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Ronsmans S, Le Moual N, Dumas O. Update on irritant-induced occupational asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 23:63-69. [PMID: 36729951 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this narrative review, we aim to highlight novel research findings on both acute/subacute irritant-induced asthma (IIA) and chronic exposure IIA (also called 'low dose' IIA). RECENT FINDINGS Novel case series showed that acute and subacute IIA cases had similar causal agents (e.g., acid or base aerosols/fumes, dusts, mixtures) but had occurred in different circumstances (accidents vs. regular work). Acute and subacute IIA cases had similar clinical characteristics but poorer short-term outcomes than sensitizer-induced occupational asthma patients. Novel large epidemiological studies reported associations between chronic occupational exposure to irritants and current adult-onset asthma and poor asthma control, and with a specific asthma endotype characterized by neutrophilic inflammation and oxidative stress. Recent studies reconfirmed the association of the use of disinfectants and cleaning products (especially sprays) with IIA. A role for genetic susceptibility has been suggested. SUMMARY Recent literature provided further understanding of both acute/subacute and chronic exposure IIA, in terms of causes, possible mechanisms, and consequences such as poor asthma control. Research is needed to clarify several aspects of IIA, including its frequency (still likely underestimated), modulating factors, and mechanisms. Research aiming at improving irritant exposure assessment, including intensity/duration, and determining relevant exposure windows would be welcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ronsmans
- KU Leuven, Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Le Moual
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie respiratoire intégrative, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Orianne Dumas
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie respiratoire intégrative, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France
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Losol P, Sokolowska M, Chang YS. Interactions between microbiome and underlying mechanisms in asthma. Respir Med 2023; 208:107118. [PMID: 36641058 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome primes host innate immunity in utero and play fundamental roles in the development, training, and function of the immune system throughout the life. Interplay between the microbiome and immune system maintains mucosal homeostasis, while alterations of microbial community dysregulate immune responses, leading to distinct phenotypic features of immune-mediated diseases including asthma. Microbial imbalance within the mucosal environments, including upper and lower airways, skin, and gut, has consistently been observed in asthma patients and linked to increased asthma exacerbations and severity. Microbiome research has increased to uncover hidden microbial members, function, and immunoregulatory effects of bacterial metabolites within the mucosa. This review provides an overview of environmental and genetic factors that modulate the composition and function of the microbiome, and the impacts of microbiome metabolites and skin microbiota on immune regulation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purevsuren Losol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Herman-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Wang J, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Tu W, Wan R, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Trivedi R, Gao P. Type II alveolar epithelial cell aryl hydrocarbon receptor protects against allergic airway inflammation through controlling cell autophagy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964575. [PMID: 35935956 PMCID: PMC9355649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, has been considered as an important regulator for immune diseases. We have previously shown that AhR protects against allergic airway inflammation. The underlying mechanism, however, remains undetermined. Objectives We sought to determine whether AhR specifically in type II alveolar epithelial cells (AT2) modulates allergic airway inflammation and its underlying mechanisms. Methods The role of AhR in AT2 cells in airway inflammation was investigated in a mouse model of asthma with AhR conditional knockout mice in AT2 cells (Sftpc-Cre;AhRf/f ). The effect of AhR on allergen-induced autophagy was examined by both in vivo and in vitro analyses. The involvement of autophagy in airway inflammation was analyzed by using autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. The AhR-regulated gene profiling in AT2 cells was also investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Results Sftpc-Cre;AhRf/f mice showed exacerbation of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation with elevated Th2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Notably, an increased allergen-induced autophagy was observed in the lung tissues of Sftpc-Cre;AhRf/f mice when compared with wild-type mice. Further analyses suggested a functional axis of AhR-TGF-β1 that is critical in driving allergic airway inflammation through regulating allergen-induced cellular autophagy. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine significantly suppressed cockroach allergen-induced airway inflammation, Th2 cytokines in BALFs, and expression of autophagy-related genes LC3 and Atg5 in the lung tissues. In addition, RNA-seq analysis suggests that autophagy is one of the major pathways and that CALCOCO2/NDP52 and S1009 are major autophagy-associated genes in AT2 cells that may contribute to the AhR-mediated cockroach allergen-induced airway inflammation and, subsequently, allergic asthma. Conclusion These results suggest that AhR in AT2 cells functions as a protective mechanism against allergic airway inflammation through controlling cell autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Tu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Respirology and Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongjun Wan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingchun Shen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruchik Trivedi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peisong Gao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Peisong Gao,
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