1
|
Korn T, Hansen UP, Gabriel TS, Rauh O, Drexler N, Schroeder I. Binding kinetics of quaternary ammonium ions in Kcv potassium channels. Channels (Austin) 2024; 18:2402749. [PMID: 39383513 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2024.2402749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Kcv channels from plant viruses represent the autonomous pore module of potassium channels, devoid of any regulatory domains. These small proteins show very reproducible single-channel behavior in planar lipid bilayers. Thus, they are an optimum system for the study of the biophysics of ion transport and gating. Structural models based on homology modeling have been used successfully, but experimental structural data are currently not available. Here we determine the size of the cytosolic pore entrance by studying the blocker kinetics. Blocker binding and dissociation rate constants ranging from 0.01 to 1000 ms-1 were determined for different quaternary ammonium ions. We found that the cytosolic pore entrance of KcvNTS must be at least 11 Å wide. The results further indicate that the residues controlling a cytosolic gate in one of the Kcv isoforms influence blocker binding/dissociation as well as a second gate even when the cytosolic gate is in the open state. The voltage dependence of the rate constant of blocker release is used to test, which blockers bind to the same binding site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Korn
- Plant Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Hansen
- Department of Structural Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Rauh
- Plant Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nils Drexler
- Physiology II, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Indra Schroeder
- Plant Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Physiology II, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saponaro A, Krumbach JH, Chaves-Sanjuan A, Sharifzadeh AS, Porro A, Castelli R, Hamacher K, Bolognesi M, DiFrancesco D, Clarke OB, Thiel G, Moroni A. Structural determinants of ivabradine block of the open pore of HCN4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402259121. [PMID: 38917012 PMCID: PMC11228525 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402259121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
HCN1-4 channels are the molecular determinants of the If/Ih current that crucially regulates cardiac and neuronal cell excitability. HCN dysfunctions lead to sinoatrial block (HCN4), epilepsy (HCN1), and chronic pain (HCN2), widespread medical conditions awaiting subtype-specific treatments. Here, we address the problem by solving the cryo-EM structure of HCN4 in complex with ivabradine, to date the only HCN-specific drug on the market. Our data show ivabradine bound inside the open pore at 3 Å resolution. The structure unambiguously proves that Y507 and I511 on S6 are the molecular determinants of ivabradine binding to the inner cavity, while F510, pointing outside the pore, indirectly contributes to the block by controlling Y507. Cysteine 479, unique to the HCN selectivity filter (SF), accelerates the kinetics of block. Molecular dynamics simulations further reveal that ivabradine blocks the permeating ion inside the SF by electrostatic repulsion, a mechanism previously proposed for quaternary ammonium ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Saponaro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Jan H Krumbach
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
- Department of Biology and Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | | | | | - Alessandro Porro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Roberta Castelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Kay Hamacher
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
- Department of Biology and Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | | | - Dario DiFrancesco
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics-Milan, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Oliver B Clarke
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Gerhard Thiel
- Department of Biology and Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Anna Moroni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics-Milan, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rauh O, Opper J, Sturm M, Drexler N, Scheub DD, Hansen UP, Thiel G, Schroeder I. Role of ion distribution and energy barriers for concerted motion of subunits in selectivity filter gating of a K+ channel. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|