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Hong X, Wang Y, Wang K, Wei C, Li W, Yu L, Xu H, Zhu J, Zhu X, Liu X. Single-Cell Atlas Reveals the Hemocyte Subpopulations and Stress Responses in Asian Giant Softshell Turtle during Hibernation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:994. [PMID: 37508424 PMCID: PMC10376416 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation in turtle species is an adaptive survival strategy to colder winter conditions or food restrictions. However, the mechanisms underlying seasonal adaptions remain unclear. In the present study, we collected hemocytes from Pelochelys cantorii and compared the molecular signature of these cells between the active state and hibernation period based on single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. We found six cell types and identified a list of new marker genes for each cell subpopulation. Moreover, several heat shock genes, including the Hsp40 family chaperone gene (DNAJ) and HSP temperature-responsive genes (HSPs), were upregulated during the hibernation period, which predicted these genes may play crucial roles in the stress response during hibernation. Additionally, compared to hemocytes in the active state, several upregulated differentially expressed immune-related genes, such as stat1, traf3, and socs6, were identified in hemocytes during the hibernation period, thus indicating the important immune function of hemocytes. Therefore, our findings provide a unified classification of P. cantorii hemocytes and identify the genes related to the stress response, thereby providing a better understanding of the adaptive mechanisms of hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyou Hong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Yakun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Kaikuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
- College of Life Science and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chengqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Lingyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Haoyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
- College of Life Science and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junxian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
- College of Life Science and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
- College of Life Science and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
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Aguilar L, Moreno-Ortiz G, Caamal-Monsreal C, Rosas C, Noreña-Barroso E, Gómez-Maldonado MC, Rodríguez-Fuentes G. Effects of Phenanthrene Exposure on the B-esterases Activities of Octopus maya (Voss and Solís Ramírez, 1996) Embryos. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 110:63. [PMID: 36917264 PMCID: PMC10014768 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
No ecotoxicological information exists on phenanthrene (Phe) exposure in cephalopods, animals of commercial and ecological importance. This study investigated the effect of Phe on two B-esterases, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Carboxylesterases (CbE), in Octopus maya embryos. Octopus embryos were exposed to different treatments: control (seawater), solvent control (seawater and DMSO 0.01%), 10 and 100 µg/L of Phe. AChE and CbE activities were measured at different developmental stages (blastula, organogenesis, and growth). B-esterase activities increased in control and solvent control as the embryos developed, showing no statistically significant differences between them. On the other hand, the embryos exposed to Phe had significant differences from controls, and between the high and low concentrations. Our results indicate that B-esterases are sensitive biomarkers of exposure to Phe in O. maya. Still, complementary studies are needed to unravel the toxicodynamics of Phe and the implications of the found inhibitory effect in hatched organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Aguilar
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gissela Moreno-Ortiz
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Claudia Caamal-Monsreal
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Elsa Noreña-Barroso
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - María Concepción Gómez-Maldonado
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico.
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Av. Colón # 503 F X 62 y Reforma Colonia Centro, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Ding L, Liu Y, Kang M, Wei X, Geng C, Liu W, Han L, Yuan F, Wang P, Wang B, Sun Y. UPLC-QTOF/MS Metabolomics and Biochemical Assays Reveal Changes in Hepatic Nutrition and Energy Metabolism during Sexual Maturation in Female Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1679. [PMID: 36421392 PMCID: PMC9687450 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Mobilization and repartition of nutrients and energy are prerequisites for the normal sexual maturity of broodstock. However, there are few studies on the mechanisms of hepatic nutrients and energy metabolism during sexual maturation in female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This study investigated hepatic metabolite changes and explored the potential nutritional regulation mechanism between mature and immature female rainbow trout by combining UPLC-QTOF/MS metabolomics and biochemical assays. It was observed that hepatic biochemical assays differed considerably between the two groups, such as glucose, triglycerides, hexokinase, lipase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Liver metabolomics showed that various differential metabolites involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism markedly increased, suggesting the enhancement of lipid metabolism and amino acid anabolism in the liver provides the necessary material basis for ovarian development. Meanwhile, glycogen catabolism and glycolysis hold the key to maintaining organismal energy homeostasis with normal sexual maturation of female rainbow trout. Overall, the results from this study suggested that the liver undergoes drastic reprogramming of the metabolic profile in response to mobilization and repartition of nutrients and energy during the sexual maturation of female rainbow trout. This study further deepened the understanding of the reproductive biology of rainbow trout, and provided the theoretical basis and practical ramifications for nutritional requirements of breeding high-quality broodstock in the artificial propagation of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Meng Kang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Fishery Extension Center, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chuanye Geng
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lin Han
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fangying Yuan
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Bingqian Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Yanchun Sun
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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Ventura-López C, López-Galindo L, Rosas C, Sánchez-Castrejón E, Galindo-Torres P, Pascual C, Rodríguez-Fuentes G, Juárez OE, Galindo-Sánchez CE. Sex-specific role of the optic gland in octopus maya: A transcriptomic analysis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 320:114000. [PMID: 35217062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The optic glands (OG) of cephalopods are a source of molecules associated with the control of reproductive traits and lifecycle events such as sexual maturation, reproductive behavior, feeding, parental care, and senescence. However, little is known about the role of the optic gland in Octopus maya adults during mating and egg laying. RNA sequencing, de novo transcriptome assembly, ubiquity and differential expression analysis were performed. First, we analyzed the expression patterns of transcripts commonly associated with OG regulatory functions to describe their possible role once the maturation of the gonad is complete. The transcriptomic profiles of the optic gland of both sexes were compared with emphasis on the signaling pathways involved in the dimorphism of reproductive traits. Results suggest that in the OG of males, the reproductive condition (mated or non-mated) did not affect the general expression profile. In contrast, more differentially expressed genes were observed in females. In mated females, the mRNA metabolic process and the response to norepinephrine were enriched, suggesting a high cellular activity in preparation for the laying of the embryos. Whereas in egg-laying females, energetic and metabolic processes were the most represented, including the oxidation-reduction process. Finally, the gene expression patterns in senescence females suggest a physiological response to starvation as well as upregulation of genes involved retrotransposon activity. In conclusion, more substantial fluctuations in gene expression were observed in the optic glands of the fertilized females compared to the males. Such differences might be associated with the regulation of the egg-laying and the onset of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ventura-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Laura López-Galindo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas (IIO), Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación (UMDI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucma, Yucatan CP97355, Mexico
| | - Edna Sánchez-Castrejón
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Pavel Galindo-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Cristina Pascual
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación (UMDI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucma, Yucatan CP97355, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucma, Yucatan CP97355, Mexico
| | - Oscar E Juárez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Clara E Galindo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
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Rey F, Greenacre M, Silva Neto GM, Bueno-Pardo J, Domingues MR, Calado R. Fatty acid ratio analysis identifies changes in competent meroplanktonic larvae sampled over different supply events. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 173:105517. [PMID: 34798492 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Planktonic communities are a cornerstone of ocean food webs. Early benthic performance of meroplanktonic organisms is shaped by their life stages in planktonic communities. Fatty acid profiles of marine invertebrates are a good indicator of their nutritional state and allow inferring how dietary regimes experienced during larval pelagic life may drive their pre- and post-metamorphosis performance. Fatty acid profiles of Carcinus maenas megalopae were analysed during four larval supply events in two consecutive years to better understand the variability in their nutritional state at settlement. The logratio analysis of fatty acids showed differences between the four larval supply events, with five ratios explaining 83.1% of the variance. The ratios that contributed to separate larval supply events presented a combination of essential, de novo synthetized and diet origin fatty acids (e.g., phytanate/20:4 n-6, 16:0/18:2 n-4). The high fatty acid signature dispersion found within the same supply event suggests that larvae settling at Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) developed through different planktonic feeding zones and experienced contrasting feeding regimes. The fatty acid profile of megalopae demonstrated a high contribution of diatoms, flagellates and bacteria in the larval diet of C. maenas. The present study demonstrated differences between supply events, although a high variability of larval phenotypes was recorded within the same supply event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felisa Rey
- ECOMARE & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Centre & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Michael Greenacre
- Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, & Barcelona School of Management, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gina M Silva Neto
- ECOMARE & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Juan Bueno-Pardo
- Future Oceans Lab, CIM-Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- ECOMARE & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Centre & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Calado
- ECOMARE & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Sieiro P, Otero J, Aubourg SP. Biochemical Composition and Energy Strategy Along the Reproductive Cycle of Female Octopus vulgaris in Galician Waters (NW Spain). Front Physiol 2020; 11:760. [PMID: 32760287 PMCID: PMC7373806 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, has a short life cycle, growing rapidly to maturity, spawning once, and characterized by an asynchronic oocyte development and a synchronic ovulation dying after breeding. This species has a protein and amino acid metabolism and it is usually defined as an income breeder. However, most biochemical studies lack an examination of the whole reproductive cycle, in particular the spawning process. We here studied the biochemical changes and determined the energy strategy along reproduction in female O. vulgaris, and found that proteins were the main energy reserve, primarily located in the body muscle when sexually maturing and decreasing during breeding. Lipids were also an important source of energy in the ovary and digestive gland and decreased during breeding too. By contrast, glycogen had a minor contribution to the energy content and was the unique compound that increased in spawning and post-spawning females. Additionally, the most abundant fatty acids (FA) in all tissues were 16:0, 18:0, 20:1n9, 20:4n6 (ARA), 20:5n3 (EPA) and 22:6n3 (DHA), with a clear predominance of long-chain polyunsaturated FA. The FA profile of mature ovaries was compared with other life stages finding similitudes with eggs, hatchlings and juveniles but considerable differences with paralarvae which showed higher DHA/ARA and EPA/ARA ratios. Therefore, we found important biochemical changes along the reproductive cycle that determined the energetic signature in each tissue, though no significant energy trade-offs between tissues were found, suggesting that, on the one hand, female O. vulgaris obtained energy directly from food accumulated simultaneously in the somatic and reproductive tissues during sexual maturation. However, an energy reallocation from somatic to reproductive growth would occur once vitellogenesis has started, so that the rate at which body growths would decrease in favor of ovary growth. On the other hand, during breeding, a general decrease in the energy content occurred in all tissues, so that the ovary would be responsible for the spawning success, whereas muscle tissues and digestive gland would independently supply the energy needed for the body maintenance safeguarding the female survival needed for the maternal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sieiro
- Campus do Mar (Doctoral Program DoMAR), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jaime Otero
- Departamento de Oceanografía, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Santiago P Aubourg
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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