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Pan YZ, Talifu Z, Wang XX, Ke H, Zhang CJ, Xu X, Yang DG, Yu Y, Du LJ, Gao F, Li JJ. Combined use of CLP290 and bumetanide alleviates neuropathic pain and its mechanism after spinal cord injury in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e70045. [PMID: 39267289 PMCID: PMC11393004 DOI: 10.1111/cns.70045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM We aimed to explore whether the combination of CLP290 and bumetanide maximally improves neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury (SCI) and its possible molecular mechanism. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into five groups: Sham, SCI + vehicle, SCI + CLP290, SCI + bumetanide, and SCI + combination (CLP290 + bumetanide). Drug administration commenced on the 7th day post-injury (7 dpi) and continued for 14 days. All rats underwent behavioral assessments for 56 days to comprehensively evaluate the effects of interventions on mechanical pain, thermal pain, cold pain, motor function, and other relevant parameters. Electrophysiological assessments, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence detection were performed at different timepoints post-injury, with a specific focus on the expression and changes of KCC2 and NKCC1 proteins in the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord. RESULTS CLP290 and bumetanide alleviated SCI-associated hypersensitivity and locomotor function, with the combination providing enhanced recovery. The combined treatment group exhibited the most significant improvement in restoring Rate-Dependent Depression (RDD) levels. In the combined treatment group and the two individual drug administration groups, the upregulation of potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (K+-Cl-cotransporter 2, KCC2) expression and downregulation of sodium potassium chloride cotransporter 1 (Na+-K+-Cl-cotransporter 1, NKCC1) expression in the lumbar enlargement area resulted in a significant increase in the KCC2/NKCC1 ratio compared to the SCI + vehicle group, with the most pronounced improvement seen in the combined treatment group. Compared to the SCI + vehicle group, the SCI + bumetanide group showed no significant paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) improvement at 21 and 35 dpi, but a notable enhancement at 56 dpi. In contrast, the SCI + CLP290 group significantly improved PWTL at 21 days, with non-significant changes at 35 and 56 days. At 21 dpi, KCC2 expression was marginally higher in monotherapy groups versus SCI + vehicle, but not significantly. At 56 dpi, only the SCI + bumetanide group showed a significant difference in KCC2 expression compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Combined application of CLP290 and bumetanide effectively increases the ratio of KCC2/NKCC1, restores RDD levels, enhances GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory function in the spinal cord, and relieves neuropathic pain in SCI; Bumetanide significantly improves neuropathic pain in the long term, whereas CLP290 demonstrates a notable short-term effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhu Pan
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuliyaer Talifu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
| | - Han Ke
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Jia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
| | - De-Gang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Jie Du
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
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Brown BL, Anil N, States G, Whittemore SR, Magnuson DSK. Long ascending propriospinal neurons are heterogenous and subject to spinal cord injury induced anatomic plasticity. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114631. [PMID: 38070723 PMCID: PMC10922963 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Long ascending propriospinal neurons (LAPNs) are a subset of spinal interneurons that provide direct connectivity between distant spinal segments. Here, we focus specifically on an anatomically defined population of "inter-enlargement" LAPNs with cell bodies at L2/3 and terminals at C5/6. Previous studies showed that silencing LAPNs in awake and freely moving animals disrupted interlimb coordination of the hindlimbs, forelimbs, and heterolateral limb pairs. Surprisingly, despite a proportion of LAPNs being anatomically intact post- spinal cord injury (SCI), silencing them improved locomotor function but only influenced coordination of the hindlimb pair. Given the functional significance of LAPNs pre- and post-SCI, we characterized their anatomy and SCI-induced anatomical plasticity. This detailed anatomical characterization revealed three morphologically distinct subsets of LAPNs that differ in soma size, neurite complexity and/or neurite orientation. Following a mild thoracic contusive SCI there was a marked shift in neurite orientation in two of the LAPN subsets to a more dorsoventral orientation, and collateral densities decreased in the cervical enlargement but increased just caudal to the injury epicenter. These post-SCI anatomical changes potentially reflect maladaptive plasticity and an effort to establish new functional inputs from sensory afferents that sprout post-SCI to achieve circuitry homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Brown
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Neha Anil
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Gregory States
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - David S K Magnuson
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
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Wu J, Jin M, Tran Q, Kim M, Kim SI, Shin J, Park H, Shin N, Kang H, Shin HJ, Lee SY, Cui SB, Lee CJ, Lee WH, Kim DW. Employing the sustained-release properties of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles to reveal a novel mechanism of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 in neuropathic pain. Transl Res 2024; 263:53-72. [PMID: 37678757 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is caused by injury or disease of the somatosensory system, and its course is usually chronic. Several studies have been dedicated to investigating neuropathic pain-related targets; however, little attention has been paid to the persistent alterations that these targets, some of which may be crucial to the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. The present study aimed to identify potential targets that may play a crucial role in neuropathic pain and validate their long-term impact. Through bioinformatics analysis of RNA sequencing results, we identified Slc9a1 and validated the reduced expression of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), the protein that Slc9a1 encodes, in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. Colocalization analysis revealed that NHE1 is primarily co-localized with vesicular glutamate transporter 2-positive neurons. In vitro experiments confirmed that poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles loaded with siRNA successfully inhibited NHE1 in SH-SY5Y cells, lowered intracellular pH, and increased intracellular calcium concentrations. In vivo experiments showed that sustained suppression of spinal NHE1 expression by siRNA-loaded nanoparticles resulted in delayed hyperalgesia in naïve and SNL model rats, whereas amiloride-induced transient suppression of NHE1 expression yielded no significant changes in pain sensitivity. We identified Slc9a1, which encodes NHE1, as a key gene in neuropathic pain. Utilizing the sustained release properties of nanoparticles enabled us to elucidate the chronic role of decreased NHE1 expression, establishing its significance in the mechanisms of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wu
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Yanji Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Meiling Jin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Quangdon Tran
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Laboratories, Hai Phong International Hospital, Hai Phong City, Vietnam
| | - Minwoo Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song I Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kang
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Life Science Cluster, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeul Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Biao Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Life Science Cluster, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyung Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Marunaka Y. Physiological roles of chloride ions in bodily and cellular functions. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:31. [PMID: 37968609 PMCID: PMC10717538 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Physiological roles of Cl-, a major anion in the body, are not well known compared with those of cations. This review article introduces: (1) roles of Cl- in bodily and cellular functions; (2) the range of cytosolic Cl- concentration ([Cl-]c); (3) whether [Cl-]c could change with cell volume change under an isosmotic condition; (4) whether [Cl-]c could change under conditions where multiple Cl- transporters and channels contribute to Cl- influx and efflux in an isosmotic state; (5) whether the change in [Cl-]c could be large enough to act as signals; (6) effects of Cl- on cytoskeletal tubulin polymerization through inhibition of GTPase activity and tubulin polymerization-dependent biological activity; (7) roles of cytosolic Cl- in cell proliferation; (8) Cl--regulatory mechanisms of ciliary motility; (9) roles of Cl- in sweet/umami taste receptors; (10) Cl--regulatory mechanisms of with-no-lysine kinase (WNK); (11) roles of Cl- in regulation of epithelial Na+ transport; (12) relationship between roles of Cl- and H+ in body functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Marunaka
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, General Incorporated Foundation, 67 Kitatsuboi-Cho, Nishinokyo, Nakagyo-Ku, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan.
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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Fogarty MJ. Inhibitory Synaptic Influences on Developmental Motor Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086962. [PMID: 37108127 PMCID: PMC10138861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, GABA and glycine play major trophic and synaptic roles in the establishment of the neuromotor system. In this review, we summarise the formation, function and maturation of GABAergic and glycinergic synapses within neuromotor circuits during development. We take special care to discuss the differences in limb and respiratory neuromotor control. We then investigate the influences that GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmission has on two major developmental neuromotor disorders: Rett syndrome and spastic cerebral palsy. We present these two syndromes in order to contrast the approaches to disease mechanism and therapy. While both conditions have motor dysfunctions at their core, one condition Rett syndrome, despite having myriad symptoms, has scientists focused on the breathing abnormalities and their alleviation-to great clinical advances. By contrast, cerebral palsy remains a scientific quagmire or poor definitions, no widely adopted model and a lack of therapeutic focus. We conclude that the sheer abundance of diversity of inhibitory neurotransmitter targets should provide hope for intractable conditions, particularly those that exhibit broad spectra of dysfunction-such as spastic cerebral palsy and Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Lam P, Newland J, Faull RLM, Kwakowsky A. Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Molecules 2023; 28:1344. [PMID: 36771011 PMCID: PMC9920462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Down syndrome and epilepsy, and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, are conditions that affect not only individuals but societies on a global scale. Current therapies offer a means for small symptomatic relief, but recently there has been increasing demand for therapeutic alternatives. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic signaling system has been investigated for developing new therapies as it has been noted that any dysfunction or changes to this system can contribute to disease progression. Expression of the K-Cl-2 (KCC2) and N-K-C1-1 (NKCC1) cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) has recently been linked to the disruption of GABAergic activity by affecting the polarity of GABAA receptor signaling. KCC2 and NKCC1 play a part in multiple neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, making them a target of interest for potential therapies. This review explores current research suggesting the pathophysiological role and therapeutic importance of KCC2 and NKCC1 in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lam
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Julia Newland
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Kwakowsky
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
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