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van Bel AJE. The plant axis as the command centre for (re)distribution of sucrose and amino acids. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 265:153488. [PMID: 34416599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increase in size required for optimal colonization of terrestrial niches, channels for bidirectional bulk transport of materials in land plants evolved during a period of about 100 million years. These transport systems are essentially still in operation - though perfected over the following 400 million years - and make use of hydrostatic differentials. Substances are accumulated or released at the loading and unloading ends, respectively, of the transport channels. The intermediate stretch between the channel termini is bifunctional and executes orchestrated release and retrieval of solutes. Analyses of anatomical and physiological data demonstrate that the release/retrieval zone extends deeper into sources and sinks than is commonly thought and covers usually much more than 99% of the translocation stretch. This review sketches the significance of events in the intermediate stretch for distribution of organic materials over the plant body. Net leakage from the channels does not only serve maintenance and growth of tissues along the pathway, but also diurnal, short-term or seasonal storage of reserve materials, and balanced distribution of organic C- and N-compounds over axial and terminal sinks. Release and retrieval are controlled by plasma-membrane transporters at the vessel/parenchyma interface in the contact pits along xylem vessels and by plasma-membrane transporters at the interface between companion cells and phloem parenchyma along sieve tubes. The xylem-to-phloem pathway vice versa is a bifacial, radially oriented system comprising a symplasmic pathway, of which entrance and exit are controlled at specific membrane checkpoints, and a parallel apoplasmic pathway. A broad range of specific sucrose and amino-acid transporters are deployed at the checkpoint plasma membranes. SUCs, SUTs, STPs, SWEETs, and AAPs, LTHs, CATs are localized to the plasma membranes in question, both in monocots and eudicots. Presence of Umamits in monocots is uncertain. There is some evidence for endo- and exocytosis at the vessel/parenchyma interface supplementary to the transporter-mediated uptake and release. Actions of transporters at the checkpoints are equally decisive for storage and distribution of amino acids and sucrose in monocots and eudicots, but storage and distribution patterns may differ between both taxa. While the majority of reserves is sequestered in vascular parenchyma cells in dicots, lack of space in monocot vasculature urges "outsourcing" of storage in ground parenchyma around the translocation path. In perennial dicots, specialized radial pathways (rays) include the sites for seasonal alternation of storage and mobilization. In dicots, apoplasmic phloem loading and a correlated low rate of release along the path would favour supply with photoassimilates of terminal sinks, while symplasmic phloem loading and a correlated higher rate of release along the path favours supply of axial sinks and transfer to the xylem. The balance between the resource acquisition by terminal and axial sinks is an important determinant of relative growth rate and, hence, for the fitness of plants in various habitats. Body enlargement as the evolutionary drive for emergence of vascular systems and mass transport propelled by hydrostatic differentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aart J E van Bel
- Institute of Phythopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Garg V, Kühn C. What determines the composition of the phloem sap? Is there any selectivity filter for macromolecules entering the phloem sieve elements? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:284-291. [PMID: 32248039 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In view of recent findings, it is still a matter of debate whether the composition of the phloem sap of higher plants is specific and based on a plasmodesmal selectivity filter for macromolecular transport, or whether simply related to size, abundance and half-life of the macromolecules within the phloem sap. A range of reports indicates specific function of phloem-mobile signaling molecules such as the florigen making it indispensable to discriminate specific macromolecules entering the phloem from others which cannot cross this selectivity filter. Nevertheless, several findings have discussed for a non-selective transport via plasmodesmata, or contamination of the phloem sap by degradation products coming from immature still developing young sieve elements undergoing differentiation. Here, we discuss several possibilities, and raise the question how selectivity of the phloem sap composition could be achieved thereby focusing on mobility and dynamics of sucrose transporter mRNA and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Garg
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Kühn
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Immunolocalization of proteins in differentiated phloem cells is a challenging task given their special anatomy, organellar infrastructure, and the phloem tissue's heterogeneity. Incorporation of specific wall components in the thickened cell walls of phloem cells is often the source of unspecific labeling, leading to erroneous localization. Therefore, special care is required regarding generation and purification of specific antibodies. In addition, tissue preservation of phloem cells, which contain a high osmotic pressure in their functional state, is a very challenging task prone to various pitfalls. This chapter provides practical advice for cautious tissue preparation and antibody purification. Furthermore, methods that can be used to verify immunohistochemical localization data, such as promoter-reporter studies or activity tests, are discussed. Such confirmation experiments are essential for unambiguous determination of protein location in cells of the phloem.
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Milne RJ, Grof CP, Patrick JW. Mechanisms of phloem unloading: shaped by cellular pathways, their conductances and sink function. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:8-15. [PMID: 29248828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phloem unloading represents a series of cell-to-cell transport steps transferring phloem-mobile constituents from phloem to sink tissues/organs to fuel their development or resource storage. Our analysis focuses on unloading of two major phloem-mobile constituents, sugars and water. Their unloading can occur across phloem plasma membranes (apoplasmic unloading), through plasmodesmata interconnecting phloem and sink cells (symplasmic unloading) or predominately symplasmically with an intervening post-phloem apoplasmic step. In planta studies of phloem unloading encounter substantial technical challenges in accessing phloem within a meshwork of vascular/ground tissues. Thus, current understanding of phloem-unloading mechanisms largely has been deduced from indirect experimental measures or modelling. Here we highlight recent advances in understanding phloem unloading mechanisms and identify where important knowledge gaps remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky J Milne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher Pl Grof
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
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5
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Abstract
The phloem plays a central role in transporting resources and signalling molecules from fully expanded leaves to provide precursors for, and to direct development of, heterotrophic organs located throughout the plant body. We review recent advances in understanding mechanisms regulating loading and unloading of resources into, and from, the phloem network; highlight unresolved questions regarding the physiological significance of the vast array of proteins and RNAs found in phloem saps; and evaluate proposed structure/function relationships considered to account for bulk flow of sap, sustained at high rates and over long distances, through the transport phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Liesche
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling , China
| | - John Patrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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Minchin PEH, Lacointe A. Consequences of phloem pathway unloading/reloading on equilibrium flows between source and sink: a modelling approach. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:507-514. [PMID: 32480583 DOI: 10.1071/fp16354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is now accepted that the transport phloem, linking major sources and sinks, is leaky, and this leakage can be considerable. Hence for phloem transport to function over the long distances observed, a large fraction of this unloaded photosynthate must be reloaded. A fraction of this unloaded solute is used to maintain tissues surrounding the phloem, as well as being stored. Also, pathway unloading/reloading acts as a short-term buffer to source and sink changes. In this work we present the first attempt to include both pathway unloading and reloading of carbohydrate in the modelling of pressure driven flow to determine if this has any significant effect upon source-sink dynamics. Our results indicated that the flow does not follow Poiseuille dynamics, and that pathway unloading alters the solute concentration and hydrostatic pressure profiles. Hence, measurement of either of these without considerable other detail tells us very little about the flow mechanisms. With adequate reloading along the pathway, the effects of pathway unloading can completely compensate for, making the entire system look like one with no pathway unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E H Minchin
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), 412 No. 1 Rd, Te Puke 3182, New Zealand
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Milne RJ, Perroux JM, Rae AL, Reinders A, Ward JM, Offler CE, Patrick JW, Grof CPL. Sucrose Transporter Localization and Function in Phloem Unloading in Developing Stems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1330-1341. [PMID: 27986867 PMCID: PMC5291036 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
How sucrose transporters (SUTs) regulate phloem unloading in monocot stems is poorly understood and particularly so for species storing high Suc concentrations. To this end, Sorghum bicolor SUTs SbSUT1 and SbSUT5 were characterized by determining their transport properties heterologously expressed in yeast or Xenopus laevis oocytes, and their in planta cellular and subcellular localization. The plasma membrane-localized SbSUT1 and SbSUT5 exhibited a strong selectivity for Suc and high Suc affinities in X. laevis oocytes at pH 5-SbSUT1, 6.3 ± 0.7 mm, and SbSUT5, 2.4 ± 0.5 mm Suc. The Suc affinity of SbSUT1 was dependent on membrane potential and pH. In contrast, SbSUT5 Suc affinity was independent of membrane potential and pH but supported high transport rates at neutral pH. Suc transport by the tonoplast localized SbSUT4 could not be detected using yeast or X. laevis oocytes. Across internode development, SUTs, other than SbSUT4, were immunolocalized to sieve elements, while for elongating and recently elongated internodes, SUTs also were detected in storage parenchyma cells. We conclude that apoplasmic Suc unloading from de-energized protophloem sieve elements in meristematic zones may be mediated by reversal of SbSUT1 and/or by uniporting SWEETs. Storage parenchyma localized SbSUT1 and SbSUT5 may accumulate Suc from the stem apoplasms of elongating and recently elongated internodes, whereas SbSUT4 may function to release Suc from vacuoles. Transiting from an apoplasmic to symplasmic unloading pathway as the stem matures, SbSUT1 and SbSUT5 increasingly function in Suc retrieval into metaphloem sieve elements to maintain a high turgor to drive symplasmic unloading by bulk flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky J Milne
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia (R.J.M., C.E.O., J.W.P., C.P.L.G.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Crace, Australian Capital Territory 2911, Australia (R.J.M.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia (J.M.P., A.L.R.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., J.M.W.)
| | - Jai M Perroux
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia (R.J.M., C.E.O., J.W.P., C.P.L.G.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Crace, Australian Capital Territory 2911, Australia (R.J.M.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia (J.M.P., A.L.R.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., J.M.W.)
| | - Anne L Rae
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia (R.J.M., C.E.O., J.W.P., C.P.L.G.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Crace, Australian Capital Territory 2911, Australia (R.J.M.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia (J.M.P., A.L.R.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., J.M.W.)
| | - Anke Reinders
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia (R.J.M., C.E.O., J.W.P., C.P.L.G.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Crace, Australian Capital Territory 2911, Australia (R.J.M.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia (J.M.P., A.L.R.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., J.M.W.)
| | - John M Ward
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia (R.J.M., C.E.O., J.W.P., C.P.L.G.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Crace, Australian Capital Territory 2911, Australia (R.J.M.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia (J.M.P., A.L.R.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., J.M.W.)
| | - Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia (R.J.M., C.E.O., J.W.P., C.P.L.G.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Crace, Australian Capital Territory 2911, Australia (R.J.M.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia (J.M.P., A.L.R.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., J.M.W.)
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia (R.J.M., C.E.O., J.W.P., C.P.L.G.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Crace, Australian Capital Territory 2911, Australia (R.J.M.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia (J.M.P., A.L.R.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., J.M.W.)
| | - Christopher P L Grof
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia (R.J.M., C.E.O., J.W.P., C.P.L.G.);
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Crace, Australian Capital Territory 2911, Australia (R.J.M.);
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia (J.M.P., A.L.R.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., J.M.W.)
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Arun-Chinnappa KS, McCurdy DW. De novo assembly of a genome-wide transcriptome map of Vicia faba (L.) for transfer cell research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:217. [PMID: 25914703 PMCID: PMC4391045 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vicia faba (L.) is an important cool-season grain legume species used widely in agriculture but also in plant physiology research, particularly as an experimental model to study transfer cell (TC) development. TCs are specialized nutrient transport cells in plants, characterized by invaginated wall ingrowths with amplified plasma membrane surface area enriched with transporter proteins that facilitate nutrient transfer. Many TCs are formed by trans-differentiation from differentiated cells at apoplasmic/symplasmic boundaries in nutrient transport. Adaxial epidermal cells of isolated cotyledons can be induced to form functional TCs, thus providing a valuable experimental system to investigate genetic regulation of TC trans-differentiation. The genome of V. faba is exceedingly large (ca. 13 Gb), however, and limited genomic information is available for this species. To provide a resource for future transcript profiling of epidermal TC differentiation, we have undertaken de novo assembly of a genome-wide transcriptome map for V. faba. Illumina paired-end sequencing of total RNA pooled from different tissues and different stages, including isolated cotyledons induced to form epidermal TCs, generated 69.5 M reads, of which 65.8 M were used for assembly following trimming and quality control. Assembly using a De-Bruijn graph-based approach generated 21,297 contigs, of which 80.6% were successfully annotated against GO terms. The assembly was validated against known V. faba cDNAs held in GenBank, including transcripts previously identified as being specifically expressed in epidermal cells across TC trans-differentiation. This genome-wide transcriptome map therefore provides a valuable tool for future transcript profiling of epidermal TC trans-differentiation, and also enriches the genetic resources available for this important legume crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W. McCurdy
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of NewcastleNewcastle, NSW, Australia
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Cayla T, Batailler B, Le Hir R, Revers F, Anstead JA, Thompson GA, Grandjean O, Dinant S. Live imaging of companion cells and sieve elements in Arabidopsis leaves. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118122. [PMID: 25714357 PMCID: PMC4340910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phloem is a complex tissue composed of highly specialized cells with unique subcellular structures and a compact organization that is challenging to study in vivo at cellular resolution. We used confocal scanning laser microscopy and subcellular fluorescent markers in companion cells and sieve elements, for live imaging of the phloem in Arabidopsis leaves. This approach provided a simple framework for identifying phloem cell types unambiguously. It highlighted the compactness of the meshed network of organelles within companion cells. By contrast, within the sieve elements, unknown bodies were observed in association with the PP2-A1:GFP, GFP:RTM1 and RTM2:GFP markers at the cell periphery. The phloem lectin PP2-A1:GFP marker was found in the parietal ground matrix. Its location differed from that of the P-protein filaments, which were visualized with SEOR1:GFP and SEOR2:GFP. PP2-A1:GFP surrounded two types of bodies, one of which was identified as mitochondria. This location suggested that it was embedded within the sieve element clamps, specific structures that may fix the organelles to each another or to the plasma membrane in the sieve tubes. GFP:RTM1 was associated with a class of larger bodies, potentially corresponding to plastids. PP2-A1:GFP was soluble in the cytosol of immature sieve elements. The changes in its subcellular localization during differentiation provide an in vivo blueprint for monitoring this process. The subcellular features obtained with these companion cell and sieve element markers can be used as landmarks for exploring the organization and dynamics of phloem cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Cayla
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Brigitte Batailler
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Frédéric Revers
- INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - James A. Anstead
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Thompson
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Olivier Grandjean
- Plateforme de Cytologie et Imagerie Végétale, UMR1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- * E-mail:
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Cabrita P, Thorpe M, Huber G. Hydrodynamics of steady state phloem transport with radial leakage of solute. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:531. [PMID: 24409189 PMCID: PMC3872826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance phloem transport occurs under a pressure gradient generated by the osmotic exchange of water associated with solute exchange in source and sink regions. But these exchanges also occur along the pathway, and yet their physiological role has almost been ignored in mathematical models of phloem transport. Here we present a steady state model for transport phloem which allows solute leakage, based on the Navier-Stokes and convection-diffusion equations which describe fluid motion rigorously. Sieve tube membrane permeability P s for passive solute exchange (and correspondingly, membrane reflection coefficient) influenced model results strongly, and had to lie in the bottom range of the values reported for plant cells for the results to be realistic. This smaller permeability reflects the efficient specialization of sieve tube elements, minimizing any diffusive solute loss favored by the large concentration difference across the sieve tube membrane. We also found there can be a specific reflection coefficient for which pressure profiles and sap velocities can both be similar to those predicted by the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for a completely impermeable tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cabrita
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Michael Thorpe
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Gregor Huber
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
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van Bel AJE, Helariutta Y, Thompson GA, Ton J, Dinant S, Ding B, Patrick JW. Phloem: the integrative avenue for resource distribution, signaling, and defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:471. [PMID: 24324476 PMCID: PMC3838965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aart J. E. van Bel
- Department of Biology, Institute of General Botany, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Gary A. Thompson
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVersailles, France
| | - Biao Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - John W. Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of NewcastleCallaghan, NSW, Australia
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