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Puzanskiy RK, Romanyuk DA, Kirpichnikova AA, Yemelyanov VV, Shishova MF. Plant Heterotrophic Cultures: No Food, No Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:277. [PMID: 38256830 PMCID: PMC10821431 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant cells are capable of uptaking exogenous organic substances. This inherited trait allows the development of heterotrophic cell cultures in various plants. The most common of them are Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant cells are widely used in academic studies and as factories for valuable substance production. The repertoire of compounds supporting the heterotrophic growth of plant cells is limited. The best growth of cultures is ensured by oligosaccharides and their cleavage products. Primarily, these are sucrose, raffinose, glucose and fructose. Other molecules such as glycerol, carbonic acids, starch, and mannitol have the ability to support growth occasionally, or in combination with another substrate. Culture growth is accompanied by processes of specialization, such as elongation growth. This determines the pattern of the carbon budget. Culture ageing is closely linked to substrate depletion, changes in medium composition, and cell physiological rearrangements. A lack of substrate leads to starvation, which results in a decrease in physiological activity and the mobilization of resources, and finally in the loss of viability. The cause of the instability of cultivated cells may be the non-optimal metabolism under cultural conditions or the insufficiency of internal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman K. Puzanskiy
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Daria A. Romanyuk
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Vladislav V. Yemelyanov
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
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Sadon P, Corre MN, Lugan R, Boissot N. Aphid adaptation to cucurbits: sugars, cucurbitacin and phloem structure in resistant and susceptible melons. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:239. [PMID: 37147560 PMCID: PMC10161555 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphis gossypii, a strictly phloemophagaous aphid, colonize hundreds of plant families, and a group of clones formed a cucurbit-specialised host-race. Cucurbits are unique in having evolved a specific extra-fascicular phloem (EFP), which carries defence-related metabolites such as cucurbitacin, whereas the fascicular phloem (FP) is common to all higher plants and carries primary metabolites, such as raffinose-family oligosaccharides (RFOs). Both cucurbitacins (in the EFP) and galactinol (in the FP) have been suggested to be toxic to aphids. We investigated these hypotheses in cucurbit-specialized A. gossypii fed on melon plants with or without aphid-resistance conferred by the NLR gene Vat. We selected a plant-aphid system with (i) Vat-mediated resistance not triggered, (ii) Vat-mediated resistance triggered by an aphid clone adapted to the presence of Vat resistant alleles and (iii) Vat-mediated resistance triggered by a non-adapted aphid clone. RESULTS We quantified cucurbitacin B, its glycosylated derivative, and sugars, in melon plants and aphids that fed on. The level of cucurbitacin in plants was unrelated to both aphid infestation and aphid resistance. Galactinol was present at higher quantities in plants when Vat-mediated resistance was triggered, but its presence did not correlate with aphid performance. Finally, we showed that cucurbit-specialized A. gossypii fed from the FP but could also occasionally access the EFP without sustainably feeding from it. However, the clone not adapted to Vat-mediated resistance were less able to access the FP when the Vat resistance was triggered. CONCLUSION We concluded that galactinol accumulation in resistant plants does not affect aphids, but may play a role in aphid adaptation to fasting and that Cucurbitacin in planta is not a real threat to Aphis gossypii. Moreover, the specific phloem of Cucurbits is involved neither in A. gossypii cucurbit specialisation nor in adaptation to Vat-dependent resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sadon
- Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, INRAE, Domaine St-Maurice, 84143, Montfavet, Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Corre
- Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, INRAE, Domaine St-Maurice, 84143, Montfavet, Cedex, France
| | - Raphael Lugan
- Plantes et Systèmes de cultures Horticoles, National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, INRAE, Domaine St Paul, 84914, Avignon, Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Boissot
- Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, INRAE, Domaine St-Maurice, 84143, Montfavet, Cedex, France.
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Cardona JB, Grover S, Bowman MJ, Busta L, Kundu P, Koch KG, Sarath G, Sattler SE, Louis J. Sugars and cuticular waxes impact sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) colonization on different developmental stages of sorghum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 330:111646. [PMID: 36806611 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane aphid (SCA; Melanaphis sacchari) is a devastating pest of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) that colonizes sorghum plants at different growth stages. Leaf surface characteristics and sugars often influence aphid settling and feeding on host plants. However, how changes in cuticular waxes and sugar levels affect SCA establishment and feeding at different development stages of sorghum have not been explored. In this study, two- and six-week-old BTx623 plants, a reference line of sorghum, was used to evaluate plant-aphid interactions. Monitoring aphid feeding behavior using Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique revealed that aphids spent more time in the sieve element phase of six-week-old plants compared to two-week-old plants. Significant differences were found in the time spent to reach the first sieve element and pathway phases between the two- and six-week-old plants. However, no-choice aphid bioassays displayed that SCA population numbers were higher in two-week-old plants compared to six-week-old plants. Differences in the abundance of wax and sugar contents were analyzed to determine how these plant components influenced aphid feeding and proliferation. Among the cuticular wax compounds analyzed, α-amyrin and isoarborinone increased after 10 days of aphid infestation only in six-week-old plants. Trehalose content was significantly increased by SCA feeding on two- and six-week-old plants. Furthermore, SCA feeding depressed sucrose content and increased levels of glucose and fructose in two-week-old but not in six-week-old plants. Overall, our study indicates that plant age is a determinant for SCA feeding, and subtle changes in triterpenoids and available sugars influence SCA establishment on sorghum plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajjan Grover
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Michael J Bowman
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Bioenergy Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Pritha Kundu
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Kyle G Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Sanyal R, Kumar S, Pattanayak A, Kar A, Bishi SK. Optimizing raffinose family oligosaccharides content in plants: A tightrope walk. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1134754. [PMID: 37056499 PMCID: PMC10088399 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1134754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize various compounds for their growth, metabolism, and stress mitigation, and one such group of compounds is the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs). RFOs are non-reducing oligosaccharides having galactose residues attached to a sucrose moiety. They act as carbohydrate reserves in plants, assisting in seed germination, desiccation tolerance, and biotic/abiotic stress tolerance. Although legumes are among the richest sources of dietary proteins, the direct consumption of legumes is hindered by an excess of RFOs in the edible parts of the plant, which causes flatulence in humans and monogastric animals. These opposing characteristics make RFOs manipulation a complicated tradeoff. An in-depth knowledge of the chemical composition, distribution pattern, tissue mobilization, and metabolism is required to optimize the levels of RFOs. The most recent developments in our understanding of RFOs distribution, physiological function, genetic regulation of their biosynthesis, transport, and degradation in food crops have been covered in this review. Additionally, we have suggested a few strategies that can sustainably reduce RFOs in order to solve the flatulence issue in animals. The comprehensive information in this review can be a tool for researchers to precisely control the level of RFOs in crops and create low antinutrient, nutritious food with wider consumer acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Sanyal
- School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Automation & Plant Engineering Division, ICAR-National Institute of Secondary Agriculture, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Arunava Pattanayak
- School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Abhijit Kar
- Automation & Plant Engineering Division, ICAR-National Institute of Secondary Agriculture, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sujit K. Bishi
- School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Spatio-temporal expression pattern of Raffinose Synthase genes determine the levels of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed. Sci Rep 2023; 13:795. [PMID: 36646750 PMCID: PMC9842710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are known to have important physiological functions in plants. However, the presence of RFOs in legumes causes flatulence, hence are considered antinutrients. To reduce the RFOs content to a desirable limit without compromising normal plant development and functioning, the identification of important regulatory genes associated with the biosynthetic pathway is a prerequisite. In the present study, through comparative RNA sequencing in contrasting genotypes for seed RFOs content at different seed maturity stages, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the pathway were identified. The DEGs exhibited spatio-temporal expression patterns with high RFOs variety showing early induction of RFOs biosynthetic genes and low RFOs variety showing a late expression at seed maturity. Selective and seed-specific differential expression of raffinose synthase genes (AhRS14 and AhRS6) suggested their regulatory role in RFOs accumulation in peanut seeds, thereby serving as promising targets in low RFOs peanut breeding programs. Despite stachyose being the major seed RFOs fraction, differential expression of raffinose synthase genes indicated the complex metabolic regulation of this pathway. The transcriptomic resource and the genes identified in this study could be studied further to develop low RFOs varieties, thus improving the overall nutritional quality of peanuts.
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Identification of Key Genes Induced by Different Potassium Levels Provides Insight into the Formation of Fruit Quality in Grapes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021218. [PMID: 36674735 PMCID: PMC9866991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate potassium (K) availability is a common abiotic stress that limits the growth and quality of fruit trees. Few studies have investigated the physiological and molecular responses of grapes at different potassium levels. In this study, an integrated approach was developed for grapevines grown at four different potassium fertilization levels [0 (K0-CK), 150 (K150), 300 (K300), and 450 (K450) g/plant] in combination with metabolite measurements and transcript analysis. The results showed that different K levels affected the accumulation of sugars and anthocyanins in the fruit. At 78 days after bloom (DAB), the K150, K300, and K450 treatments increased soluble sugar content by 37.39%, 31.10% and 32.59%, respectively, and anthocyanin content by 49.78%, 24.10%, and 13.06%, respectively, compared to K0. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of DEGs identified a network of 11 grapevines involved. During fruit development, potassium application promoted the accumulation of anthocyanins and sugars in fruit by regulating the up-regulation of GST, AT, UFGT and SPS, HT, PK gene expressions. These results suggest that potassium deficiency inhibits anthocyanin and sugar metabolism. In addition, it promotes the up-regulation of KUP expression, which is the main cause of K accumulation in fruits. Together, our data revealed the molecular mechanism in response to different K levels during fruit quality formation and provides the scientific foundation for the improvement of fruit quality by adding K fertilizer.
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Sudha M, Karthikeyan A, Madhumitha B, Veera Ranjani R, Kanimoli Mathivathana M, Dhasarathan M, Murukarthick J, Samu Shihabdeen MN, Eraivan Arutkani Aiyanathan K, Pandiyan M, Senthil N, Raveendran M. Dynamic Transcriptome Profiling of Mungbean Genotypes Unveil the Genes Respond to the Infection of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020190. [PMID: 35215133 PMCID: PMC8874377 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow mosaic disease (YMD), incited by mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), is a primary viral disease that reduces mungbean production in South Asia, especially in India. There is no detailed knowledge regarding the genes and molecular mechanisms conferring resistance of mungbean to MYMV. Therefore, disclosing the genetic and molecular bases related to MYMV resistance helps to develop the mungbean genotypes with MYMV resistance. In this study, transcriptomes of mungbean genotypes, VGGRU-1 (resistant) and VRM (Gg) 1 (susceptible) infected with MYMV were compared to those of uninfected controls. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the resistant and susceptible genotypes was 896 and 506, respectively. Among them, 275 DEGs were common between the resistant and susceptible genotypes. Functional annotation of DEGs revealed that the DEGs belonged to the following categories defense and pathogenesis, receptor-like kinases; serine/threonine protein kinases, hormone signaling, transcription factors, and chaperons, and secondary metabolites. Further, we have confirmed the expression pattern of several DEGs by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Collectively, the information obtained in this study unveils the new insights into characterizing the MYMV resistance and paved the way for breeding MYMV resistant mungbean in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Sudha
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India; (R.V.R.); (M.N.S.S.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Adhimoolam Karthikeyan
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre of Innovation, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Balasubramaniam Madhumitha
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Rajagopalan Veera Ranjani
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India; (R.V.R.); (M.N.S.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Mayalagu Kanimoli Mathivathana
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Manickam Dhasarathan
- Agroclimate Research Centre, Directorate of Crop Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Jayakodi Murukarthick
- Gene Bank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Stadt See land, 06466 Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany;
| | - Madiha Natchi Samu Shihabdeen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India; (R.V.R.); (M.N.S.S.); (M.R.)
| | | | - Muthaiyan Pandiyan
- Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Virudhachalam 606001, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Natesan Senthil
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Muthurajan Raveendran
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India; (R.V.R.); (M.N.S.S.); (M.R.)
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Li T, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li X, Hao G, Han Q, Dirk LMA, Downie AB, Ruan YL, Wang J, Wang G, Zhao T. Raffinose synthase enhances drought tolerance through raffinose synthesis or galactinol hydrolysis in maize and Arabidopsis plants. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8064-8077. [PMID: 32366461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Raffinose and its precursor galactinol accumulate in plant leaves during abiotic stress. RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE (RAFS) catalyzes raffinose formation by transferring a galactosyl group of galactinol to sucrose. However, whether RAFS contributes to plant drought tolerance and, if so, by what mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we report that expression of RAFS from maize (or corn, Zea mays) (ZmRAFS) is induced by drought, heat, cold, and salinity stresses. We found that zmrafs mutant maize plants completely lack raffinose and hyper-accumulate galactinol and are more sensitive to drought stress than the corresponding null-segregant (NS) plants. This indicated that ZmRAFS and its product raffinose contribute to plant drought tolerance. ZmRAFS overexpression in Arabidopsis enhanced drought stress tolerance by increasing myo-inositol levels via ZmRAFS-mediated galactinol hydrolysis in the leaves due to sucrose insufficiency in leaf cells and also enhanced raffinose synthesis in the seeds. Supplementation of sucrose to detached leaves converted ZmRAFS from hydrolyzing galactinol to synthesizing raffinose. Taken together, we demonstrate that ZmRAFS enhances plant drought tolerance through either raffinose synthesis or galactinol hydrolysis, depending on sucrose availability in plant cells. These results provide new avenues to improve plant drought stress tolerance through manipulation of the raffinose anabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xudong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanglong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinghui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lynnette M A Dirk
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - A Bruce Downie
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement and School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China .,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Yadav UP, Shaikh MA, Evers J, Regmi KC, Gaxiola RA, Ayre BG. Assessing Long-Distance Carbon Partitioning from Photosynthetic Source Leaves to Heterotrophic Sink Organs with Photoassimilated [ 14C]CO 2. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:223-233. [PMID: 31197800 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Phloem loading and long-distance transport of photoassimilate from source leaves to sink organs are essential physiological processes that contribute to plant growth and yield. At a minimum, three steps are involved: phloem loading in source organs, transport along the phloem path, and phloem unloading in sink organs. Each of these can have variable rates contingent on the physiological state of the plant, and thereby influence the overall transport rate. In addition to these phloem transport steps, rates of photosynthesis and photosynthate movement in the pre-phloem path, as well as photosynthate utilization in post phloem tissues of sink organs also contribute to phloem transport. The protocol described here estimates carbon allocation along the entire path from initial carbon fixation to delivery to sink organs after a labeling pulse: [14C]CO2 is photoassimilated in source leaves and loading and transport of the 14C label to heterotrophic sink organs (roots) is quantified by scintillation counting. This method is flexible and can be adapted to quantify long-distance transport in many plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P Yadav
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Mearaj A Shaikh
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - John Evers
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kamesh C Regmi
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Roberto A Gaxiola
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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Ellis N, Hattori C, Cheema J, Donarski J, Charlton A, Dickinson M, Venditti G, Kaló P, Szabó Z, Kiss GB, Domoney C. NMR Metabolomics Defining Genetic Variation in Pea Seed Metabolites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1022. [PMID: 30065739 PMCID: PMC6056766 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy profiling was used to provide an unbiased assessment of changes to the metabolite composition of seeds and to define genetic variation for a range of pea seed metabolites. Mature seeds from recombinant inbred lines, derived from three mapping populations for which there is substantial genetic marker linkage information, were grown in two environments/years and analyzed by non-targeted NMR. Adaptive binning of the NMR metabolite data, followed by analysis of quantitative variation among lines for individual bins, identified the main genomic regions determining this metabolic variability and the variability for selected compounds was investigated. Analysis by t-tests identified a set of bins with highly significant associations to genetic map regions, based on probability (p) values that were appreciably lower than those determined for randomized data. The correlation between bins showing high mean absolute deviation and those showing low p-values for marker association provided an indication of the extent to which the genetics of bin variation might be explained by one or a few loci. Variation in compounds related to aromatic amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, sucrose-derived metabolites, secondary metabolites and some unidentified compounds was associated with one or more genetic loci. The combined analysis shows that there are multiple loci throughout the genome that together impact on the abundance of many compounds through a network of interactions, where individual loci may affect more than one compound and vice versa. This work therefore provides a framework for the genetic analysis of the seed metabolome, and the use of genetic marker data in the breeding and selection of seeds for specific seed quality traits and compounds that have high commercial value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Ellis
- John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Péter Kaló
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
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11
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Yadav UP, Khadilkar AS, Shaikh MA, Turgeon R, Ayre BG. Quantifying the Capacity of Phloem Loading in Leaf Disks with [ 14C]Sucrose. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2658. [PMID: 34595318 PMCID: PMC8438435 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloem loading and transport of photoassimilate from photoautotrophic source leaves to heterotrophic sink organs are essential physiological processes that help the disparate organs of a plant function as a single, unified organism. We present three protocols we routinely use in combination with each other to assess (1) the relative rates of sucrose (Suc) loading into the phloem vascular system of mature leaves (this protocol), (2) the relative rates of carbon loading and transport through the phloem ( Yadav et al., 2017a ), and (3) the relative rates of carbon unloading into heterotrophic sink organs, specifically roots, after long-distance transport ( Yadav et al., 2017b ). We propose that conducting all three protocols on experimental and control plants provides a reliable comparison of whole-plant carbon partitioning, and minimizes ambiguities associated with a single protocol conducted in isolation ( Dasgupta et al., 2014 ; Khadilkar et al., 2016 ). In this protocol, Arabidopsis leaf disks isolated from mature rosette leaves are infiltrated with a buffered solution containing [14C]Suc. Suc transporters (SUCs or SUTs) load Suc into the phloem and excess, unloaded Suc in the leaf disk is then washed away. Loading of labeled Suc into the veins is visualized by autoradiography of lyophilized leaf disks and quantified by scintillation counting. Results are expressed as disintegration per minute per unit of leaf disk fresh weight or area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P Yadav
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Aswad S Khadilkar
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
- University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Mearaj A Shaikh
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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12
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Comtet J, Turgeon R, Stroock AD. Phloem Loading through Plasmodesmata: A Biophysical Analysis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:904-915. [PMID: 28794259 PMCID: PMC5619879 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In many species, Suc en route out of the leaf migrates from photosynthetically active mesophyll cells into the phloem down its concentration gradient via plasmodesmata, i.e. symplastically. In some of these plants, the process is entirely passive, but in others phloem Suc is actively converted into larger sugars, raffinose and stachyose, and segregated (trapped), thus raising total phloem sugar concentration to a level higher than in the mesophyll. Questions remain regarding the mechanisms and selective advantages conferred by both of these symplastic-loading processes. Here, we present an integrated model-including local and global transport and kinetics of polymerization-for passive and active symplastic loading. We also propose a physical model of transport through the plasmodesmata. With these models, we predict that (1) relative to passive loading, polymerization of Suc in the phloem, even in the absence of segregation, lowers the sugar content in the leaf required to achieve a given export rate and accelerates export for a given concentration of Suc in the mesophyll and (2) segregation of oligomers and the inverted gradient of total sugar content can be achieved for physiologically reasonable parameter values, but even higher export rates can be accessed in scenarios in which polymers are allowed to diffuse back into the mesophyll. We discuss these predictions in relation to further studies aimed at the clarification of loading mechanisms, fitness of active and passive symplastic loading, and potential targets for engineering improved rates of export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Comtet
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Abraham D Stroock
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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13
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Shen C, Wang J, Shi X, Kang Y, Xie C, Peng L, Dong C, Shen Q, Xu Y. Transcriptome Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes Induced by Low and High Potassium Levels Provides Insight into Fruit Sugar Metabolism of Pear. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:938. [PMID: 28620410 PMCID: PMC5450510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) deficiency is a common abiotic stress that can inhibit the growth of fruit and thus reduce crop yields. Little research has been conducted on pear transcriptional changes under low and high K conditions. Here, we performed an experiment with 7-year-old pot-grown "Huangguan" pear trees treated with low, Control or high K levels (0, 0.4, or 0.8 g·K2O/kg soil, respectively) during fruit enlargement and mature stages. We identified 36,444 transcripts from leaves and fruit using transcriptome sequencing technology. From 105 days after full blooming (DAB) to 129 DAB, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves and fruit in response to low K increased, while in response to high K, the number of DEGs in leaves and fruit decreased. We selected 17 of these DEGs for qRT-PCR analysis to confirm the RNA sequencing results. Based on GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis, we found that low-K treatment significantly reduced K nutrient and carbohydrate metabolism of the leaves and fruit compared with the Control treatment. During the fruit development stages, AKT1 (gene39320) played an important role on K+ transport of the leaves and fruit response to K stress. At maturity, sucrose and acid metabolic pathways were inhibited by low K. The up-regulation of the expression of three SDH and two S6PDH genes involved in sorbitol metabolism was induced by low K, promoting the fructose accumulation. Simultaneously, higher expression was found for genes encoding amylase under low K, promoting the decomposition of the starch and leading the glucose accumulation. High K could enhance leaf photosynthesis, and improve the distribution of the nutrient and carbohydrate from leaf to fruit. Sugar components of the leaves and fruit under low K were regulated by the expression of genes encoding 8 types of hormone signals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our data revealed the gene expression patterns of leaves and fruit in response to different K levels during the middle and late stages of fruit development as well as the molecular mechanism of improvement of fruit sugar levels by K and provided a scientific basis for improving fruit quality with supplemental K fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caixia Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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14
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Koramutla MK, Bhatt D, Negi M, Venkatachalam P, Jain PK, Bhattacharya R. Strength, Stability, and cis-Motifs of In silico Identified Phloem-Specific Promoters in Brassica juncea (L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:457. [PMID: 27148290 PMCID: PMC4834444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aphids, a hemipteran group of insects pose a serious threat to many of the major crop species including Brassica oilseeds. Transgenic strategies for developing aphid-resistant plant types necessitate phloem-bound expression of the insecticidal genes. A few known phloem-specific promoters, in spite of tissue-specific activity fail to confer high level gene-expression. Here, we identified seven orthologues of phloem-specific promoters in B. juncea (Indian mustard), and experimentally validated their strength of expression in phloem exudates. Significant cis-motifs, globally occurring in phloem-specific promoters showed variable distribution frequencies in these putative phloem-specific promoters of B. juncea. In RT-qPCR based gene-expression study promoter of Glutamine synthetase 3A (GS3A) showed multifold higher activity compared to others, across the different growth stages of B. juncea plants. A statistical method employing four softwares was devised for rapidly analysing stability of the promoter-activities across the plant developmental stages. Different statistical softwares ranked these B. juncea promoters differently in terms of their stability in promoter-activity. Nevertheless, the consensus in output empirically suggested consistency in promoter-activity of the six B. juncea phloem- specific promoters including GS3A. The study identified suitable endogenous promoters for high level and consistent gene-expression in B. juncea phloem exudate. The study also demonstrated a rapid method of assessing species-specific strength and stability in expression of the endogenous promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishna Koramutla
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Deepa Bhatt
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Negi
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute CampusNew Delhi, India
| | | | - Pradeep K. Jain
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute CampusNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Ramcharan Bhattacharya ;
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15
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Khadilkar AS, Yadav UP, Salazar C, Shulaev V, Paez-Valencia J, Pizzio GA, Gaxiola RA, Ayre BG. Constitutive and Companion Cell-Specific Overexpression of AVP1, Encoding a Proton-Pumping Pyrophosphatase, Enhances Biomass Accumulation, Phloem Loading, and Long-Distance Transport. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:401-14. [PMID: 26530315 PMCID: PMC4704589 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant productivity is determined in large part by the partitioning of assimilates between the sites of production and the sites of utilization. Proton-pumping pyrophosphatases (H(+)-PPases) are shown to participate in many energetic plant processes, including general growth and biomass accumulation, CO2 fixation, nutrient acquisition, and stress responses. H(+)-PPases have a well-documented role in hydrolyzing pyrophosphate (PPi) and capturing the released energy to pump H(+) across the tonoplast and endomembranes to create proton motive force (pmf). Recently, an additional role for H(+)-PPases in phloem loading and biomass partitioning was proposed. In companion cells (CCs) of the phloem, H(+)-PPases localize to the plasma membrane rather than endomembranes, and rather than hydrolyzing PPi to create pmf, pmf is utilized to synthesize PPi. Additional PPi in the CCs promotes sucrose oxidation and ATP synthesis, which the plasma membrane P-type ATPase in turn uses to create more pmf for phloem loading of sucrose via sucrose-H(+) symporters. To test this model, transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants were generated with constitutive and CC-specific overexpression of AVP1, encoding type 1 ARABIDOPSIS VACUOLAR PYROPHOSPHATASE1. Plants with both constitutive and CC-specific overexpression accumulated more biomass in shoot and root systems. (14)C-labeling experiments showed enhanced photosynthesis, phloem loading, phloem transport, and delivery to sink organs. The results obtained with constitutive and CC-specific promoters were very similar, such that the growth enhancement mediated by AVP1 overexpression can be attributed to its role in phloem CCs. This supports the model for H(+)-PPases functioning as PPi synthases in the phloem by arguing that the increases in biomass observed with AVP1 overexpression stem from improved phloem loading and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswad S Khadilkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Umesh P Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Carolina Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Julio Paez-Valencia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Gaston A Pizzio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Roberto A Gaxiola
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Brian G Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
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16
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Yadav UP, Ayre BG, Bush DR. Transgenic approaches to altering carbon and nitrogen partitioning in whole plants: assessing the potential to improve crop yields and nutritional quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:275. [PMID: 25954297 PMCID: PMC4405696 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The principal components of plant productivity and nutritional value, from the standpoint of modern agriculture, are the acquisition and partitioning of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) compounds among the various organs of the plant. The flow of essential organic nutrients among the plant organ systems is mediated by its complex vascular system, and is driven by a series of transport steps including export from sites of primary assimilation, transport into and out of the phloem and xylem, and transport into the various import-dependent organs. Manipulating C and N partitioning to enhance yield of harvested organs is evident in the earliest crop domestication events and continues to be a goal for modern plant biology. Research on the biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology, and physiology of C and N partitioning has now matured to an extent that strategic manipulation of these transport systems through biotechnology are being attempted to improve movement from source to sink tissues in general, but also to target partitioning to specific organs. These nascent efforts are demonstrating the potential of applied biomass targeting but are also identifying interactions between essential nutrients that require further basic research. In this review, we summarize the key transport steps involved in C and N partitioning, and discuss various transgenic approaches for directly manipulating key C and N transporters involved. In addition, we propose several experiments that could enhance biomass accumulation in targeted organs while simultaneously testing current partitioning models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P. Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Brian G. Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Daniel R. Bush
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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17
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Sengupta S, Mukherjee S, Basak P, Majumder AL. Significance of galactinol and raffinose family oligosaccharide synthesis in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:656. [PMID: 26379684 PMCID: PMC4549555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress induces differential expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) in plants. RFOs are described as the most widespread D-galactose containing oligosaccharides in higher plants. Biosynthesis of RFOs begin with the activity of galactinol synthase (GolS; EC 2.4.1.123), a GT8 family glycosyltransferase that galactosylates myo-inositol to produce galactinol. Raffinose and the subsequent higher molecular weight RFOs (Stachyose, Verbascose, and Ajugose) are synthesized from sucrose by the subsequent addition of activated galactose moieties donated by Galactinol. Interestingly, GolS, the key enzyme of this pathway is functional only in the flowering plants. It is thus assumed that RFO synthesis is a specialized metabolic event in higher plants; although it is not known whether lower plant groups synthesize any galactinol or RFOs. In higher plants, several functional importance of RFOs have been reported, e.g., RFOs protect the embryo from maturation associated desiccation, are predominant transport carbohydrates in some plant families, act as signaling molecule following pathogen attack and wounding and accumulate in vegetative tissues in response to a range of abiotic stresses. However, the loss-of-function mutants reported so far fail to show any perturbation in those biological functions. The role of RFOs in biotic and abiotic stress is therefore still in debate and their specificity and related components remains to be demonstrated. The present review discusses the biology and stress-linked regulation of this less studied extension of inositol metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sengupta
- *Correspondence: Arun L. Majumder and Sonali Sengupta, Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, C.I.T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India, ;
| | - Sritama Mukherjee
- †Present address: Sritama Mukherjee, Department of Botany, Bethune College, Kolkata 700006, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Arun L. Majumder
- *Correspondence: Arun L. Majumder and Sonali Sengupta, Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, C.I.T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India, ;
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18
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Dasgupta K, Khadilkar AS, Sulpice R, Pant B, Scheible WR, Fisahn J, Stitt M, Ayre BG. Expression of Sucrose Transporter cDNAs Specifically in Companion Cells Enhances Phloem Loading and Long-Distance Transport of Sucrose but Leads to an Inhibition of Growth and the Perception of a Phosphate Limitation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:715-731. [PMID: 24777345 PMCID: PMC4044860 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose (Suc) is the predominant form of carbon transported through the phloem from source to sink organs and is also a prominent sugar for short-distance transport. In all streptophytes analyzed, Suc transporter genes (SUTs or SUCs) form small families, with different subgroups evolving distinct functions. To gain insight into their capacity for moving Suc in planta, representative members of each clade were first expressed specifically in companion cells of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tested for their ability to rescue the phloem-loading defect caused by the Suc transporter mutation, Atsuc2-4. Sequence similarity was a poor indicator of ability: Several genes with high homology to AtSUC2, some of which have phloem-loading functions in other eudicot species, did not rescue the Atsuc2-4 mutation, whereas a more distantly related gene, ZmSUT1 from the monocot Zea mays, did restore phloem loading. Transporter complementary DNAs were also expressed in the companion cells of wild-type Arabidopsis, with the aim of increasing productivity by enhancing Suc transport to growing sink organs and reducing Suc-mediated feedback inhibition on photosynthesis. Although enhanced Suc loading and long-distance transport was achieved, growth was diminished. This growth inhibition was accompanied by increased expression of phosphate (P) starvation-induced genes and was reversed by providing a higher supply of external P. These experiments suggest that efforts to increase productivity by enhancing sugar transport may disrupt the carbon-to-P homeostasis. A model for how the plant perceives and responds to changes in the carbon-to-P balance is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Dasgupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Aswad S Khadilkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Bikram Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Scheible
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Joachim Fisahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Mark Stitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Brian G Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
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19
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van Bel AJE, Helariutta Y, Thompson GA, Ton J, Dinant S, Ding B, Patrick JW. Phloem: the integrative avenue for resource distribution, signaling, and defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:471. [PMID: 24324476 PMCID: PMC3838965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aart J. E. van Bel
- Department of Biology, Institute of General Botany, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Gary A. Thompson
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVersailles, France
| | - Biao Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - John W. Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of NewcastleCallaghan, NSW, Australia
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