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Zifchock R, Silder A, Murphy R, Duong T, Sessoms P, Jones D. Effect of Cold vs Temperate Conditions on Physical Performance During Extended Mountain Warfare Training at Moderate Altitude. Mil Med 2024:usae329. [PMID: 38935393 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental conditions on body composition, upper body power, and lower body power throughout a ∼4-week military mountain training exercise. We hypothesized that countermovement jump and ballistic push-up performance would decrease as a result of extended mountain field training and that winter (cold) conditions would result in greater decrements compared to fall (temperate) conditions. We also expected to observe a strong positive correlation between changes in performance and changes in skeletal muscle mass. Finally, we expected acute changes in performance upon altitude exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 111 U.S. Infantry Marines (110 M; 1 F) provided written informed consent to participate in this study according to a protocol approved by the Naval Health Research Center. There were 54 participants in the fall cohort and 57 in the winter cohort. Maximum effort countermovement jump and ballistic push-up performance were assessed at different timepoints: (1) baseline at the sea level, (2) before training at ∼2100 m, (3) midpoint of training at ∼2100 m, (4) end of training at ∼2100 m, and (5) after 3 to 4 weeks of recovery at the sea level. The fall cohort trained at moderate temperatures (average day/night, 20°C/3°C), whereas the winter cohort trained under snowy winter conditions (7°C/-14°C). RESULTS The results suggested that seasonal conditions did not significantly affect changes in body composition or physical performance. Furthermore, no acute effects of altitude on physical performance were detected. Training exercise did, however, cause performance decrements in countermovement jump height, countermovement jump peak power, and ballistic push-up height. Repeated measure correlation analyses suggested that there was a weak positive correlation between the decrease in skeletal muscle mass and the decrease in countermovement jump peak power throughout the training. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that explosive movements are negatively affected by extended military training, seemingly independent of environmental training conditions or temperature. Planning and execution of military training should account for the likelihood that warfighter physical power will decline and may not return to pretraining levels within the month following the training event. It may also be advised to consider targeted exercises to aid in recovery of muscular strength and power. Future work should consider additional factors that likely influenced the decrease in physical performance that occurs during extended military training, such as nutrition, sleep, and psychological and cognitive stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Zifchock
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Amy Silder
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Robert Murphy
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Tony Duong
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
- Leidos, Inc, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Pinata Sessoms
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Douglas Jones
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
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Chang Y, Liu X, Hurr C. Effect of 4-week intermittent hypoxic exercise training for repeated vertical jump performance in untrained males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:213-221. [PMID: 37791831 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To be successful in sports, it is critical to maintain a high level of muscular power throughout a game. Physiological adaptations induced by hypoxic exercise training would provide benefits for fatigue-resisting ability during repeated explosive exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whether a 4-week intermittent hypoxic exercise training program is more effective in improving power endurance during repeated vertical jumps (VJs) when compared with a normoxic counterpart. METHODS Eighteen young adult males were divided into two training groups: 1) normoxic training group (NT, FiO2: 20.9%, N.=9); and 2) hypoxic training group (HT, FiO2: 13.7%, N.=9). For both NT and HT, participants performed three sessions per week for four weeks. Each session consisted of a 60-min exercise session including strength and power training. A repeated VJ (40 reps/set, 2 sets with 5 min rest given between them) was performed before and after the training (pretraining and post-training). RESULTS The HT group displayed an improvement in repeated VJ performance in a later phase of set 1 following the training (25-30 rep: pretraining 26.49±6.20 vs. post-training 30.55±5.37cm, P=0.0285; 30-35 rep: pretraining 25.08±5.29 vs. post-training 29.56±5.37cm, P=0.0064; 35-40 rep: pretraining 25.05±5.51 vs. post-training 29.28±5.71cm, P=0.0161). In set 2, repeated VJ performance in the later phase was also enhanced in HT following the training (P<0.05 for all). No changes in repeated VJ performance were seen in NT following the training (P>0.05 for all). Also, the HT group showed a trend towards a decrease in Fatigue Index in set 1 (pretraining 23.51±13.27 vs. Post 11.87±12.51%, P=0.1308) and set 2 (pretraining 29.11±13.66 vs. post-training 17.81±17.97%, P=0.1588) following the training. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic exercise training can be an effective training modality to improve fatigue-resisting ability during repeated explosive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Chang
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Physical Education, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Physical Education, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea -
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Almeida F, Carratalá. H, Carratalá. V, Feriche. B, Padial. P, Bonitch-Góngora. J. Influence of lower-limb muscle power-related variables on the ippon-seoi-nage of elite judokas. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2176102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Almeida
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carratalá. H
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carratalá. V
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Feriche. B
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Padial. P
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Bonitch-Góngora. J
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Almeida F, Bonitch-Góngora J, Feriche B, Schoenfeld BJ, Fuente BDL, Padial P. Altitude differentially alters the force-velocity relationship after 3 weeks of power-oriented resistance training in elite judokas. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35689400 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2089055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a 3-week power-oriented resistance training programme performed at moderate altitude on the lower-limb maximal theoretical power and force-velocity (F-V) imbalance of elite judokas. Twenty-two elite male judokas were randomly assigned to either a hypobaric hypoxia or normoxia group. Mechanical outputs from an incremental loaded countermovement jump test were assessed at sea level, before and after training, and 1 week later. Results indicated an increase in the maximal theoretical force and a reduction in the F-V imbalance both at moderate altitude and sea level. Altitude training induced additional benefits when compared to sea level for F-V imbalance (8.4%; CI: 0.3, 17.3%), maximal theoretical power (2.09 W·kg-1; CI: 0.13, 4.52 W·kg-1) and force (1.32 N·kg-1; CI: -0.12, 2.96 N·kg-1), jump height (3.24 cm; CI: 2.02, 4.80 cm) and optimal maximal theoretical force (1.61 N·kg-1; CI: 0.06, 3.60 N·kg-1) and velocity (0.08 m·s-1; CI: 0.00, 0.17 m·s-1) after the training period. The hypoxia group achieved their best results immediately after the training period, while the normoxia group achieved them one week later. These results suggest that a power-oriented resistance training programme carried out at moderate altitude accelerates and improves the gains in lower-limb muscle power, while minimizing lower-limb imbalances. Therefore, it seems appropriate to compete immediately after the return to sea level and/or use altitude training as a tool to improve muscle power levels of athletes without tapering goals, especially in highly trained power athletes, since their window of adaptation for further power enhancement is smaller.Highlights A 3-week power-oriented resistance training programme improved lower-limb mechanical outputs of elite judokas both at moderate altitude and sea level; training at moderate altitude increases and accelerates these improvements, reducing athletes' imbalances.It may be optimal for judokas to compete immediately after the return to sea level and/or use altitude training as a tool to improve muscle power levels of athletes without tapering goals, especially in highly trained power athletes, since their window of adaptation for further power enhancement is attenuated.Athletes should ensure they possess adequate strength levels before employing a power-oriented training programme to potentiate further improvements in muscle power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Bonitch-Góngora
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Benavente C, Feriche B, Olcina G, Schoenfeld BJ, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Almeida F, Martínez-Guardado I, Timon R, Padial P. Inter-set rest configuration effect on acute physiological and performance-related responses to a resistance training session in terrestrial vs simulated hypoxia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13469. [PMID: 35607454 PMCID: PMC9123884 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic stress is considered a key factor in the activation of hypertrophy mechanisms which seems to be potentiated under hypoxic conditions.This study aimed to analyze the combined effect of the type of acute hypoxia (terrestrial vs simulated) and of the inter-set rest configuration (60 vs 120 s) during a hypertrophic resistance training (RT) session on physiological, perceptual and muscle performance markers. Methods Sixteen active men were randomized into two groups based on the type of hypoxia (hypobaric hypoxia, HH: 2,320 m asl; vs normobaric hypoxia, NH: FiO2 of 15.9%). Each participant completed in a randomly counterbalanced order the same RT session in four separated occasions: two under normoxia and two under the corresponding hypoxia condition at each prescribed inter-set rest period. Volume-load (load × set × repetition) was calculated for each training session. Muscle oxygenation (SmO2) of the vastus lateralis was quantified during the back squat exercise. Heart rate (HR) was monitored during training and over the ensuing 30-min post-exercise period. Maximal blood lactate concentration (maxLac) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined after the exercise and at the end of the recovery period. Results Volume-load achieved was similar in all environmental conditions and inter-set rest period length did not appreciably affect it. Shorter inter-set rest periods displayed moderate increases in maxLac, HR and RPE responses in all conditions. Compared to HH, NH showed a moderate reduction in the inter-set rest-HR (ES > 0.80), maxLac (ES > 1.01) and SmO2 (ES > 0.79) at both rest intervals. Conclusions Results suggest that the reduction in inter-set rest intervals from 120 s to 60 s provide a more potent perceptual, cardiovascular and metabolic stimulus in all environmental conditions, which could maximize hypertrophic adaptations in longer periods of training. The abrupt exposure to a reduced FiO2 at NH seems to reduce the inter-set recovery capacity during a traditional hypertrophy RT session, at least during a single acute exposition. These results cannot be extrapolated to longer training periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Faculty of Education, BRABE Group, Department of Psychology. Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Blach W, Smolders P, Simenko J, Mackala K. Diagnostics of tissue involved injury occurrence of top-level judokas during the competition: suggestion for prevention. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13074. [PMID: 35402103 PMCID: PMC8988935 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Judo, as a high-intensity contact sport, may lead to the occurrence of injuries, especially in competitions. This work aims to assess the likelihood of soft and hard tissue injuries in top-level judokas during competition with defining factors that determine the probability of injury occurrence. Methods The injuries that occurred in 123 official international competitions from 2005-2019 were recorded by the European Judo Union (EJU) Medical Commission as a survey that was a part of the EJU Injury Registration form with internal consistency shown by a Crombach Alpha of 0.69. This survey data identified factors such as: sex, anatomical localisation of injury, type of injury, tissue involved and mechanisms of the injury. A total of 650 tissue injuries were reported correctly in terms of tissue injury definition. Results The most frequent soft tissue injury (STI) reported was a ligament STI (48.15%), closely followed by skin STI (12.15%) and muscles STI (11.38%). In turn, the most frequent hard tissue injury occurred in bones (8.56%). The highest rates of injuries occurred during the fight in the standing position (78%). Injuries in the standing position mainly occurred while executing a throw (25.85%) and followed by the attempt to throw, i.e., the action of reaching the throwing position (22.30%), grip fighting (15.07%), and during falls (14.77%). Opposite to this, fight in groundwork reached only 18.30% soft and hard tissue injuries combined. The ongoing registration of injuries during judo combat and training and the early diagnosis of risk factors for injuries are the basis for the development of effective strategies for injury prevention and further treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw Blach
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Polska,European Judo Union, Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jozef Simenko
- Essex Pathways Department, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Krzysztof Mackala
- Department of Track and Field, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Polska
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Neuromuscular Adaptations after an Altitude Training Camp in Elite Judo Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136777. [PMID: 34202491 PMCID: PMC8296934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate neuromuscular adaptations in elite judo athletes after three weeks of power-oriented strength training at terrestrial altitude (2320 m). Nineteen men were assigned to altitude training (AL) (22.1 ± 2.3 years) and sea level training (SL) (22.6 ± 4.1 years). Neuromuscular assessment consisted of: (1) maximal isometric knee extensor (KE) torque, (2) KE rate of torque development (RTD), (3) quadriceps activity and voluntary activation, (4) soleus H-reflex, (5) quadriceps single (TTW) and double twitch torque (TDB100) and contraction time (CTTW). There were no significant differences between groups at baseline for any of the observed parameters. Significant differences were found between groups in terms of change in RTD (p = 0.04). Cohen’s d showed a positive significant effect (0.43) in the SL group and a negative significant effect (−0.58) in the AL group. The difference between groups in changes in CTTW as a function of altitude was on the edge of significance (p = 0.077). CTTW increased by 8.1 ± 9.0% in the AL group (p = 0.036) and remained statistically unchanged in the SL group. Only the AL group showed a relationship between changes in TTW and TDB100 and changes in RTD at posttest (p = 0.022 and p = 0.016, respectively). Altitude induced differences in muscular adaptations likely due to greater peripheral fatigue.
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