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Ramdani S, Haddiya I. Updates in the management of hypertension. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:3514-3521. [PMID: 38846840 PMCID: PMC11152838 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000002052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases and nephropathies. Its treatment and management require long-term follow-up which can be facilitated by the emergence of device-based therapies. Novel recommendations have been well described in the latest ESH guidelines as well as new risk factors have been identified. The authors summarized the published evidence on hypertension management. The authors also cited in this review novel treatment approaches in different settings and the intervention of medication adherence in treatment success. Such non-communicable disease requires long-term follow-up and monitoring, which is quite facilitated in the era of digitalization by cuff-less devices based on prediction tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramdani
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, University Mohammed First
| | - Intissar Haddiya
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, University Mohammed First
- Department of Nephrology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco
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2
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Zhang L, Han Y, Wu X, Chen B, Liu S, Huang J, Kong L, Wang G, Ye Z. Research progress on the mechanism of curcumin in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury: a narrative review. Apoptosis 2023; 28:1285-1303. [PMID: 37358747 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can result in different levels of cerebral impairment, and in severe cases, death. Curcumin, an essential bioactive component of turmeric, has a rich history as a traditional medicine for various ailments in numerous countries. Experimental and clinical research has established that curcumin offers a protective effect against cerebral I/R injury. Curcumin exerts its protective effects by acting on specific mechanisms such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, inhibition of ferroptosis and pyroptosis, protection of mitochondrial function and structure, reduction of excessive autophagy, and improvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which ultimately help to preserve the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reducing apoptosis. There is currently a shortage of drugs undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury, highlighting the pressing need for research and development of novel treatments to address this injury. The primary objective of this study is to establish a theoretical basis for future clinical applications of curcumin by delineating the mechanisms and protective effects of curcumin against cerebral I/R injury. Adapted with permission from [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- JinFeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Yibo Han
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xuelan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Shuaiyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Junyang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Lingwen Kong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- JinFeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Zhiyi Ye
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- JinFeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
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Phua TJ. Understanding human aging and the fundamental cell signaling link in age-related diseases: the middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1196648. [PMID: 37384143 PMCID: PMC10293850 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1196648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging-related hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation pathophysiology are closely associated with human age-related carcinogenesis and chronic diseases. However, the connection between hypoxia and hormonal cell signaling pathways is unclear, but such human age-related comorbid diseases do coincide with the middle-aging period of declining sex hormonal signaling. This scoping review evaluates the relevant interdisciplinary evidence to assess the systems biology of function, regulation, and homeostasis in order to discern and decipher the etiology of the connection between hypoxia and hormonal signaling in human age-related comorbid diseases. The hypothesis charts the accumulating evidence to support the development of a hypoxic milieu and oxidative stress-inflammation pathophysiology in middle-aged individuals, as well as the induction of amyloidosis, autophagy, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in aging-related degeneration. Taken together, this new approach and strategy can provide the clarity of concepts and patterns to determine the causes of declining vascularity hemodynamics (blood flow) and physiological oxygenation perfusion (oxygen bioavailability) in relation to oxygen homeostasis and vascularity that cause hypoxia (hypovascularity hypoxia). The middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis could provide the mechanistic interface connecting the endocrine, nitric oxide, and oxygen homeostasis signaling that is closely linked to the progressive conditions of degenerative hypertrophy, atrophy, fibrosis, and neoplasm. An in-depth understanding of these intrinsic biological processes of the developing middle-aged hypoxia could provide potential new strategies for time-dependent therapies in maintaining healthspan for healthy lifestyle aging, medical cost savings, and health system sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teow J. Phua
- Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Tong Y, Zhou MH, Li SP, Zhao HM, Zhang YR, Chen D, Wu YX, Pang QF. MiR-155-5p Attenuates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Oxidative Stress and Migration via Inhibiting BACH1 Expression. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1679. [PMID: 37371773 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The malfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is an initiating factor in the pathogenesis of pathological vascular remodeling, including hypertension-related vascular lesions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of VSMC proliferation and migration in numerous cases of cardiovascular remodeling. The evidence for the regulatory role of miR-155-5p in the development of the cardiovascular system has been emerging. However, it was previously unclear whether miR-155-5p participated in the migration of VSMCs under hypertensive conditions. Thus, we aimed to define the exact role and action of miR-155-5p in VSMC migration by hypertension. Here, we detected that the level of miR-155-5p was lower in primary VSMCs from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Its overexpression attenuated, while its depletion accelerated, the migration and oxidative damage of VSMCs from SHRs. Our dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that miRNA-155-5p directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1). The miR-155-5p mimic inhibited BACH1 upregulation in SHR VSMCs. By contrast, the deletion of miR-155-5p further elevated the upregulation of BACH1 in SHR-derived VSMCs. Importantly, the overexpression of miR-155-5p and knockdown of BACH1 had synergistic effects on the inhibition of VSMCs in hypertension. Collectively, miR-155-5p attenuates VSMC migration and ameliorates vascular remodeling in SHRs, via suppressing BACH1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tong
- Department of Physiopathology, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Mei-Hui Zhou
- Department of Physiopathology, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Sheng-Peng Li
- Department of Physiopathology, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hui-Min Zhao
- Department of Physiopathology, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- Department of Physiopathology, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Physiopathology, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ya-Xian Wu
- Department of Physiopathology, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qing-Feng Pang
- Department of Physiopathology, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, China
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Zeng Z, Wang X, Cui L, Wang H, Guo J, Chen Y. Natural Products for the Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension: Mechanism, Progress, and Future Opportunities. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2351-2371. [PMID: 36975522 PMCID: PMC10047369 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a lethal disease due to the remodeling of pulmonary vessels. Its pathophysiological characteristics include increased pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to right heart failure and death. The pathological mechanism of PH is complex and includes inflammation, oxidative stress, vasoconstriction/diastolic imbalance, genetic factors, and ion channel abnormalities. Currently, many clinical drugs for the treatment of PH mainly play their role by relaxing pulmonary arteries, and the treatment effect is limited. Recent studies have shown that various natural products have unique therapeutic advantages for PH with complex pathological mechanisms owing to their multitarget characteristics and low toxicity. This review summarizes the main natural products and their pharmacological mechanisms in PH treatment to provide a useful reference for future research and development of new anti-PH drugs and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuomei Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lidan Cui
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yucai Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Y.C.)
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Funamoto M, Sunagawa Y, Katanasaka Y, Kato T, Funada J, Ajiro Y, Komiyama M, Akao M, Yasoda A, Yamakage H, Satoh-Asahara N, Wada H, Ikeda Y, Morimoto T, Hasegawa K. Effects of high-absorption curcumin for the prevention of hypertensive heart disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical study. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2022; 2:oeac057. [PMID: 36172003 PMCID: PMC9512148 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aims Hypertension is a strong risk factor for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Curcumin has p300-specific histone acetyltransferase inhibitory activity, suppresses cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, and significantly reduces myocardial brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) expression without altering blood pressure in a rat model of hypertensive heart disease. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study, for the first time, aimed to examine the efficacy of a high-absorption curcumin for the prevention of hypertensive heart disease in humans. Methods and results Patients exhibiting initial signs of hypertensive heart disease with left ventricular ejection fraction ≥60% and stable blood pressure <140/90 mmHg orally took a double-blinded capsule (either a 90 mg curcumin capsule or placebo) twice daily for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was per cent changes in left ventricular diastolic function (E/E′) from baseline to 6 months after administration. The secondary endpoint was the per cent change in plasma BNP levels. The E/E′ ratio per cent change from baseline to 6 months after administration was similar between the placebo (n = 69) and the curcumin (n = 73) groups. The per cent change in plasma BNP levels was significantly lower in the curcumin group than in the placebo group. In patients <65 years, BNP per cent changes were significantly lower in the curcumin group than in the placebo group, but similar between groups in ≥65 years (<65 vs. ≥65 years: P for interaction = 0.011). Conclusions A high-absorption curcumin agent did not affect the E/E′ ratio, rather it significantly inhibited the increase in plasma BNP levels in patients with initial signs of hypertensive heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Funamoto
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Toru Kato
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Tochigi Medical Center , Tochigi , Japan
| | - Junichi Funada
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Ehime Medical Center , Ehime , Japan
| | - Yoichi Ajiro
- Division of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Maki Komiyama
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
| | - Masaharu Akao
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
| | - Hajime Yamakage
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
| | - Hiromichi Wada
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
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Zhang L, Li C, Wang S, Avtanski D, Hadzi-Petrushev N, Mitrokhin V, Mladenov M, Wang F. Tetrahydrocurcumin-Related Vascular Protection: An Overview of the Findings from Animal Disease Models. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165100. [PMID: 36014335 PMCID: PMC9412611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), one of the major metabolites of CUR, possesses several CUR-like pharmacological effects; however, its mechanisms of action are largely unknown. This manuscript aims to summarize the literature on the preventive role of THC on vascular dysfunction and the development of hypertension by exploring the effects of THC on hemodynamic status, aortic elasticity, and oxidative stress in vasculature in different animal models. We review the protective effects of THC against hypertension induced by heavy metals (cadmium and iron), as well as its impact on arterial stiffness and vascular remodeling. The effects of THC on angiogenesis in CaSki xenografted mice and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are well documented. On the other hand, as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound, THC is involved in enhancing homocysteine-induced mitochondrial remodeling in brain endothelial cells. The experimental evidence regarding the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction during cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury and the therapeutic potential of THC to alleviate mitochondrial cerebral dysmorphic dysfunction patterns is also scrutinized and explored. Overall, the studies on different animal models of disease suggest that THC can be used as a dietary supplement to protect against cardiovascular changes caused by various factors (such as heavy metal overload, oxidative stress, and carcinogenesis). Additionally, the reviewed literature data seem to confirm THC's potential to improve mitochondrial dysfunction in cerebral vasculature during ischemic stroke through epigenetic mechanisms. We suggest that further preclinical studies should be implemented to demonstrate THC's vascular-protective, antiangiogenic, and anti-tumorigenic effects in humans. Applying the methods used in the presently reviewed studies would be useful and will help define the doses and methods of THC administration in various disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changhu Li
- Cancer Center, Division of Radiation Physics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sicheng Wang
- Medical Department, 6th City Clinical Hospital, 220037 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dimiter Avtanski
- Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Nikola Hadzi-Petrushev
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” University, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Vadim Mitrokhin
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street, 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mitko Mladenov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” University, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street, 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Feng Wang
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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Kang L, Zhang H, Jia C, Zhang R, Shen C. Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Therapeutic Perspectives of Phytochemicals. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:956355. [PMID: 35903342 PMCID: PMC9315394 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.956355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a major cause of disability worldwide that declines the quality of life; it poses a substantial economic burden for the patient and society. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is the main cause of low back pain, and it is also the pathological basis of several spinal degenerative diseases, such as intervertebral disc herniation and spinal stenosis. The current clinical drug treatment of IDD focuses on the symptoms and not their pathogenesis, which results in frequent recurrence and gradual aggravation. Moreover, the side effects associated with the long-term use of these drugs further limit their use. The pathological mechanism of IDD is complex, and oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in promoting IDD. They induce the destruction of the extracellular matrix in IVD and reduce the number of living cells and functional cells, thereby destroying the function of IVD and promoting the occurrence and development of IDD. Phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, grains, and other herbs play a protective role in the treatment of IDD as they have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This article reviews the protective effects of phytochemicals on IDD and their regulatory effects on different molecular pathways related to the pathogenesis of IDD. Moreover, the therapeutic limitations and future prospects of IDD treatment have also been reviewed. Phytochemicals are promising candidates for further development and research on IDD treatment.
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