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Fardel O, Moreau A, Carteret J, Denizot C, Le Vée M, Parmentier Y. The Competitive Counterflow Assay for Identifying Drugs Transported by Solute Carriers: Principle, Applications, Challenges/Limits, and Perspectives. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024:10.1007/s13318-024-00902-7. [PMID: 38958896 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-024-00902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The identification of substrates for solute carriers (SLCs) handling drugs is an important challenge, owing to the major implication of these plasma membrane transporters in pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions. In this context, the competitive counterflow (CCF) assay has been proposed as a practical and less expensive approach than the reference functional uptake assays for discriminating SLC substrates and non-substrates. The present article was designed to summarize and discuss key-findings about the CCF assay, including its principle, applications, challenges and limits, and perspectives. The CCF assay is based on the decrease of the steady-state accumulation of a tracer substrate in SLC-positive cells, caused by candidate substrates. Reviewed data highlight the fact that the CCF assay has been used to identify substrates and non-substrates for organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic anion transporters (OATs), and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs). The performance values of the CCF assay, calculated from available CCF study data compared with reference functional uptake assay data, are, however, rather mitigated, indicating that the predictability of the CCF method for assessing SLC-mediated transportability of drugs is currently not optimal. Further studies, notably aimed at standardizing the CCF assay and developing CCF-based high-throughput approaches, are therefore required in order to fully precise the interest and relevance of the CCF assay for identifying substrates and non-substrates of SLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes, France.
| | - Amélie Moreau
- Institut de R&D Servier, Paris-Saclay, 20 route 128, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jennifer Carteret
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset - UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Denizot
- Institut de R&D Servier, Paris-Saclay, 20 route 128, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc Le Vée
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset - UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Institut de R&D Servier, Paris-Saclay, 20 route 128, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Han W, Bo Z, Liang T, Liu H, Li L, Guo Z, Huan R, Hagenbuch B, Gui C. G45 and V386 in Transmembrane Domains 1 and 8 Are Critical for the Activation of OATP1B3-Mediated E17βG Uptake by Clotrimazole. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:854-863. [PMID: 38235659 PMCID: PMC10917058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1 and 1B3 are two highly homologous transport proteins. However, OATP1B1- and 1B3-mediated estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E17βG) uptake can be differentially affected by clotrimazole. In this study, by functional characterization on chimeric transporters and single mutants, we find that G45 in transmembrane domain 1 (TM1) and V386 in TM8 are critical for the activation of OATP1B3-mediated E17βG uptake by clotrimazole. However, the effect of clotrimazole on the function of OATP1B3 is substrate-dependent as clotrimazole does not stimulate OATP1B3-mediated uptake of 4',5'-dibromofluorescein (DBF) and rosuvastatin. In addition, clotrimazole is not transported by OATP1B3, but it can efficiently permeate the plasma membrane due to its lipophilic properties. Homology modeling and molecular docking indicate that E17βG binds in a substrate binding pocket of OATP1B3 through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, among which its sterol scaffold forms hydrophobic contacts with V386. In addition, a flexible glycine residue at position 45 is essential for the activation of OATP1B3. Finally, clotrimazole is predicted to bind at an allosteric site, which mainly consists of hydrophobic residues located at the cytoplasmic halves of TMs 4, 5, 10, and 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheyue Bo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanjing Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhening Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru Huan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, the University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
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Ungvári O, Bakos É, Kovacsics D, Özvegy-Laczka C. The fluorescence-based competitive counterflow assay developed for organic anion transporting polypeptides 1A2, 1B1, 1B3 and 2B1 identifies pentamidine as a selective OATP1A2 substrate. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23223. [PMID: 37781971 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300530rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1 are Na+ - and ATP-independent exchangers of large, organic compounds, encompassing structurally diverse xenobiotics, including various drugs. These OATPs influence intestinal absorption (OATP2B1), hepatic clearance (OATP1B1/3) and blood to brain penetration (OATP1A2, OATP2B1) of their drug substrates. Consequently, OATP-mediated drug or food interactions may lead to altered pharmacokinetics and toxicity. During drug development, investigation of hepatic OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 is recommended by international regulatory agencies. Most frequently, OATP-drug interactions are investigated in an indirect assay, i.e., by examining uptake inhibition of a radioactive or fluorescent probe. However, indirect assays do not distinguish between transported substrates and non-transported OATP inhibitors. To fill this hiatus, a novel assay, termed competitive counterflow (CCF) has been developed and has since been applied for several OATPs to differentiate between substrates and non-transported inhibitors. However, previous OATP CCF assays, with the exception of that for OATP1B1, used radioactive probes. In the current study, we demonstrate that sulforhodamine 101 or pyranine can be used as fluorescent probes in a CCF assay to identify transported substrates of OATP1A2, or OATPs 1B1, 1B3 and 2B1, respectively. With the help of the newly developed fluorescence-based CCF method, we identify the FDA-approved anti-protozoal drug, pentamidine as a unique substrate of OATP1A2. Furthermore, we confirm the selective, OATP1A2-mediated uptake of pentamidine in a cytotoxicity assay. Based on our results, OATP1A2 may be an important determinant of pentamidine transport through the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Ungvári
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Bakos
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniella Kovacsics
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
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Ishikawa R, Saito K, Misawa T, Demizu Y, Saito Y. Identification of the Stapled α-Helical Peptide ATSP-7041 as a Substrate and Strong Inhibitor of OATP1B1 In Vitro. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1002. [PMID: 37371582 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ATSP-7041, a stapled α-helical peptide that inhibits murine double minute-2 (MDM2) and MDMX activities, is a promising modality targeting protein-protein interactions. As peptides of molecular weights over 1000 Da are not usually evaluated, data on the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of stapled α-helical peptides remain scarce. Here, we evaluate the interaction of ATSP-7041 with hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYPs; CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6) and transporters (organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs; OATP1B1 and OATP1B3), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)). ATSP-7041 demonstrated negligible metabolism in human liver S9 fraction and a limited inhibition of CYP activities in yeast microsomes or S9 fractions. On the contrary, a substantial uptake by OATPs in HEK 293 cells, a strong inhibition of OATP activities in the cells, and an inhibition of P-gp and BCRP activities in reversed membrane vesicles were observed for ATSP-7041. A recent report describes that ALRN-6924, an ATSP-7041 analog, inhibited OATP activities in vivo; therefore, we focused on the interaction between ATSP-7041 and OATP1B1 to demonstrate that ATSP-7041, as a higher molecular weight stapled peptide, is a substrate and strong inhibitor of OATP1B1 activity. Our findings demonstrated the possibility of transporter-mediated DDI potential by high molecular weight stapled peptides and the necessity of their evaluation for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Ishikawa
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Saito
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Misawa
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
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