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Li JH, Fan LF, Zhao DJ, Zhou Q, Yao JP, Wang ZY, Huang L. Plant electrical signals: A multidisciplinary challenge. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 261:153418. [PMID: 33887526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant electrical signals, an early event in the plant-stimulus interaction, rapidly transmit information generated by the stimulus to other organs, and even the whole plant, to promote the corresponding response and trigger a regulatory cascade. In recent years, many promising state-of-the-art technologies applicable to study plant electrophysiology have emerged. Research focused on expression of genes associated with electrical signals has also proliferated. We propose that it is appropriate for plant electrical signals to be considered in the form of a "plant electrophysiological phenotype". This review synthesizes research on plant electrical signals from a novel, interdisciplinary perspective, which is needed to improve the efficient aggregation and use of plant electrical signal data and to expedite interpretation of plant electrical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hai Li
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li-Feng Fan
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dong-Jie Zhao
- Institute for Future (IFF), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jie-Peng Yao
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Wang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Lan Huang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Suarez-Fernandez M, Marhuenda-Egea FC, Lopez-Moya F, Arnao MB, Cabrera-Escribano F, Nueda MJ, Gunsé B, Lopez-Llorca LV. Chitosan Induces Plant Hormones and Defenses in Tomato Root Exudates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572087. [PMID: 33250907 PMCID: PMC7672008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we use electrophysiological and metabolomic tools to determine the role of chitosan as plant defense elicitor in soil for preventing or manage root pests and diseases sustainably. Root exudates include a wide variety of molecules that plants and root microbiota use to communicate in the rhizosphere. Tomato plants were treated with chitosan. Root exudates from tomato plants were analyzed at 3, 10, 20, and 30 days after planting (dap). We found, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence, that chitosan induces plant hormones, lipid signaling and defense compounds in tomato root exudates, including phenolics. High doses of chitosan induce membrane depolarization and affect membrane integrity. 1H-NMR showed the dynamic of exudation, detecting the largest number of signals in 20 dap root exudates. Root exudates from plants irrigated with chitosan inhibit ca. twofold growth kinetics of the tomato root parasitic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. and reduced ca. 1.5-fold egg hatching of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Frutos Carlos Marhuenda-Egea
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marino B. Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Maria Jose Nueda
- Department of Mathematics, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Benet Gunsé
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Matzke AJ, Lin WD, Matzke M. Evidence That Ion-Based Signaling Initiating at the Cell Surface Can Potentially Influence Chromatin Dynamics and Chromatin-Bound Proteins in the Nucleus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1267. [PMID: 31681370 PMCID: PMC6811650 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have developed tools and performed pilot experiments to test the hypothesis that an intracellular ion-based signaling pathway, provoked by an extracellular stimulus acting at the cell surface, can influence interphase chromosome dynamics and chromatin-bound proteins in the nucleus. The experimental system employs chromosome-specific fluorescent tags and the genome-encoded fluorescent pH sensor SEpHluorinA227D, which has been targeted to various intracellular membranes and soluble compartments in root cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. We are using this system and three-dimensional live cell imaging to visualize whether fluorescent-tagged interphase chromosome sites undergo changes in constrained motion concurrently with reductions in membrane-associated pH elicited by extracellular ATP, which is known to trigger a cascade of events in plant cells including changes in calcium ion concentrations, pH, and membrane potential. To examine possible effects of the proposed ion-based signaling pathway directly at the chromatin level, we generated a pH-sensitive fluorescent DNA-binding protein that allows pH changes to be monitored at specific genomic sites. Results obtained using these tools support the existence of a rapid, ion-based signaling pathway that initiates at the cell surface and reaches the nucleus to induce alterations in interphase chromatin mobility and the surrounding pH of chromatin-bound proteins. Such a pathway could conceivably act under natural circumstances to allow external stimuli to swiftly influence gene expression by affecting interphase chromosome movement and the structures and/or activities of chromatin-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marjori Matzke
- *Correspondence: Antonius J.M. Matzke, ; Marjori Matzke,
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Calvo P, Sahi VP, Trewavas A. Are plants sentient? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2858-2869. [PMID: 28875517 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Feelings in humans are mental states representing groups of physiological functions that usually have defined behavioural purposes. Feelings, being evolutionarily ancient, are thought to be coordinated in the brain stem of animals. One function of the brain is to prioritise between competing mental states and, thus, groups of physiological functions and in turn behaviour. Plants use groups of coordinated physiological activities to deal with defined environmental situations but currently have no known mental state to prioritise any order of response. Plants do have a nervous system based on action potentials transmitted along phloem conduits but which in addition, through anastomoses and other cross-links, forms a complex network. The emergent potential for this excitable network to form a mental state is unknown, but it might be used to distinguish between different and even contradictory signals to the individual plant and thus determine a priority of response. This plant nervous system stretches throughout the whole plant providing the potential for assessment in all parts and commensurate with its self-organising, phenotypically plastic behaviour. Plasticity may, in turn, depend heavily on the instructive capabilities of local bioelectric fields enabling both a degree of behavioural independence but influenced by the condition of the whole plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paco Calvo
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
- Minimal Intelligence Lab, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vaidurya Pratap Sahi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anthony Trewavas
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
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Hedrich R, Salvador-Recatalà V, Dreyer I. Electrical Wiring and Long-Distance Plant Communication. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:376-387. [PMID: 26880317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrical signalling over long distances is an efficient way of achieving cell-to-cell communication in living organisms. In plants, the phloem can be considered as a 'green cable' that allows the transmission of action potentials (APs) induced by stimuli such as wounding and cold. Measuring phloem potential changes and separating them from secondary responses of surrounding tissues can be achieved using living aphids as bioelectrodes. Two glutamate receptor-like genes (GLR3.3 and 3.6) were identified as being involved in the propagation of electrical activity from the damaged to undamaged leaves. However, phloem APs are initiated and propagated independently of these glutamate receptors. Here, we propose new screening approaches to obtain further information on the components required for electrical signalling in phloem cables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Vicenta Salvador-Recatalà
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile.
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Choi WG, Hilleary R, Swanson SJ, Kim SH, Gilroy S. Rapid, Long-Distance Electrical and Calcium Signaling in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:287-307. [PMID: 27023742 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants integrate activities throughout their bodies using long-range signaling systems in which stimuli sensed by just a few cells are translated into mobile signals that can influence the activities in distant tissues. Such signaling can travel at speeds well in excess of millimeters per second and can trigger responses as diverse as changes in transcription and translation levels, posttranslational regulation, alterations in metabolite levels, and even wholesale reprogramming of development. In addition to the use of mobile small molecules and hormones, electrical signals have long been known to propagate throughout the plant. This electrical signaling network has now been linked to waves of Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species that traverse the plant and trigger systemic responses. Analysis of cell type specificity in signal propagation has revealed the movement of systemic signals through specific cell types, suggesting that a rapid signaling network may be hardwired into the architecture of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Gyu Choi
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; , , , ,
| | - Richard Hilleary
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; , , , ,
| | - Sarah J Swanson
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; , , , ,
| | - Su-Hwa Kim
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; , , , ,
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; , , , ,
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Volkov V. Salinity tolerance in plants. Quantitative approach to ion transport starting from halophytes and stepping to genetic and protein engineering for manipulating ion fluxes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:873. [PMID: 26579140 PMCID: PMC4621421 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport is the fundamental factor determining salinity tolerance in plants. The Review starts from differences in ion transport between salt tolerant halophytes and salt-sensitive plants with an emphasis on transport of potassium and sodium via plasma membranes. The comparison provides introductory information for increasing salinity tolerance. Effects of salt stress on ion transport properties of membranes show huge opportunities for manipulating ion fluxes. Further steps require knowledge about mechanisms of ion transport and individual genes of ion transport proteins. Initially, the Review describes methods to measure ion fluxes, the independent set of techniques ensures robust and reliable basement for quantitative approach. The Review briefly summarizes current data concerning Na(+) and K(+) concentrations in cells, refers to primary thermodynamics of ion transport and gives special attention to individual ion channels and transporters. Simplified scheme of a plant cell with known transport systems at the plasma membrane and tonoplast helps to imagine the complexity of ion transport and allows choosing specific transporters for modulating ion transport. The complexity is enhanced by the influence of cell size and cell wall on ion transport. Special attention is given to ion transporters and to potassium and sodium transport by HKT, HAK, NHX, and SOS1 proteins. Comparison between non-selective cation channels and ion transporters reveals potential importance of ion transporters and the balance between the two pathways of ion transport. Further on the Review describes in detail several successful attempts to overexpress or knockout ion transporters for changing salinity tolerance. Future perspectives are questioned with more attention given to promising candidate ion channels and transporters for altered expression. Potential direction of increasing salinity tolerance by modifying ion channels and transporters using single point mutations is discussed and questioned. An alternative approach from synthetic biology is to create new regulation networks using novel transport proteins with desired properties for transforming agricultural crops. The approach had not been widely used earlier; it leads also to theoretical and pure scientific aspects of protein chemistry, structure-function relations of membrane proteins, systems biology and physiology of stress and ion homeostasis. Summarizing, several potential ways are aimed at required increase in salinity tolerance of plants of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Volkov
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan UniversityLondon, UK
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Matzke AJM, Matzke M. Expression and testing in plants of ArcLight, a genetically-encoded voltage indicator used in neuroscience research. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:245. [PMID: 26459340 PMCID: PMC4603945 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is increasingly appreciated that electrical controls acting at the cellular and supra-cellular levels influence development and initiate rapid responses to environmental cues. An emerging method for non-invasive optical imaging of electrical activity at cell membranes uses genetically-encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs). Developed by neuroscientists to chart neuronal circuits in animals, GEVIs comprise a fluorescent protein that is fused to a voltage-sensing domain. One well-known GEVI, ArcLight, undergoes strong shifts in fluorescence intensity in response to voltage changes in mammalian cells. ArcLight consists of super-ecliptic (SE) pHluorin (pH-sensitive fluorescent protein) with an A227D substitution, which confers voltage sensitivity in neurons, fused to the voltage-sensing domain of the voltage-sensing phosphatase of C iona i ntestinalis (Ci-VSD). In an ongoing effort to adapt tools of optical electrophysiology for plants, we describe here the expression and testing of ArcLight and various derivatives in different membranes of root cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. RESULTS Transgenic constructs were designed to express ArcLight and various derivatives targeted to the plasma membrane and nuclear membranes of Arabidopsis root cells. In transgenic seedlings, changes in fluorescence intensity of these reporter proteins following extracellular ATP (eATP) application were monitored using a fluorescence microscope equipped with a high speed camera. Coordinate reductions in fluorescence intensity of ArcLight and Ci-VSD-containing derivatives were observed at both the plasma membrane and nuclear membranes following eATP treatments. However, similar responses were observed for derivatives lacking the Ci-VSD. The dispensability of the Ci-VSD suggests that in plants, where H(+) ions contribute substantially to electrical activities, the voltage-sensing ability of ArcLight is subordinate to the pH sensitivity of its SEpHluorin base. The transient reduction of ArcLight fluorescence triggered by eATP most likely reflects changes in pH and not membrane voltage. CONCLUSIONS The pH sensitivity of ArcLight precludes its use as a direct sensor of membrane voltage in plants. Nevertheless, ArcLight and derivatives situated in the plasma membrane and nuclear membranes may offer robust, fluorescence intensity-based pH indicators for monitoring concurrent changes in pH at these discrete membrane systems. Such tools will assist analyses of pH as a signal and/or messenger at the cell surface and the nuclear periphery in living plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius J M Matzke
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Marjori Matzke
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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Steinhorst L, Kudla J. Signaling in cells and organisms - calcium holds the line. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:14-21. [PMID: 25195171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has established calcium (Ca(2+)) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as important cellular second messengers in eukaryotes. Recently, the occurrence of cell-to-cell moving Ca(2+) and ROS waves was reported in plants. This was paralleled by the discovery of long-distance wound-activated surface potential changes (WASPs) that require the function of putatively Ca(2+)-releasing glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) in Arabidopsis. Although the functional interconnection of Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation and ROS waves via NADPH oxidase activation has been clearly established, potential further interconnections between these long-distance signaling processes are less clear. In this review we cover emerging concepts and existing open questions that interconnect cellular and global signaling via Ca(2+), ROS and WASPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Steinhorst
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Schmidt W. Root systems biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:215. [PMID: 24904611 PMCID: PMC4032929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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