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Wainwright CL, Walsh SK. Pharmacology of Non-Psychoactive Phytocannabinoids and Their Potential for Treatment of Cardiometabolic Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 39235486 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The use of Cannabis sativa by humans dates back to the third millennium BC, and it has been utilized in many forms for multiple purposes, including production of fibre and rope, as food and medicine, and (perhaps most notably) for its psychoactive properties for recreational use. The discovery of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) as the main psychoactive phytocannabinoid contained in cannabis by Gaoni and Mechoulam in 1964 (J Am Chem Soc 86, 1646-1647), was the first major step in cannabis research; since then the identification of the chemicals (phytocannabinoids) present in cannabis, the classification of the pharmacological targets of these compounds and the discovery that the body has its own endocannabinoid system (ECS) have highlighted the potential value of cannabis-derived compounds in the treatment of many diseases, such as neurological disorders and cancers. Although the use of Δ9-THC as a therapeutic agent is constrained by its psychoactive properties, there is growing evidence that non-psychoactive phytocannabinoids, derived from both Cannabis sativa and other plant species, as well as non-cannabinoid compounds found in Cannabis sativa, have real potential as therapeutics. This chapter will focus on the possibilities for using these compounds in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and related metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry L Wainwright
- Centre for Cardiometabolic Health Research, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Sarah K Walsh
- Centre for Cardiometabolic Health Research, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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Nachnani R, Sepulveda DE, Booth JL, Zhou S, Graziane NM, Raup-Konsavage WM, Vrana KE. Chronic Cannabigerol as an Effective Therapeutic for Cisplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1442. [PMID: 37895913 PMCID: PMC10610438 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabigerol (CBG), derived from the cannabis plant, acts as an acute analgesic in a model of cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in mice. There are no curative, long-lasting treatments for CIPN available to humans. We investigated the ability of chronic CBG to alleviate mechanical hypersensitivity due to CIPN in mice by measuring responses to 7 and 14 days of daily CBG. We found that CBG treatment (i.p.) for 7 and 14 consecutive days significantly reduced mechanical hypersensitivity in male and female mice with CIPN and reduced pain sensitivity up to 60-70% of baseline levels (p < 0.001 for all), 24 h after the last injection. Additionally, we found that daily treatment with CBG did not evoke tolerance and did not incur significant weight change or adverse events. The efficacy of CBG was independent of the estrous cycle phase. Therefore, chronic CBG administration can provide at least 24 h of antinociceptive effect in mice. These findings support the study of CBG as a long-lasting neuropathic pain therapy, which acts without tolerance in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Nachnani
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.E.S.); (N.M.G.); (K.E.V.)
| | - Diana E. Sepulveda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.E.S.); (N.M.G.); (K.E.V.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Shouhao Zhou
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Nicholas M. Graziane
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.E.S.); (N.M.G.); (K.E.V.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Wesley M. Raup-Konsavage
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.E.S.); (N.M.G.); (K.E.V.)
| | - Kent E. Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.E.S.); (N.M.G.); (K.E.V.)
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Lee YE, Kodama T, Morita H. Novel insights into the antibacterial activities of cannabinoid biosynthetic intermediate, olivetolic acid, and its alkyl-chain derivatives. J Nat Med 2023; 77:298-305. [PMID: 36572832 PMCID: PMC9792157 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of antibacterial activities revealed that the incorporation of longer alkyl chains to the C-6 position in resorcylic acid conferred antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The resultant olivetolic acid (OA) derivatives with n-undecyl and n-tridecyl side-chains, even those lacking the hydrophobic geranyl moiety from their C-3 positions, exhibited strong antibacterial activities against B. subtilis at a MIC value of 2.5 μM. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the n-heptyl alkyl-chain modification at C-6 of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) effectively enhanced the activity against B. subtilis, demonstrating the importance of the alkyl side-chain in modulating the bioactivity. Overall, the findings in this study provided insight into further evaluations of the antibacterial activities, as well as other various biological activities of OA and CBGA derivatives, especially with optimized hydrophobicities at both the alkyl and prenyl side-chain positions of the core skeleton for the discovery of novel drug seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-E Lee
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kodama
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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Roy P, Dennis DG, Eschbach MD, Anand SD, Xu F, Maturano J, Hellman J, Sarlah D, Das A. Metabolites of Cannabigerol Generated by Human Cytochrome P450s Are Bioactive. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2398-2408. [PMID: 36223199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The phytocannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG) is the central biosynthetic precursor to many cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Though the use of CBG has recently witnessed a widespread surge because of its beneficial health effects and lack of psychoactivity, its metabolism by human cytochrome P450s is largely unknown. Herein, we describe comprehensive in vitro and in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolic studies of CBG, ranging from liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based primary metabolic site determination, synthetic validation, and kinetic behavior using targeted mass spectrometry. These investigations revealed that cyclo-CBG, a recently isolated phytocannabinoid, is the major metabolite that is rapidly formed by selected human cytochrome P450s (CYP2J2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9). Additionally, in vivo studies with mice administered with CBG supported these studies, where cyclo-CBG is the major metabolite as well. Spectroscopic binding studies along with docking and modeling of the CBG molecule near the heme in the active site of P450s confirmed these observations, pointing at the preferred site selectivity of CBG metabolism at the prenyl chain over other positions. Importantly, we found out that CBG and its oxidized CBG metabolites reduced inflammation in BV2 microglial cells stimulated with LPS. Overall, combining enzymological studies, mass spectrometry, and chemical synthesis, we showcase that CBG is rapidly metabolized by human P450s to form oxidized metabolites that are bioactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Roy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - David G Dennis
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mark D Eschbach
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shravanthi D Anand
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Fengyun Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jonathan Maturano
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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