The Programming of Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Lipid Metabolism in Dojo Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) Larvae Linked to Sodium Chloride and Hydrogen Peroxide Pre-treatment During Egg Hatching

Role of NF-κB signaling pathway in H2O2-induced oxidative stress of hiPSCs

The balance between oxidation and antioxidation is crucial for the development of embryo. It is harmful to the early embryonic development if embryonic stem cells (ESCs) encounter the serious oxidative stress in vivo. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are very similar to ESCs and are the important cell source to replace ESCs for research and therapy. Studies show that iPSCs have better resistant ability to oxidative stress, but the involved mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we predicted that the NF-κB pathway might be involved in H2O2-induced developmental damage by network toxicology analysis. Then, the oxidative stress model was established with different concentrations of H2O2 to investigate the mechanism of NF-κB pathway in oxidative stress of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The results showed as follows: With the increase of H2O2 concentration, the ROS level gradually went up leading to an increasing damage degree of hiPSCs; however, the MDA content was obviously high only in the 400 μM H2O2 group; the activities of some antioxidant indexes such as SOD2 and T-AOC were significantly upregulated in the 100 μM group, while most of antioxidant indexes showed downregulated tendency to different degrees with the increase of H2O2 concentration. The expression levels of P65, P50, IκB, SOD2, and FHC mRNA were upregulated in most H2O2-treated groups, showing a dose-dependent relationship. In subsequent experiments, the inhibitor of IκB-α phosphorylation, Bay11-7082, reversed the upregulation of P65, IκB, and FHC mRNA expression induced by 400 μM H2O2. The protein levels of P65, p-P65, P50, p-P50, IκB, p-IκB, SOD2, and FHC were upregulated in most H2O2-treated groups. However, the upregulation induced by 400 μM H2O2 could be reversed by BAY 11-7082, except for IκB and SOD2. In conclusion, H2O2 could promote the expressions and phosphorylations of NF-κB that could upregulate the expressions of its downstream antioxidant genes to minimize the damage of hiPSCs caused by oxidative stress. These results contribute to a fundamental understanding of the antioxidant mechanism of iPSCs and will further facilitate the application of iPSCs, as well as provide a reference for controlling the oxidative stress encountered in the early development stage of embryo.

The transcriptome sequencing analysis reveals immune mechanisms of soybean fermented powder on the loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) in response to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infection

The loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), a small commercial fish that is widely cultivated for its high-quality protein, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acid, is a member of the genus Misgurnus and the family Cyprinidae. In this study, we gave the LPS-injected loach fermented soybean meal and used transcriptome sequencing to investigate the impact of the fermented soybean powder on the loach's immune system. 3384 up-regulated genes and 12116 down-regulated genes were found among the 15500 differentially expressed genes, according to the results. The differentially expressed genes were shown to be involved in cellular processes, metabolic processes, cellular anatomical entities, and binding, according to the Go functional annotation. Meanwhile, the KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the soybean fermented powder treated groups showed significant differences in DNA replication, Nucleotide excision repair, Fanconi anemia pathway, and Base excision repair pathways, suggesting that these pathways are closely related to the enhancement of the immune function of loach by soybean fermented powder. The particular conclusions not exclusively can provide a new conception for the rational utilization of soybean fermented powder but also can provide theoretical guidance for the subsequent healthy breeding of loach.