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Warneke K, Rabitsch T, Dobert P, Wilke J. The effects of static and dynamic stretching on deep fascia stiffness: a randomized, controlled cross-over study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05495-2. [PMID: 38689040 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AIM Previous stretching studies mostly investigated effects on the skeletal muscle but comprehensive explorations regarding the role of the connective tissue are scarce. Since the deep fascia has been demonstrated to be sensitive to mechanical tension, it was hypothesized that the fascia would also respond to stretching, contributing to enhanced range of motion (ROM). METHODS Forty (40) recreationally active participants (male: n = 25, female: n = 15) were included in the randomized controlled cross-over trial and allocated to different groups performing 5 min static (STAT) or dynamic (DYN) plantar flexor stretching or control condition (CC) in a random order. Pre- and immediately post-intervention, muscle and fascia stiffness, as well as muscle and fascia thickness were measured using high-resolution ultrasound and strain elastography. ROM was assessed in the ankle joint via the knee to wall test (KtW) and goniometer. RESULTS STAT reduced both, muscle and fascia stiffness (d = 0.78 and 0.42, p < 0.001, respectively), while DYN did not reduce stiffness compared to the control condition (p = 0.11-0.41). While both conditions showed significant increases in the KtW (d = 0.43-0.46, p = 0.02-0.04), no significant differences to the CC were observed for the isolated ROM testing (p = 0.09 and 0.77). There was a small correlation between fascia stiffness decreases and ROM increases (r = - 0.25, p = 0.006) but no association was found between muscle stiffness decreases and ROM increases (p = 0.13-0.40). CONCLUSION Our study is the first to reveal stretch-induced changes in fascia stiffness. Changes of fascia`s but not muscle`s mechanical properties may contribute to increased ROM following stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, 8020, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, 9020, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria.
| | - Thomas Rabitsch
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, 9020, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Patrik Dobert
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, 9020, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Jan Wilke
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, 9020, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
- Department of Neuromotorics and Movement, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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Takeuchi K, Nakamura M, Fukaya T, Konrad A, Mizuno T. Acute and Long-Term Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle-Tendon Unit Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:465-475. [PMID: 37711702 PMCID: PMC10499138 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Static stretching can increase the range of motion of a joint. Muscle-tendon unit stiffness (MTS) is potentially one of the main factors that influences the change in the range of motion after static stretching. However, to date, the effects of acute and long-term static stretching on MTS are not well understood. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of acute and long-term static stretching training on MTS, in young healthy participants. PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO published before January 6, 2023, were searched and finally, 17 papers were included in the meta-analysis. Main meta-analysis was performed with a random-effect model and subgroup analyses, which included comparisons of sex (male vs. mixed sex and female) and muscle (hamstrings vs. plantar flexors) were also performed. Furthermore, a meta-regression was conducted to examine the effect of total stretching duration on MTS. For acute static stretching, the result of the meta-analysis showed a moderate decrease in MTS (effect size = -0.772, Z = -2.374, 95% confidence interval = -1.409 - -0.325, p = 0.018, I2 = 79.098). For long-term static stretching, there is no significant change in MTS (effect size = -0.608, Z = -1.761, 95% CI = -1.284 - 0.069, p = 0.078, I2 = 83.061). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between sex (long-term, p = 0.209) or muscle (acute, p =0.295; long-term, p = 0.427). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between total stretching duration and MTS in acute static stretching (p = 0.011, R2 = 0.28), but not in long-term stretching (p = 0.085, R2 < 0.01). Whilst MTS decreased after acute static stretching, only a tendency of a decrease was seen after long-term stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki-cho, Saga, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University, Togane-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
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3
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Kasahara K, Konrad A, Yoshida R, Murakami Y, Sato S, Koizumi R, Behm DG, Nakamura M. Comparison of Isolated or Combined Static Stretching and Foam Rolling on Knee Extensors' Function. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:389-396. [PMID: 37711712 PMCID: PMC10499120 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Static stretching (SS), foam rolling (FR), and a combination of both are used as warm-ups for sports and training. However, no reports have compared or examined the warm-up effects of short-term interventions (i.e., 30-s). Therefore, this study was designed to compare and examine the effects of short-term SS, FR, and SS+FR on knee extensors. The dominant knee extensors of 14 male university students (22.0 ± 1.3 years old) were tested. Five conditions were randomized: 60-s SS, 60-s FR, 30-s SS+ 30-s FR, 30-s SS, and 30-s FR to examine differences in intervention method, duration, and combined. The measures were knee flexion range of motion (ROM), pain pressure threshold (PPT), tissue hardness, maximum voluntary contraction-isometric (MVC-ISO), and MVC-concentric (MVC-CON) torques, measured before and after the intervention. Knee flexion ROM (d = 0.40, d = 0.59, d = 0.54, d = 0.59, d = 0.52 respectively) and PPT (d = 0.77, d = 0.60, d = 0.90, d = 0.74, d = 0.52, respectively) were significantly increased (p < 0.01), and tissue hardness (d = -0.79, d = -0.63, d = -0.53, d = -0.59, d = -0.72, respectively) was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in all conditions. However, MVC-ISO decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in the 60-s SS and 30-s SS conditions but did not affect MVC-CON in all conditions. The results of this study revealed that SS, FR, and SS+FR interventions for a short-term as a warm-up before exercise were effective in increasing ROM, PPT, and decreasing tissue hardness. However, SS intervention with more than 30-s on the knee extensors decreased muscle strength, so short-term FR intervention is recommended when the goal is to increase ROM while maintaining both MVC-ISO and MVC-CON torques. Similarly, a short-term FR intervention after a short-term SS can eliminate the effect of strength impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryoma Koizumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, 842-8585, Japan
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Imagawa N, Mizuno Y, Nakata I, Komoto N, Sakebayashi H, Shigetoh H, Kodama T, Miyazaki J. The Impact of Stretching Intensities on Neural and Autonomic Responses: Implications for Relaxation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6890. [PMID: 37571672 PMCID: PMC10422553 DOI: 10.3390/s23156890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretching is an effective exercise for increasing body flexibility and pain relief. This study investigates the relationship between stretching intensity and relaxation effects, focusing on brainwaves and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. We used a crossover design with low- and high-intensity conditions to elucidate the impact of varying stretching intensities on neural activity associated with relaxation in 19 healthy young adults. Participants completed mood questionnaires. Electroencephalography (EEG) and plethysmography measurements were also obtained before, during, and after stretching sessions. The hamstring muscle was targeted for stretching, with intensity conditions based on the Point of Discomfort. Data analysis included wavelet analysis for EEG, plethysmography data, and repeated-measures ANOVA to differentiate mood, ANS activity, and brain activity related to stretching intensity. Results demonstrated no significant differences between ANS and brain activity based on stretching intensity. However, sympathetic nervous activity showed higher activity during the rest phases than in the stretch phases. Regarding brain activity, alpha and beta waves showed higher activity during the rest phases than in the stretch phases. A negative correlation between alpha waves and sympathetic nervous activities was observed in high-intensity conditions. However, a positive correlation between beta waves and parasympathetic nervous activities was found in low-intensity conditions. Our findings suggest that stretching can induce interactions between the ANS and brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hayato Shigetoh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yamada-cho, Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan (T.K.)
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Bryant J, Cooper DJ, Peters DM, Cook MD. The Effects of Static Stretching Intensity on Range of Motion and Strength: A Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020037. [PMID: 37092369 PMCID: PMC10123604 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence on the outcomes of using different intensities of static stretching on range of motion (ROM) and strength. PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane controlled trials databases were searched between October 2021 and February 2022 for studies that examined the effects of different static stretching intensities on range of motion and strength. Out of 6285 identified records, 18 studies were included in the review. Sixteen studies examined outcomes on ROM and four on strength (two studies included outcomes on both ROM and strength). All studies demonstrated that static stretching increased ROM; however, eight studies demonstrated that higher static stretching intensities led to larger increases in ROM. Two of the four studies demonstrated that strength decreased more following higher intensity stretching versus lower intensity stretching. It appears that higher intensity static stretching above the point of discomfort and pain may lead to greater increases in ROM, but further research is needed to confirm this. It is unclear if high-intensity static stretching leads to a larger acute decrease in strength than lower intensity static stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bryant
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Darren J Cooper
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Derek M Peters
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Matthew David Cook
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
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Preliminary investigation of the effects of sitting with and without short active breaks on muscle stiffness assessed with shear-wave elastography. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-023-01051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this preliminary study was to compare the effects of 1-h sitting with and without short active breaks on muscle stiffness as measured by shear-wave elastography (SWE).
Methods
The participants (7 females, 3 males; age: 24.9 ± 1.2 years) completed two (with and without active breaks) 1-h sitting exposures on separate days. Active breaks (2–3 min) were performed at 20 min and 40 min time marks and comprised simple stretching and activation exercises. Before, during (30 min) and after (1 h) of sitting, shear modulus of upper trapezius, lumbar region of erector spinae and rectus femoris muscles was measured with SWE.
Results
Statistically significant effects of sitting exposure in erector spinae muscle stiffness were noted (p = 0.041; η2 = 0.38). There were no other statistically significant effects of sitting exposure or condition (with/without breaks).
Conclusions
Although few statistically significant effects were detected, the trends in this preliminary trial suggest that prolonged sitting increases muscle stiffness and warrants further investigation of short active breaks with larger sample sizes.
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Takeuchi K, Nakamura M, Matsuo S, Akizuki K, Mizuno T. Effects of Speed and Amplitude of Dynamic Stretching on the Flexibility and Strength of the Hamstrings. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:608-615. [PMID: 36523896 PMCID: PMC9741718 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic stretching for more than 90 seconds is useful for improving muscle strength, although dynamic stretching for 30 seconds or less is commonly used in sports settings. The effects of dynamic stretching are influenced by the speed and amplitude of stretching, but no study examined these factors for 30 seconds of dynamic stretching. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of speed (fast- or slow-speed) and amplitude (normal- or wide amplitude) of dynamic stretching for 30 seconds on the strength (peak torque during maximum isokinetic concentric contraction) and flexibility (range of motion, passive torque at maximum knee extension angle, and muscle-tendon unit stiffness) of the hamstrings. The passive torque and muscle-tendon unit stiffness reflect stretching tolerance and viscoelastic properties of the hamstrings, respectively. Fifteen healthy participants performed 4 types of 30 seconds of dynamic stretching. The muscle strength and flexibility were measured before and immediately after the dynamic stretching. The range of motion did not change after dynamic stretching at low speed and normal amplitude (p = 0.12, d = 0.59, 103.3%), but it was increased by other interventions (p < 0.01, d = 0.90-1.25, 104.5-110.1%). In all interventions, the passive torque increased (main effect for time, p < 0.01, d = 0.51 - 0.74, 111.0 - 126.9%), and muscle-tendon unit stiffness did not change. The muscle strength increased only after dynamic stretching at fast speed with normal amplitude (p < 0.01, d = 0.79, 107.1%). The results of the present study indicated that 30 seconds of dynamic stretching at fast speed and with normal amplitude can be beneficial for the measured parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kobe International University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, 9-1-6 Koyocho-naka, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0032, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki-cho, Saga, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsuo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Akizuki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Mejiro University, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
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Zhu Y, Feng Y, Huang F, Li Y, Wang W, Wang X, Cao X, Zhang Z. Changes in stiffness of the specific regions of knee extensor mechanism after static stretching. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:958242. [PMID: 36046676 PMCID: PMC9420945 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.958242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased muscle stiffness could reduce musculotendinous injury risk in sports and rehabilitation settings. Static stretching (SS) has been used to increase the flexibility of muscles and reduce muscle stiffness, but the effects of SS on the stiffness of specific regions of the knee extensor mechanism are unclear. The quadriceps femoris and patellar tendon are essential components of the knee extensor mechanism and play an important role in knee motion. Therefore, we explored the acute and prolonged effects of SS on the stiffness of the quadriceps femoris and patellar tendon and knee flexion range of motion (ROM). Thirty healthy male subjects participated in the study. Three 60-s SS with 30-s intervals were conducted in right knee flexion with 30° hip extension. We measured the ROM and stiffness of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris (RF) and the proximal-(PPT), middle-(MPT), and distal-(DPT) region stiffness of the patellar tendon before and immediately after SS intervention, or 5 and 10 min after SS. The stiffness of the quadriceps muscle and patellar tendon were measured using MyotonPRO, and the knee flexion ROM was evaluated using a medical goniometer. Our outcomes showed that the ROM was increased after SS intervention in all-time conditions (p < 0.01). Additionally, the results showed that the stiffness of RF (p < 0.01) and PPT (p = 0.03) were decreased immediately after SS intervention. These results suggested that SS intervention could be useful to increase knee flexion ROM and temporarily reduce the stiffness of specific regions of the knee extensor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchun Zhu
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Fangchao Huang
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Yapeng Li
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqiang Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Cao
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijie Zhang,
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Nakamura M, Suzuki Y, Yoshida R, Kasahara K, Murakami Y, Hirono T, Nishishita S, Takeuchi K, Konrad A. The Time-Course Changes in Knee Flexion Range of Motion, Muscle Strength, and Rate of Force Development After Static Stretching. Front Physiol 2022; 13:917661. [PMID: 35721554 PMCID: PMC9201101 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.917661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that longer-duration static stretching (SS) interventions can cause a decrease in muscle strength, especially explosive muscle strength. Furthermore, force steadiness is an important aspect of muscle force control, which should also be considered. However, the time course of the changes in these variables after an SS intervention remains unclear. Nevertheless, this information is essential for athletes and coaches to establish optimal warm-up routines. The aim of this study was to investigate the time course of changes in knee flexion range of motion (ROM), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), rate of force development (RFD), and force steadiness (at 5 and 20% of MVIC) after three 60-s SS interventions. Study participants were sedentary healthy adult volunteers (n = 20) who performed three 60-s SS interventions of the knee extensors, where these variables were measured before and after SS intervention at three different periods, i.e., immediately after, 10 min, and 20 min the SS intervention (crossover design). The results showed an increase in ROM at all time points (d = 0.86-1.01). MVIC was decreased immediately after the SS intervention (d = -0.30), but MVIC showed a recovery trend for both 10 min (d = -0.17) and 20 min (d = -0.20) after the SS intervention. However, there were significant impairments in RFD at 100 m (p = 0.014, F = 6.37, ηp 2 = 0.101) and 200 m (p < 0.01, F = 28.0, ηp 2 = 0.33) up to 20 min after the SS intervention. Similarly, there were significant impairments in force steadiness of 5% (p < 0.01, F = 16.2, ηp 2 = 0.221) and 20% MVIC (p < 0.01, F = 16.0, ηp 2 = 0.219) at 20 min after the SS intervention. Therefore, it is concluded that three 60-s SS interventions could increase knee flexion ROM but impair explosive muscle strength and muscle control function until 20 min after the SS intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Japan,*Correspondence: Masatoshi Nakamura, ; Andreas Konrad,
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan,S/PARK Business Planning Group, MIRAI Technology Institute, R&D Integrated Operation Department, Shiseido Co, Ltd., Global Innovation Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirono
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishishita
- Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka, Japan,Kansai Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria,*Correspondence: Masatoshi Nakamura, ; Andreas Konrad,
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Fukaya T, Sato S, Yahata K, Yoshida R, Takeuchi K, Nakamura M. Effects of stretching intensity on range of motion and muscle stiffness: A narrative review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022; 32:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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