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Grzeczka A, Graczyk S, Pasławski R, Pasławska U. Genetic Basis of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Cats. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:8752-8766. [PMID: 39194734 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common cardiovascular condition in cats, affecting yth males and females of all ages. Some breeds, such as Ragdolls and Maine Coons, can develop HCM at a young age. The disease has a wide range of progression and severity, characterized by various pathological changes in the heart, including arteritis, fibrous tissue deposition, and myocardial cell hypertrophy. Left ventricular hypertrophy, which can restrict blood flow, is a common feature of HCM. The disease may persist into old age and eventually lead to heart failure and increased diastolic pressure. The basis of HCM in cats is thought to be genetic, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Mutations in sarcomeric proteins, in particular myosin-binding protein C (MYBPC3), have been identified in cats with HCM. Two specific mutations, MYBPC3 [R818W] and MYBPC3 [A31P], have been classified as 'pathogenic'. Other variants in genes such as MYBPC3, TNNT2, ALMS1, and MYH7 are also associated with HCM. However, there are cases where cats without known genetic mutations still develop HCM, suggesting the presence of unknown genetic factors contributing to the disease. This work aims to summarise the new knowledge of HCM in cats and the alterations in cardiac tissue as a result of genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Grzeczka
- Department for Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Szymon Graczyk
- Department for Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Robert Pasławski
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Urszula Pasławska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Boeykens F, Abitbol M, Anderson H, Dargar T, Ferrari P, Fox PR, Hayward JJ, Häggström J, Davison S, Kittleson MD, van Steenbeek F, Ljungvall I, Lyons LA, Longeri M, Ohlsson Å, Peelman L, Dufaure de Citres C, Smets P, Turba ME, Broeckx BJG. Classification of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated gene variants according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1327081. [PMID: 38371598 PMCID: PMC10873919 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1327081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The correct labeling of a genetic variant as pathogenic is important as breeding decisions based on incorrect DNA tests can lead to the unwarranted exclusion of animals, potentially compromising the long-term health of a population. In human medicine, the American college of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines provide a framework for variant classification. This study aims to apply these guidelines to six genetic variants associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in certain cat breeds and to propose a modified criterion for variant classification. Methods Genetic samples were sourced from five cat breeds: Maine Coon, Sphynx, Ragdoll, Devon Rex, and British Short- and Longhair. Allele frequencies were determined, and in the subset with phenotypes available, odds ratios to determine the association with HCM were calculated. In silico evaluation followed with joint evidence and data from other publications assisting in the classification of each variant. Results Two variants, MYBPC3:c.91G > C [A31P] and MYBPC3:c.2453C > T [R818W], were designated as pathogenic. One variant, MYH7:c.5647G > A [E1883K], was found likely pathogenic, while the remaining three were labeled as variants of unknown significance. Discussion Routine genetic testing is advised solely for the MYBPC3:c.91G > C [A31P] in the Maine Coon and MYBPC3:c.2453C > T [R818W] in the Ragdoll breed. The human ACMG guidelines serve as a suitable foundational tool to ascertain which variants to include; however, refining them for application in veterinary medicine might be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fréderique Boeykens
- Laboratory Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marie Abitbol
- Univ Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l’Etoile, France & Institut NeuroMyoGène INMG-PNMG, CNRS UMR5261, INSERM U1315, Faculté de Médicine, Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Heidi Anderson
- Wisdom Panel, Mars Petcare Science & Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanushri Dargar
- Univ Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l’Etoile, France & Institut NeuroMyoGène INMG-PNMG, CNRS UMR5261, INSERM U1315, Faculté de Médicine, Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Osservatorio Veterinario Italiano Cardiopatie, Azzano San Paolo, Italy
- Bis Clinica Veterinaria Orobica Anicura, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Philip R. Fox
- The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jessica J. Hayward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephen Davison
- Wisdom Panel, Mars Petcare Science & Diagnostics, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Kittleson
- Veterinary Information Network and School of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Frank van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Maria Longeri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Åsa Ohlsson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luc Peelman
- Laboratory Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Pascale Smets
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Bart J. G. Broeckx
- Laboratory Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Zhu C, Qi Y, Wang X, Mi B, Cui C, Chen S, Zhao Z, Zhao F, Liu X, Wang J, Shi B, Hu J. Variation in Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Beta Gene and Its Effect on Carcass and Meat Traits in Gannan Yaks. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15488. [PMID: 37895167 PMCID: PMC10607073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta (ACACB) is a functional candidate gene that impacts fat deposition. In the present study, we sequenced exon 37-intron 37, exon 46-intron 46, and intron 47 of yak ACACB using hybrid pool sequencing to search for variants and genotyped the gene in 593 Gannan yaks via Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain (KASP) reaction to determine the effect of ACACB variants on carcass and meat quality traits. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in three regions. Eight effective haplotypes and ten diplotypes were constructed. Among them, a missense variation g.50421 A > G was identified in exon 37 of ACACB, resulting in an amino acid shift from serine to glycine. Correlation analysis revealed that this variation was associated with the cooking loss rate and yak carcass weight (p = 0.024 and 0.012, respectively). The presence of haplotypes H5 and H6 decreased Warner-Bratzler shear force (p = 0.049 and 0.006, respectively), whereas that of haplotypes H3 and H4 increased cooking loss rate and eye muscle area (p = 0.004 and 0.034, respectively). Moreover, the presence of haplotype H8 decreased the drip loss rate (p = 0.019). The presence of one and two copies of haplotypes H1 and H8 decreased the drip loss rate (p = 0.028 and 0.004, respectively). However, haplotype H1 did not decrease hot carcass weight (p = 0.011), whereas H3 increased the cooking loss rate (p = 0.007). The presence of one and two copies of haplotype H6 decreased Warner-Bratzler shear force (p = 0.014). The findings of the present study suggest that genetic variations in ACACB can be a preferable biomarker for improving yak meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bingang Shi
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (X.W.); (B.M.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (Z.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiang Hu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (X.W.); (B.M.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (Z.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.L.); (J.W.)
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Broeckx BJG. Incorporating Genetic Testing into a Breeding Program. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00064-5. [PMID: 37221103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Genetic tests are powerful tools that enable (1) a focus on genetic diversity as mating outcomes can be predicted and thus optimized to minimize or even avoid exclusion and (2) working toward breeding goals by improving a phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J G Broeckx
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
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Chen T, Chen H, Wang A, Yao W, Xu Z, Wang B, Wang J, Wu Y. Methyl Parathion Exposure Induces Development Toxicity and Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish Embryos. TOXICS 2023; 11:84. [PMID: 36668810 PMCID: PMC9866970 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Methyl parathion (MP) has been widely used as an organophosphorus pesticide for food preservation and pest management, resulting in its accumulation in the aquatic environment. However, the early developmental toxicity of MP to non-target species, especially aquatic vertebrates, has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, zebrafish embryos were treated with 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/L of MP solution until 72 h post-fertilization (hpf). The results showed that MP exposure reduced spontaneous movement, hatching, and survival rates of zebrafish embryos and induced developmental abnormalities such as shortened body length, yolk edema, and spinal curvature. Notably, MP was found to induce cardiac abnormalities, including pericardial edema and decreased heart rate. Exposure to MP resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, increased catalase (CAT) activity, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and caused cardiac apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. Moreover, MP affected the transcription of cardiac development-related genes (vmhc, sox9b, nppa, tnnt2, bmp2b, bmp4) and apoptosis-related genes (p53, bax, bcl2). Astaxanthin could rescue MP-induced heart development defects by down-regulating oxidative stress. These findings suggest that MP induces cardiac developmental toxicity and provides additional evidence of MP toxicity to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haoze Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Anli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weixuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhongshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Binjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Schipper T, Ohlsson Å, Longeri M, Hayward JJ, Mouttham L, Ferrari P, Smets P, Ljungvall I, Häggström J, Stern JA, Lyons LA, Peelman LJ, Broeckx BJG. The TNNT2:c.95-108G>A variant is common in Maine Coons and shows no association with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Anim Genet 2022; 53:526-529. [PMID: 35634705 DOI: 10.1111/age.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common and potentially fatal heart disease in many cat breeds. An intronic variant in TNNT2, c.95-108G>A, was recently reported as the cause of HCM in the Maine Coon. The aim of this study was to determine this variant's allele frequency in different populations and its possible association with HCM. Based on 160 Maine Coon samples collected in Belgium, Italy, Sweden and the USA, the variant's allele frequency was estimated to be 0.32. Analysis of the 99 Lives feline whole genome sequencing database showed that the TNNT2 variant also occurs in other breeds, as well as mixed-breed cats. Comparison of 31 affected and 58 healthy cats did not reveal significantly increased odds for HCM in homozygotes. Based on the combined evidence and in agreement with the standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants, this variant is currently classified as a variant of unknown significance and should not be used for breeding decisions regarding HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Schipper
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Åsa Ohlsson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Longeri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Jessica J Hayward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lara Mouttham
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Osservatorio Veterinario Italiano Cardiopatie, Azzano S. Paolo, Italy
| | - Pascale Smets
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Luc J Peelman
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart J G Broeckx
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
Practical relevance: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common form of feline
cardiomyopathy observed clinically and may affect up to approximately 15% of
the domestic cat population, primarily as a subclinical disease.
Fortunately, severe HCM, leading to heart failure or arterial
thromboembolism (ATE), only occurs in a small proportion of these cats. Patient group: Domestic cats of any age from 3 months upward, of either sex and of any
breed, can be affected. A higher prevalence in male and domestic shorthair
cats has been reported. Diagnostics: Subclinical feline HCM may or may not produce a heart murmur or gallop sound.
Substantial left atrial enlargement can often be identified radiographically
in cats with severe HCM. Biomarkers should not be relied on solely to
diagnose the disease. While severe feline HCM can usually be diagnosed via
echocardiography alone, feline HCM with mild to moderate left ventricular
(LV) wall thickening is a diagnosis of exclusion, which means there is no
definitive test for HCM in these cats and so other disorders that can cause
mild to moderate LV wall thickening (eg, hyperthyroidism, systemic
hypertension, acromegaly, dehydration) need to be ruled out. Key findings: While a genetic cause of HCM has been identified in two breeds and is
suspected in another, for most cats the cause is unknown. Systolic anterior
motion of the mitral valve (SAM) is the most common cause of dynamic left
ventricular outflow tract obstruction (DLVOTO) and, in turn, the most common
cause of a heart murmur with feline HCM. While severe DLVOTO is probably
clinically significant and so should be treated, lesser degrees probably are
not. Furthermore, since SAM can likely be induced in most cats with HCM, the
distinction between HCM without obstruction and HCM with obstruction (HOCM)
is of limited importance in cats. Diastolic dysfunction, and its
consequences of abnormally increased atrial pressure leading to signs of
heart failure, and sluggish atrial blood flow leading to ATE, is the primary
abnormality that causes clinical signs and death in affected cats. Treatment
(eg, loop diuretics) is aimed at controlling heart failure. Preventive
treatment (eg, antithrombotic drugs) is aimed at reducing the risk of
complications (eg, ATE). Conclusions: Most cats with HCM show no overt clinical signs and live a normal or
near-normal life despite this disease. However, a substantial minority of
cats develop overt clinical signs referable to heart failure or ATE that
require treatment. For most cats with clinical signs caused by HCM, the
long-term prognosis is poor to grave despite therapy. Areas of uncertainty: Genetic mutations (variants) that cause HCM have been identified in a few
breeds, but, despite valiant efforts, the cause of HCM in the vast majority
of cats remains unknown. No treatment currently exists that reverses or even
slows the cardiomyopathic process in HCM, again despite valiant efforts. The
search goes on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Kittleson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, and Veterinary Information Network, 777 West Covell Boulevard, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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