1
|
Alvarez-Araos P, Jiménez S, Salazar-Ardiles C, Núñez-Espinosa C, Paez V, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, Raberin A, Millet GP, Iturriaga R, Andrade DC. Baroreflex and chemoreflex interaction in high-altitude exposure: possible role on exercise performance. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1422927. [PMID: 38895516 PMCID: PMC11184637 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1422927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic chemoreflex and the arterial baroreflex are implicated in the ventilatory response to exercise. It is well known that long-term exercise training increases parasympathetic and decreases sympathetic tone, both processes influenced by the arterial baroreflex and hypoxic chemoreflex function. Hypobaric hypoxia (i.e., high altitude [HA]) markedly reduces exercise capacity associated with autonomic reflexes. Indeed, a reduced exercise capacity has been found, paralleled by a baroreflex-related parasympathetic withdrawal and a pronounced chemoreflex potentiation. Additionally, it is well known that the baroreflex and chemoreflex interact, and during activation by hypoxia, the chemoreflex is predominant over the baroreflex. Thus, the baroreflex function impairment may likely facilitate the exercise deterioration through the reduction of parasympathetic tone following acute HA exposure, secondary to the chemoreflex activation. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to describe the main physiological mechanisms controlling baro- and chemoreflex function and their role in exercise capacity during HA exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alvarez-Araos
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Sergio Jiménez
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristian Núñez-Espinosa
- Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Centro Asistencial de Docencia e Investigación (CADI-UMAG), Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Paez
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David C. Andrade
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Andrade DC, Arce‐Álvarez A, Salazar‐Ardiles C, Toledo C, Guerrero‐Henriquez J, Alvarez C, Vasquez‐Muñoz M, Izquierdo M, Millet GP. Hypoxic peripheral chemoreflex stimulation-dependent cardiorespiratory coupling is decreased in swimmer athletes. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15890. [PMID: 38195247 PMCID: PMC10776339 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Swimmer athletes showed a decreased ventilatory response and reduced sympathetic activation during peripheral hypoxic chemoreflex stimulation. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that swimmers develop a diminished cardiorespiratory coupling due to their decreased hypoxic peripheral response. To resolve this hypothesis, we conducted a study using coherence time-varying analysis to assess the cardiorespiratory coupling in swimmer athletes. We recruited 12 trained swimmers and 12 control subjects for our research. We employed wavelet time-varying spectral coherence analysis to examine the relationship between the respiratory frequency (Rf ) and the heart rate (HR) time series during normoxia and acute chemoreflex activation induced by five consecutive inhalations of 100% N2 . Comparing swimmers to control subjects, we observed a significant reduction in the hypoxic ventilatory responses to N2 in swimmers (0.012 ± 0.001 vs. 0.015 ± 0.001 ΔVE /ΔVO2 , and 0.365 ± 0.266 vs. 1.430 ± 0.961 ΔVE /ΔVCO2 /ΔSpO2 , both p < 0.001, swimmers vs. control, respectively). Furthermore, the coherence at the LF cutoff during hypoxia was significantly lower in swimmers compared to control subjects (20.118 ± 3.502 vs. 24.935 ± 3.832 area under curve [AUC], p < 0.012, respectively). Our findings strongly indicate that due to their diminished chemoreflex control, swimmers exhibited a substantial decrease in cardiorespiratory coupling during hypoxic stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Andrade
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura (FIMEDALT), Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de AntofagastaAntofagastaChile
| | - Alexis Arce‐Álvarez
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la RehabilitaciónUniversidad San SebastiánSantiagoChile
| | - Camila Salazar‐Ardiles
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura (FIMEDALT), Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de AntofagastaAntofagastaChile
- NavarrabiomedHospital Universitario de Navarra (UHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNAPamplonaNavarraSpain
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory and Sleep Physiology. Institute of Physiology. Faculty of MedicineUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Juan Guerrero‐Henriquez
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura (FIMEDALT), Departamento de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación y el Movimiento Humano, Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de AntofagastaAntofagastaChile
| | - Cristian Alvarez
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation SciencesUniversidad Andres BelloSantiagoChile
| | - Manuel Vasquez‐Muñoz
- Dirección de Docencia de Especialidades Médicas, Dirección de Postgrado, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- NavarrabiomedHospital Universitario de Navarra (UHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNAPamplonaNavarraSpain
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andrade DC, Gómez-Silva B, Batista-García RA, Millet GP. Editorial: Adaptive response of living beings to extreme environments: Integrative approaches from cellular and molecular biology, biotechnology, microbiology to physiology. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1068287. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1068287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|