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Gouda MNR, Subramanian S. Variations in the expression of odorant binding and chemosensory proteins in the developmental stages of whitefly Bemisia tabaci Asia II-1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15046. [PMID: 38951601 PMCID: PMC11217293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is considered as a species complex with 46 cryptic species, with Asia II-1 being predominant in Asia. This study addresses a significant knowledge gap in the characterization of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) in Asia II-1. We explored the expression patterns of OBPs and CSPs throughout their developmental stages and compared the motif patterns of these proteins. Significant differences in expression patterns were observed for the 14 OBPs and 14 CSPs of B. tabaci Asia II-1, with OBP8 and CSP4 showing higher expression across the developmental stages. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that OBP8 and CSP4 form distinct clades, with OBP8 appearing to be an ancestral gene, giving rise to the evolution of other odorant-binding proteins in B. tabaci. The genomic distribution of OBPs and CSPs highlights gene clustering on the chromosomes, suggesting functional conservation and evolutionary events following the birth-and-death model. Molecular docking studies indicate strong binding affinities of OBP8 and CSP4 with various odour compounds like β-caryophyllene, α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene, reinforcing their roles in host recognition and reproductive functions. This study elaborates on our understanding of the putative roles of different OBPs and CSPs in B. tabaci Asia II-1, hitherto unexplored. The dynamics of the expression of OBPs and CSPs and their interactions with odour compounds offer scope for developing innovative methods for controlling this global invasive pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Rudra Gouda
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - S Subramanian
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Jiang J, Xue J, Yu M, Jiang X, Cheng Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Dou W, Fan J, Chen J. Molecular Characterization of Chemosensory Protein (CSP) Genes and the Involvement of AgifCSP5 in the Perception of Host Location in the Aphid Parasitoid Aphidius gifuensis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6392. [PMID: 38928098 PMCID: PMC11204085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aphidius gifuensis is the dominant parasitic natural enemy of aphids. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of host recognition of A. gifuensis would improve its biological control effect. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) play a crucial role in insect olfactory systems and are mainly involved in host localization. In this study, a total of nine CSPs of A. gifuensis with complete open reading frames were identified based on antennal transcriptome data. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AgifCSPs were mainly clustered into three subgroups (AgifCSP1/2/7/8, AgifCSP3/9, and AgifCSP4/5/6). AgifCSP2/5 showed high expression in the antennae of both sexes. Moreover, AgifCSP5 was found to be specifically expressed in the antennae. In addition, fluorescent binding assays revealed that AifCSP5 had greater affinities for 7 of 32 volatile odor molecules from various sources. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis results revealed that the residue at which AgifCSP5 binds to these seven plant volatiles is Tyr75. Behavior tests further confirmed that trans-2-nonenal, one of the seven active volatiles in the ligand binding test, significantly attracted female adults at a relatively low concentration of 10 mg/mL. In conclusion, AgifCSP5 may be involved in locating aphid-infested crops from long distances by detecting and binding trans-2-nonenal. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for further understanding the olfactory recognition mechanisms and indirect aphid localization behavior of A. gifuensis from long distances by first identifying the host plant of aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.J.); (J.X.); (M.Y.); (X.J.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China;
| | - Jiayi Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.J.); (J.X.); (M.Y.); (X.J.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Miaomiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.J.); (J.X.); (M.Y.); (X.J.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.J.); (J.X.); (M.Y.); (X.J.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yumeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.J.); (J.X.); (M.Y.); (X.J.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Huijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.J.); (J.X.); (M.Y.); (X.J.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.J.); (J.X.); (M.Y.); (X.J.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China;
| | - Jia Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.J.); (J.X.); (M.Y.); (X.J.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.J.); (J.X.); (M.Y.); (X.J.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
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Shen XX, Zhang GQ, Zhao YX, Zhu XX, Yu XF, Yang MF, Zhang F. Selection and validation of optimal reference genes for RT-qPCR analyses in Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1277942. [PMID: 37954450 PMCID: PMC10634233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1277942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphidoletes aphidimyza is a predator that is an important biological agent used to control agricultural and forestry aphids. Although many studies have investigated its biological and ecological characteristics, few molecular studies have been reported. The current study was performed to identify suitable reference genes to facilitate future gene expression and function analyses via quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Eight reference genes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), RPS13, RPL8, RPS3, α-Tub, β-actin, RPL32, and elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α) were selected. Their expression levels were determined under four different experimental conditions (developmental stages, adult tissues, sugar treatment, and starvation treatment) using qRT-PCR technology. The stability was evaluated with five methods (Ct value, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder). The results showed that GAPDH, RPL32, and EF1-α were ranked as the best reference gene combinations for measuring gene expression levels among different developing stages and in various starvation treatments. RPL8 and RPS3 were recommended to normalize the gene expression levels among different adult tissues. RPL32, β-actin, and EF1-α were recommended sugar-feeding conditions. To validate the utility of the selected reference pair, RPL8, and RPS3, we estimated the tissue-biased expression level of a chemosensory protein gene (AaphCSP1). As expected, AaphCSP1 is highly expressed in the antennae and lowly expressed in the abdomen. These findings will lay the foundation for future research on the molecular physiology and biochemistry of A. aphidimyza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xian Shen
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zhu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Yu
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao-Fa Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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He H, Crabbe MJC, Ren Z. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the chemosensory relative protein genes in Rhus gall aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:222. [PMID: 37118660 PMCID: PMC10142413 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rhus gall aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis specially uses the only species Rhus chinensis and certain moss species (Mniaceae) as its primary host plant and secondary host plants, respectively. Rhus galls are formed on the primary host by the sucking of aphids, and used in traditional medicine as well as other various areas due to their high tannin contents. Chemoreception is critical for insect behaviors such as host searching, location and identification of mates and reproductive behavior. The process of chemoreception is mediated by a series of protein gene families, including odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), olfactory receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). However, there have been no reports on the analysis of molecular components related to the chemoreception system of S. chinensis at the genome level. RESULTS We examined the genes of eight OBPs, nine CSPs, 24 ORs, 16 GRs, 22 IRs, and five SNMPs in the S. chinensis genome using homological searches, and these chemosensory genes appeared mostly on chromosome 1. Phylogenetic and gene number analysis revealed that the gene families, e.g., ORs, GRs, CSPs and SNMPs in S. chinensis, have experienced major contractions by comparing to Myzus persicae, while the two gene families OBPs and IRs had slight expansion. The current results might be related to the broader host range of M. persicae versus the specialization of S. chinensis on only a host plant. There were 28 gene pairs between genomes of S. chinensis and Acyrthosiphon pisum in the chemoreceptor gene families by collinear comparison. Ka/Ks ratios (< 1) indicated that the genes of S. chinensis were mainly affected by purification selection during evolution. We also found the lower number and expression level of chemoreception genes in S. chinensis than in other 11 aphid species, such as ORs, GRs and IRs, which play an important role in host search. CONCLUSION Our study firstly identified the genes of the different chemosensory protein gene families in the S. chinensis genome, and analyzed their general features and expression profile, demonstrating the importance of chemoreception in the aphid and providing new information for further functional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli He
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - M James C Crabbe
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
- Wolfson College, Oxford University, Oxford, OX2 6UD, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science & Technology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Zhumei Ren
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.
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Yang Y, Hua D, Zhu J, Wang F, Zhang Y. Chemosensory protein 4 is required for Bradysia odoriphaga to be olfactory attracted to sulfur compounds released from Chinese chives. Front Physiol 2022; 13:989601. [PMID: 36237523 PMCID: PMC9552003 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.989601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) is a serious pest of Chinese chives cultivated in China. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are important components of insect olfactory systems that capture and bind environmental semiochemicals which are then transported to olfactory receptors. Despite their importance, the mechanism of olfaction and related behavioral processes in B. odoriphaga have not been characterized. Here, we found that BodoCSP4 has an important olfactory function. RT-qPCR indicated that BodoCSP4 expression was highest in the heads (antennae removed) of adult males, followed by the antennae of adult males. Competitive binding assays with 33 ligands indicated that BodoCSP4 binds well with methyl allyl disulfide, diallyl disulfide, and n-heptadecane; the corresponding dissolution constants (Ki) were as high as 5.71, 5.71, and 6.85 μM, respectively. 3D-structural and molecular docking indicated that BodoCSP4 has five α-helices and surrounds the ligand with certain hydrophobic residues including Leu60, Leu63, Leu64, Ala67, Val28, Ile30, Ile33, Leu34, and Val86, suggesting these residues help BodoCSP4 bind to ligands. Silencing of BodoCSP4 significantly decreased the attraction of B. odoriphaga males to diallyl disulfide and n-heptadecane but not to methyl allyl disulfide in Y-tube olfaction assays. These results increase our understanding of how BodoCSP4 contributes to host and female localization by B. odoriphaga males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, Institute of Insect Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Dengke Hua
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro Products, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, Institute of Insect Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, Institute of Insect Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, Institute of Insect Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Youjun Zhang,
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Gao YQ, Chen ZZ, Liu MY, Song CY, Jia ZF, Liu FH, Qu C, Dewer Y, Zhao HP, Xu YY, Kang ZW. Characterization of Antennal Chemosensilla and Associated Chemosensory Genes in the Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintanca). Front Physiol 2022; 13:847895. [PMID: 35295577 PMCID: PMC8920487 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.847895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect chemosensory system plays an important role in many aspects of insects' behaviors necessary for their survival. Despite the complexity of this system, an increasing number of studies have begun to understand its structure and function in different insect species. Nonetheless, the chemosensory system in the orange spiny whitefly Aleurocanthus spiniferus, as one of the most destructive insect pests of citrus in tropical Asia, has not been investigated yet. In this study, the sensillum types, morphologies and distributions of the male and female antennae of A. spiniferus were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. In both sexes, six different sensilla types were observed: trichodea sensilla, chaetica sensilla, microtrichia sensilla, coeloconic sensilla, basiconic sensilla, and finger-like sensilla. Moreover, we identified a total of 48 chemosensory genes, including 5 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 12 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 3 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 6 odorant receptors (ORs), 8 gustatory receptors (GRs), and 14 ionotropic receptors (IRs) using transcriptome data analysis. Tissue-specific transcriptome analysis of these genes showed predominantly expression in the head (including antennae), whereas CSPs were broadly expressed in both head (including the antennae) and body tissue of adult A. spiniferus. In addition, the expression profiling of selected chemosensory genes at different developmental stages was examined by quantitative real time-PCR which was mapped to the transcriptome. We found that the majority of these genes were highly expressed in adults, while AspiORco, AspiGR1, AspiGR2, and AspiIR4 genes were only detected in the pupal stage. Together, this study provides a basis for future chemosensory and genomic studies in A. spiniferus and closely related species. Furthermore, this study not only provides insights for further research on the molecular mechanisms of A. spiniferus-plant interactions but also provides extensive potential targets for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Chang-Yuan Song
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Fang-Hua Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Cheng Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youssef Dewer
- Phytotoxicity Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hai-Peng Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yong-Yu Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Kang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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Ma C, Yue Y, Zhang Y, Tian ZY, Chen HS, Guo JY, Zhou ZS. Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis of Antennal Sensilla and Tissue-Expression Profiles of Chemosensory Protein Genes in Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020183. [PMID: 35206756 PMCID: PMC8876232 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Leaf beetle Ophraella communa is considered an effective biocontrol agent against the common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia. However, there are no studies that assess the antennal sensilla and chemosensory proteins expression profiles of O. communa. In this study, the types and morphology of sensilla on the antennae were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that there are six types of sensilla (sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla coeloconica, and Böhm bristles) distributed on the antennae. We also found that the expression levels of five chemosensory proteins in male and female antennae were higher than those in other tissues by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results lay the foundation for interpreting the olfactory functions of adult O. communa. Abstract Ophraella communa is an efficient biocontrol agent used against the invasive weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia. It is an herbivorous insect that feeds on specific plants; the olfactory functions of this insects plays an important role in their search for host plants. There are no reports on O. communa sensilla types, morphology, or chemosensory protein (CSP) genes. In this study, we observed the external structure and distribution of antennal sensilla in adult O. communa antennae by scanning electron microscopy; moreover, we cloned 11 CSPs (CSP1–CSP11) and elucidated their tissue-expression profiles using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Six types of sensilla were identified: sensilla trichodea (including two subtypes), sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica (including two subtypes), sensilla styloconica, sensilla coeloconica, and Böhm bristles. Both male and female antennae had all six types of sensilla, and no sexual dimorphism was noted in sensillar types or distribution. We also found that the expression levels of CSP2, CSP3, CSP4, CSP6, and CSP7 in male and female antennae were higher than those in other tissues, which suggests that these five CSPs may be related to olfactory function in O. communa. Ultimately, our results lay the foundation for interpreting the olfactory functions of adult O. communa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.M.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-Y.T.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.G.)
| | - Yang Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.M.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-Y.T.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.G.)
- School of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.M.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-Y.T.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.G.)
| | - Zhen-Ya Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.M.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-Y.T.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.G.)
| | - Hong-Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.M.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-Y.T.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.G.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Biology of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jian-Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.M.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-Y.T.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.G.)
| | - Zhong-Shi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.M.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-Y.T.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.G.)
- Correspondence:
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