to form images in the brain. Retinal regenerative medicine has embraced microfluidic technologies to manipulate stem-like cells for transplantation therapies, where de/differentiated cells are introduced within adult tissue to replace dysfunctional or damaged neurons. Microfluidic systems coupled with stem cell biology and biomaterials have produced exciting advances to restore vision. The current article reviews contemporary microfluidic technologies and microfluidics-enhanced bioassays, developed to interrogate cellular responses to adult retinal cues. The focus is on applications of microfluidics and microscale assays within mammalian sensory retina, or neuro retina, comprised of five types of retinal neurons (photoreceptors, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, retinal ganglion) and one neuroglia (Müller), but excludes the non-sensory, retinal pigmented epithelium.
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Mannino G, Vicario N, Parenti R, Giuffrida R, Lo Furno D. Connexin expression decreases during adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9951-9958. [PMID: 33141287 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) represent a valuable tool for regenerative medicine being able to differentiate toward several cell lines, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes. During ASC adipogenic differentiation, changes in connexin (Cx) expression were evaluated in the present study. Three different Cxs were investigated: Cx43, Cx32 and Cx31.9. Cx43 is the most abundant in human tissues, Cx32 is prevalently found in nervous tissue and Cx31.9 is found at the myocardial level. Human ASCs undergoing adipogenic differentiation were isolated from raw lipoaspirate and characterized as mesenchymal stem cells. After multiple days of culture (1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days), adipogenic differentiation was assessed by Oil Red O staining and Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) levels by western blotting. Cx expression was evaluated by western blotting at the same time points. In treated ASCs, lipidic vacuoles were detected from day 7 of treatment. Their number and size progressively increased over the entire period of observation. A parallel increase of ACC expression was also found. Lower levels of Cx expression were detected during adipogenic differentiation. Such decreases were particularly evident for Cx32, already after the first day of treatment. Cx31.9 and Cx43 also decreased, but starting from day 7. Our results suggest that ASCs may initially be equipped with a variety of Cxs, which is not surprising assuming their multipotential differentiation ability. Although some Cxs may be selectively enhanced depending on specific induction strategies toward different tissues, they seem markedly downregulated during adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
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George S, Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Neuroglia: in the Context of Cell Signalling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2019; 15:814-826. [PMID: 31515658 PMCID: PMC6925073 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The promise of engineering specific cell types from stem cells and rebuilding damaged or diseased tissues has fascinated stem cell researchers and clinicians over last few decades. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into non-mesodermal cells, particularly neural-lineage, consisting of neurons and glia. These multipotent adult stem cells can be used for implementing clinical trials in neural repair. Ongoing research identifies several molecular mechanisms involved in the speciation of neuroglia, which are tightly regulated and interconnected by various components of cell signalling machinery. Growing MSCs with multiple inducers in culture media will initiate changes on intricately interlinked cell signalling pathways and processes. Net result of these signal flow on cellular architecture is also dependent on the type of ligands and stem cells investigated in vitro. However, our understanding about this dynamic signalling machinery is limited and confounding, especially with spheroid structures, neurospheres and organoids. Therefore, the results for differentiating neurons and glia in vitro have been inconclusive, so far. Added to this complication, we have no convincing evidence about the electrical conductivity and functionality status generated in differentiating neurons and glia. This review has taken a step forward to tailor the information on differentiating neuroglia with the common methodologies, in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajan George
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
- Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
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Adipose Stem Cell-Based Clinical Strategy for Neural Regeneration: A Review of Current Opinion. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8502370. [PMID: 31827536 PMCID: PMC6885831 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8502370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury is a critical problem in the clinic. Nerve injury causes serious clinic issues including pain and dysfunctions for patients. The disconnection between damaged neural fibers and muscles will result in muscle atrophy in a few weeks if no treatment is applied. Moreover, scientists have discovered that nerve injury can affect the osteogenic differentiation of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) and the fracture repairing. In plastic surgery, muscle atrophy and bone fracture after nerve injury have plagued clinicians for many years. How to promote neural regeneration is the core issue of research in the recent years. Without obvious effects of traditional neurosurgical treatments, research on stem cells in the past 10 years has provided a new therapeutic strategy for us to address this problem. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are a kind of mesenchymal stem cells that have differentiation potential in adipose tissue. In the recent years, ASCs have become the focus of regenerative medicine. They play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration engineering. As a type of stem cell, ASCs are becoming popular for neuroregenerative medicine due to their advantages and characteristics. In the various diseases of the nervous system, ASCs are gradually applied to treat the related diseases. This review article focuses on the mechanism and clinical application of ASCs in nerve regeneration as well as the related research on ASCs over the past decades.
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Lung-derived exosomes in phosgene-induced acute lung injury regulate the functions of mesenchymal stem cells partially via miR-28-5p. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109603. [PMID: 31707339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidental phosgene exposure can result in acute lung injury (ALI). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been found to alleviate phosgene-induced ALI. However, the mechanism of MSCs underlying such protective effect remains largely unexplored. Exosomes, important components of microenvironment, are closely associated with intercellular information transfer. In the present study, we isolated lung exosomes in rats after phosgene exposure by ultracentrifugation and explored their effects on MSCs in vitro. ALI exosomes were elliptical in shape and 50-200 nm in size. ALI exosomes could promote proliferation and migration of MSCs. Moreover, ALI exosomes increased the secretion of IL-10, leading to enhanced immunoregulatory properties of MSCs. The paracrine factors, VEGF, HGF, LL-37 and Ang-1, were also augmented by ALI exosomes. However, ALI exosomes had no effect on differentiation of MSCs towards lung alveolar cells. To identify the effective miRNAs in ALI exosomes, we performed miRNA profile analysis. MiR-28-5p was considered as a possible effective molecule. We further studied the effect of miR-28-5p on MSCs. MiR-28-5p mimic promoted proliferation, migration, immunomodulation of MSCs. MiR-28-5p mimic promoted the paracrine of VEGF, HGF, LL-37 and Ang-1. Besides, we explored molecular mechanism of miR-28-5p in MSCs. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was found significantly augmented by miR-28-5p mimic, indicating the activation in this process. Taken together, our findings could help identify the effects of lung-derived exosomes on MSCs, and the effective molecule in exosomes, miR-28-5p, activated MSCs through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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