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Hu SS, Wang TY, Ni L, Hu FX, Yue BW, Zheng Y, Wang TL, Kumar A, Wang YY, Wang JE, Zhou ZY. Icariin Ameliorates D-galactose-induced Cell Injury in Neuron-like PC12 Cells by Inhibiting MPTP Opening. Curr Med Sci 2024:10.1007/s11596-024-2892-0. [PMID: 38900385 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Icariin (ICA) has a good neuroprotective effect and can upregulate neuronal basal autophagy in naturally aging rats. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with brain aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Abnormal opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a crucial factor in mitochondrial dysfunction and is associated with excessive autophagy. This study aimed to explore that ICA protects against neuronal injury by blocking the mPTP opening and down-regulating autophagy levels in a D-galactose (D-gal)-induced cell injury model. METHODS A cell model of neuronal injury was established in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) treated with 200 mmol/L D-gal for 48 h. In this cell model, PC12 cells were pre-treated with different concentrations of ICA for 24 h. MTT was used to detect cell viability. Senescence associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining was used to observe cell senescence. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of a senescence-related protein (p21), autophagy markers (LC3B, p62, Atg7, Atg5 and Beclin 1), mitochondrial fission and fusion-related proteins (Drp1, Mfn2 and Opa1), and mitophagy markers (Pink1 and Parkin). The changes of autophagic flow were detected by using mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus. The intracellular ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence was used to detect mPTP, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and ROS levels. ROS and apoptosis levels were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS D-gal treatment significantly decreased the viability of PC12 cells, and markedly increased the SA-β-Gal positive cells as compared to the control group. With the D-gal stimulation, the expression of p21 was significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, D-gal stimulation resulted in an elevated LC3B II/I ratio and decreased p62 expression. Meanwhile, autophagosomes and autolysosomes were significantly increased, indicating abnormal activation of autophagy levels. In addition, in this D-gal-induced model of cell injury, the mPTP was abnormally open, the ROS generation was continuously increased, the MMP was gradually decreased, and the apoptosis was increased. ICA effectively improved mitochondrial dysfunction to protect against D-gal-induced cell injury and apoptosis. It strongly inhibited excessive autophagy by blocking the opening of the mPTP. Cotreatment with ICA and an mPTP inhibitor (cyclosporin A) did not ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the protective effects were attenuated by cotreatment with ICA and an mPTP activator (lonidamine). CONCLUSION ICA inhibits the activation of excessive autophagy and thus improves mitochondrial dysfunction by blocking the mPTP opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Hu
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Tong-Yao Wang
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Lu Ni
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Fan-Xin Hu
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Bo-Wen Yue
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Tian-Lun Wang
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wang
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Jin-E Wang
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhou
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
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Zech ATL, Prondzynski M, Singh SR, Pietsch N, Orthey E, Alizoti E, Busch J, Madsen A, Behrens CS, Meyer-Jens M, Mearini G, Lemoine MD, Krämer E, Mosqueira D, Virdi S, Indenbirken D, Depke M, Salazar MG, Völker U, Braren I, Pu WT, Eschenhagen T, Hammer E, Schlossarek S, Carrier L. ACTN2 Mutant Causes Proteopathy in Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172745. [PMID: 36078153 PMCID: PMC9454684 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in α-actinin-2 (ACTN2) are associated with several forms of (cardio)myopathy. We previously reported a heterozygous missense (c.740C>T) ACTN2 gene variant, associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and characterized by an electro-mechanical phenotype in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Here, we created with CRISPR/Cas9 genetic tools two heterozygous functional knock-out hiPSC lines with a second wild-type (ACTN2wt) and missense ACTN2 (ACTN2mut) allele, respectively. We evaluated their impact on cardiomyocyte structure and function, using a combination of different technologies, including immunofluorescence and live cell imaging, RNA-seq, and mass spectrometry. This study showed that ACTN2mut presents a higher percentage of multinucleation, protein aggregation, hypertrophy, myofibrillar disarray, and activation of both the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway as compared to ACTN2wt in 2D-cultured hiPSC-CMs. Furthermore, the expression of ACTN2mut was associated with a marked reduction of sarcomere-associated protein levels in 2D-cultured hiPSC-CMs and force impairment in engineered heart tissues. In conclusion, our study highlights the activation of proteolytic systems in ACTN2mut hiPSC-CMs likely to cope with ACTN2 aggregation and therefore directs towards proteopathy as an additional cellular pathology caused by this ACTN2 variant, which may contribute to human ACTN2-associated cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia T. L. Zech
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maksymilian Prondzynski
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sonia R. Singh
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niels Pietsch
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ellen Orthey
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erda Alizoti
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Josefine Busch
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Madsen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotta S. Behrens
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Meyer-Jens
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giulia Mearini
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc D. Lemoine
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Krämer
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diogo Mosqueira
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sanamjeet Virdi
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren Depke
- Department for Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manuela Gesell Salazar
- Department for Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department for Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ingke Braren
- Vector Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - William T. Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elke Hammer
- Department for Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Saskia Schlossarek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-7410-57208
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