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Yang ZX, Wang PF, Shen D, Yin NN, Zhao YJ, Liu NY. Candidate membrane protein gene families related to chemoreception in a wood-boring beetle, Pharsalia antennata Gahan (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 50:101239. [PMID: 38723431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
The longhorned beetles are key players for the maintenance of biodiversity in the terrestrial ecosystem. As xylophagous cerambycid insects in Coleoptera, the beetles have evolved specialized olfactory and gustatory systems to recognize chemical cues in the surrounding habitats. Despite over 36,000 described species in the Cerambycidae family including a wood-boring pest Pharsalia antennata, only a limited number of them (<1 %) have been characterized regarding their chemical ecology at the molecular level. Here, we surveyed four membrane protein gene families in P. antennata related to chemoreception through transcriptomics, phylogenetics and expression profiling analyses. In total, 144 genes encoding 72 odorant receptors (ORs), 33 gustatory receptors (GRs), 23 ionotropic receptors (IRs), four sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) and 12 ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) were harvested from the transcriptome of multiple tissues including antennae and legs of both sexes. The lineage-specific expansion of PantORs possibly implied a diverse range of host plants in this beetle, supporting this correlation between the host range and olfactory receptor repertoire sizes across cerambycid species. Further phylogenetic analysis revealed that Group 2 was contributed mainly to the large OR gene repertoire in P. antennata, representing 18 genes in Group 2A and eight in Group 2B. On the other hand, some key chemosensory genes were identified by applying a phylogenetics approach, such as PantOR21 close to the 2-phenylethanol receptor in Megacyllene caryae, three carbon dioxide GRs and seven Antennal IRs (A-IRs) clades. We also determined sex- and tissue-specific expression profiles of 69 chemosensory genes, revealing the high expression of most PantORs in antennae. Noticeably, 10 sex-biased genes (six PantORs, three PantIRs and PantSNMP1a) were presented in antennae, five sex-biased PantGRs in legs and 39 sex-biased genes (15 PantORs, 13 PantGRs, eight PantIRs and three PantSNMPs) in abdomens. These findings have greatly enhanced our knowledge about the chemical ecology of P. antennata and identify candidate molecular targets for mediating smell and taste of this beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ning-Na Yin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Nai-Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
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Hong B, Zhai Y, Yang Y, Chang Q, Li G, Zhang F. Identification and sex-specific expression of chemosensory genes in the antennal transcriptomes of Pachyrhinus yasumatsui (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:7135657. [PMID: 37083941 PMCID: PMC10120841 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pachyrhinus yasumatsui Kono et Morimoto is a major pest of Chinese jujube, which is widespread in northern China and causes severe economic losses in the jujube industry. Chemosensory genes play crucial roles in insect behaviors. Currently, little is known about chemosensory genes in P. yasumatsui. In the present study, antennal transcriptomes of female and male adult P. yasumatsui were annotated. In total, 113 genes involved in chemosensory functions were identified, including 41 odorant receptors, 28 odorant-binding proteins, 16 ionotropic receptors, 15 chemosensory proteins, 9 gustatory receptors, and 4 sensory neuron membrane proteins. Subsequently, the phylogenetic analyses of these olfactory-related proteins in P. yasumatsui were conducted using multiple sequence alignment. Furthermore, sex-specific expression levels of 113 genes were analyzed based on fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM). Then, the quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to quantify gene expression profiles of 28 P. yasumatsui OBPs (PyasOBPs) and 15 CSPs (PyasCSPs). The results revealed that 20 PyasOBPs and 13 PyasCSPs exhibited significantly higher expression in the antennae than in the bodies, suggesting that they might have functions in olfaction. Moreover, some OBPs and CSPs (PyasOBP6, PyasOBP7, PyasOBP16, PyasOBP21, and PyasCSP4) exhibited female-biased expression, indicating that they might take part in several female-specific behaviors. This study will promote the understanding of olfactory mechanism in P. yasumatsui, and our findings lay the groundwork for developing environmentally friendly pest management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hong
- Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China
| | - Yingyan Zhai
- Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China
| | - Yiwei Yang
- Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China
| | - Guangwei Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
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Mitchell RF, Doucet D, Bowman S, Bouwer MC, Allison JD. Prediction of a conserved pheromone receptor lineage from antennal transcriptomes of the pine sawyer genus Monochamus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:615-625. [PMID: 36242627 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01583-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) are a diverse family of wood-boring insects, many species of which produce volatile pheromones to attract mates over long distances. The composition and structure of the pheromones remain constant across many cerambycid species, and comparative studies of those groups could, therefore, reveal the chemoreceptors responsible for pheromone detection. Here, we use comparative transcriptomics to identify a candidate pheromone receptor in the large and economically important cerambycid genus Monochamus, males of which produce the aggregation-sex pheromone 2-(undecyloxy)-ethanol ("monochamol"). Antennal transcriptomes of the North American species M. maculosus, M. notatus, and M. scutellatus revealed 60-70 odorant receptors (ORs) in each species, including four lineages of simple orthologs that were highly conserved, highly expressed in both sexes, and upregulated in the flagellomeres where olfactory sensilla are localized. Two of these orthologous lineages, OR29 and OR59, remained highly expressed and conserved when we included a re-annotation of an antennal transcriptome of the Eurasian congener M. alternatus. OR29 is also orthologous to a characterized pheromone receptor in the cerambycid Megacyllene caryae, suggesting it as the most likely candidate for a monochamol receptor and highlighting its potential as a conserved lineage of pheromone receptors within one of the largest families of beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Blvd., Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA.
| | - Daniel Doucet
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A2E5, Canada
| | - Susan Bowman
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A2E5, Canada
| | - Marc C Bouwer
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A2E5, Canada
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeremy D Allison
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A2E5, Canada
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Lizana P, Mutis A, Quiroz A, Venthur H. Insights Into Chemosensory Proteins From Non-Model Insects: Advances and Perspectives in the Context of Pest Management. Front Physiol 2022; 13:924750. [PMID: 36072856 PMCID: PMC9441497 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.924750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, insect chemosensation represents a key aspect of integrated pest management in the Anthropocene epoch. Olfaction-related proteins have been the focus of studies due to their function in vital processes, such ashost finding and reproduction behavior. Hence, most research has been based on the study of model insects, namely Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori or Tribolium castaneum. Over the passage of time and the advance of new molecular techniques, insects considered non-models have been studied, contributing greatly to the knowledge of insect olfactory systems and enhanced pest control methods. In this review, a reference point for non-model insects is proposed and the concept of model and non-model insects is discussed. Likewise, it summarizes and discusses the progress and contribution in the olfaction field of both model and non-model insects considered pests in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lizana
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ana Mutis
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Herbert Venthur
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- *Correspondence: Herbert Venthur,
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Zhang J, Wang HL, Su XY, Wang XF, Yang M, Bai JW, Zeng JY, Li HP. Similar gut bacteria composition in Apriona germari on two preferred host plants. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 110:e21899. [PMID: 35419869 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Apriona germari is one of the most serious wood-boring pests that cause damage to economic and landscaping trees and has adapted to a wide range of plants as diet. Gut bacteria play an important role in biology and ecology of herbivores, especially in growth and adaptation. To investigate how plant hosts shape A. germari gut microbiota, A. germari larvae were collected from Populus tomentosa and Malus pumilal, and gut microbiomes were sequenced based on 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 853,424 high-quality reads were obtained and clustered into 196 operational taxonomic units under a 97% similarity cutoff, which were annotated into 8 phyla, 10 classes, 21 orders, 34 families, 59 genera, and 39 species. Gibbsiella was the most dominant genus of intestinal bacteria, followed by Enterobacter and Acinetobacter. No significant difference was observed in larvae gut bacterial richness and diversity of A. germari collected from two hosts, though alpha diversity showed that the richness of gut bacteria in A. germari larvae collected on P. tomentosa was slightly higher than that in A. germari on M. pumilal, and beta diversity showed little difference between two host plants. The functional abundance analysis of the detected bacteria revealed fermentation, chemoheterotrophy, symbionts, and nitrate relative functions that highly possibly support wood-boring beetles to feed on woody tissues. Our study provided a theoretical basis for investigating the function of intestinal symbiosis bacteria of A. germari.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hua-Ling Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Urban Forest Health Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Su
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Urban Forest Health Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xue-Fei Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Miao Yang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jia-Wei Bai
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jian-Yong Zeng
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Germplasm Resources and Protection of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hui-Ping Li
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Urban Forest Health Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Li H, Hao E, Li Y, Yang H, Sun P, Lu P, Qiao H. Antennal transcriptome analysis of olfactory genes and tissue expression profiling of odorant binding proteins in Semanotus bifasciatus (cerambycidae: coleoptera). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:461. [PMID: 35733103 PMCID: PMC9219211 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08655-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insect olfactory proteins can transmit chemical signals in the environment that serve as the basis for foraging, mate searching, predator avoidance and oviposition selection. Semanotus bifasciatus is an important destructive borer pest, but its olfactory mechanism is not clear. We identified the chemosensory genes of S. bifasciatus in China, then we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the olfactory genes of S. bifasciatus and other species. And the expression profiles of odorant binding proteins (OBPs) genes in different tissues and different genders of S. bifasciatus were determined by quantitative real-time PCR for the first time. Results A total of 32 OBPs, 8 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 71 odorant receptors (ORs), 34 gustatory receptors (GRs), 18 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and 3 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. In the tissue expression analysis of OBP genes, 7 OBPs were higher expressed in antennae, among them, SbifOBP2, SbifOBP3, SbifOBP6, SbifOBP7 and SbifOBP20 were female-biased expression, while SbifOBP1 was male-biased expression and SbifOBP22 was no-biased expression in antennae. In addition, the expressed levels of SbifOBP4, SbifOBP12, SbifOBP15, SbifOBP27 and SbifOBP29 were very poor in the antennae, and SbifOBP4 and SbifOBP29 was abundant in the head or legs, and both of them were male-biased expression. While SbifOBP15 was highly expressed only at the end of the abdomen with its expression level in females three times than males. Other OBPs were expressed not only in antennae but also in various tissues. Conclusion We identified 166 olfactory genes from S. bifasciatus, and classified these genes into groups and predicted their functions by phylogenetic analysis. The majority of OBPs were antenna-biased expressed, which are involved in odor recognition, sex pheromone detection, and/or host plant volatile detection. However, also some OBPs were detected biased expression in the head, legs or end of the abdomen, indicating that they may function in the different physiological processes in S. bifasciatus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08655-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Enhua Hao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yini Li
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Piao Sun
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haili Qiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Identification and Expression Profile of Chemosensory Receptor Genes in Aromia bungii (Faldermann) Antennal Transcriptome. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010096. [PMID: 35055940 PMCID: PMC8781584 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The red-necked longicorn beetle, Aromia bungii (Faldermann) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is a major destructive, wood-boring pest, which is widespread throughout the world. The sex pheromone of A. bungii was reported earlier; however, the chemosensory mechanism of the beetle remains almost unknown. In this study, 45 AbunORs, 6 AbunGRs and 2 AbunIRs were identified among 42,197 unigenes derived from the antennal transcriptome bioinformatic analysis of A. bungii adults. The sequence of putative Orco (AbunOR25) found in this study is highly conserved with the known Orcos from other Coleoptera species, and these Orco genes might be potentially used as target genes for the future development of novel and effective control strategies. Tissue expression analysis showed that 29 AbunOR genes were highly expressed in antennae, especially in the antennae of females, which was consistent with the idea that females might express more pheromone receptors for sensing pheromones, especially the sex pheromones produced by males. AbunOR5, 29, 31 and 37 were clustered with the pheromone receptors of the cerambycid Megacyllene caryae, suggesting that they might be putative pheromone receptors of A. bungii. All six AbunGRs were highly expressed in the mouthparts, indicating that these GRs may be involved in the taste perception process. Both AbunIRs were shown to be female-mouthparts-biased, suggesting that they might also be related to the tasting processes. Our study provides some basic information towards a deeper understanding of the chemosensing mechanism of A. bungii at a molecular level.
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Wang Q, Xiao Y, An XK, Shan S, Khashaveh A, Gu SH, Zhang YH, Zhang YJ. Functional Characterization of a Candidate Sex Pheromone Receptor AlinOR33 Involved in the Chemoreception of Adelphocoris lineolatus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6769-6778. [PMID: 34115502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sex pheromones are deemed to play a significant role in sexual communication of most insects. Although many sex pheromone components in mirid bugs have been identified, the roles of odorant receptors in sex pheromone perception in Adelphocoris spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) remain unknown so far. Here, AlinOR33, a candidate sex pheromone receptor in Adelphocoris lineolatus was functionally characterized. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AlinOR33 clustered with the sex pheromone receptor AlucOR4 fromApolygus lucorum. Quantitative real-time PCR measurement revealed that the expression of AlinOR33 increased gradually from nymph to adult stage and reached its peak in the antennae of 3-day-old mated male bugs. The subsequent in situ hybridization demonstrated that AlinOR33 was mainly expressed in sensilla trichoid on the antennae of A. lineolatus. In the two-electrode voltage clamp recordings, AlinOR33/AlinOrco was specifically tuned to four sex pheromone components including butyl butyrate, hexyl hexanoate, trans-2-hexenyl butyrate and hexyl butyrate, and especially most sensitive to the major component trans-2-hexenyl butyrate. After dsAlinOR33 injection, the electroantennogram responses of males to four sex pheromone components were reduced significantly (∼50%). Compared to control bugs, dsAlinOR33-injected male bugs almost lost behavioral preference for trans-2-hexenyl butyrate. Furthermore, the wingbeat frequency of dsAlinOR33-injected male bugs notably declined. Therefore, we conclude that as a candidate sex pheromone receptor, AlinOR33 plays essential roles in the sexual behavior of A. lineolatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xing-Kui An
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuang Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Adel Khashaveh
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shao-Hua Gu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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