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Wang R, Yang X, Wang T, Li B, Li P, Zhang Q. Integration of Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Flower Color Formation in Prunus mume. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1077. [PMID: 38674486 PMCID: PMC11054544 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Flower color is an important trait that affects the economic value of Prunus mume, a famous ornamental plant in the Rosaceae family. P. mume with purple-red flowers is uniquely charming and highly favored in landscape applications. However, little is known about its flower coloring mechanism, which stands as a critical obstacle on the path to innovative breeding for P. mume flower color. In this study, transcriptomic and targeted metabolomic analyses of purple-red P. mume and white P. mume were performed to elucidate the mechanism of flower color formation. In addition, the expression patterns of key genes were analyzed using an RT-qPCR experiment. The results showed that the differential metabolites were significantly enriched in the flavonoid synthesis pathway. A total of 14 anthocyanins emerged as the pivotal metabolites responsible for the differences in flower color between the two P. mume cultivars, comprising seven cyanidin derivatives, five pelargonium derivatives, and two paeoniflorin derivatives. Moreover, the results clarified that the metabolic pathway determining flower color in purple-red P. mume encompasses two distinct branches: cyanidin and pelargonidin, excluding the delphinidin branch. Additionally, through the integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data, we identified 18 key genes responsible for anthocyanin regulation, thereby constructing the gene regulatory network for P. mume anthocyanin synthesis. Among them, ten genes (PmCHI, PmGT2, PmGT5, PmGST3, PmMYB17, PmMYB22, PmMYB23, PmbHLH4, PmbHLH10, and PmbHLH20) related to anthocyanin synthesis were significantly positively correlated with anthocyanin contents, indicating that they may be the key contributors to anthocyanin accumulation. Our investigation contributes a novel perspective to understanding the mechanisms responsible for flower color formation in P. mume. The findings of this study introduce novel strategies for molecular design breeding aimed at manipulating flower color in P. mume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Wang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.)
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Baohui Li
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.)
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.)
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Baldi P, Asquini E, Nicolussi Golo G, Populin F, Moser M. Isoenzymes of the Flavonoid and Phenylpropanoid Pathways Show Organ-Specific Regulation during Apple Fruit Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14353. [PMID: 37762656 PMCID: PMC10532258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms controlling fruit development is a primary target for the improvement of new apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivars. The first two weeks of development following pollination are crucial to determine fruit characteristics. During this period, a lot of changes take place in apple fruit, going from rapid cell division to the production of important metabolites. In this work, attention was focused on the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways responsible for the production of numerous compounds contributing to fruit quality, such as flavonols, catechins, dihydrochalcones and anthocyanins. A total of 17 isoenzymes were identified, belonging to seven classes of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways that, despite showing more than 80% sequence identity, showed differential expression regulation during the first two weeks of apple fruit development. This feature seems to be quite common for most of the enzymes of both pathways. Differential regulation of isoenzymes was shown to be present in both 'Golden Delicious' and a wild relative (Malus mandshurica), even though differences were also present. Each isoenzyme showed a specific pattern of expression in the flower and fruit organs, suggesting that genes coding for enzymes with the same function may control different aspects of plant biology. Finally, promoter analysis was performed in order to highlight differences in the number and type of regulatory motifs. Overall, our results indicate that the control of the expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways may be very complex as not only enzymes belonging to the same class, but even putative isoenzymes, can have different roles for the plant. Such genes may represent an important regulatory mechanism, as they would allow the plant to fine-tune the processing of metabolic intermediates towards different branches of the pathway, for example, in an organ-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Baldi
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; (E.A.); (G.N.G.); (F.P.); (M.M.)
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Xiao P, Zhang H, Liao Q, Zhu N, Chen J, Ma L, Zhang M, Shen S. Insight into the Molecular Mechanism of Flower Color Regulation in Rhododendron latoucheae Franch: A Multi-Omics Approach. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2897. [PMID: 37631109 PMCID: PMC10458524 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Rhododendron latoucheae Franch. (R. latoucheae) is a valuable woody plant known for its high ornamental value. While purple flowers are a distinct and attractive variant phenotype of R. latoucheae, the underlying mechanism regulating its flower color is still poorly understood. To investigate the molecular regulatory mechanism responsible for the variation in flower color, we selected plants with white-pink and purple petals as the object and conducted analyses of metabolites, key genes, and transcription factors associated with flower color. A combined metabolome-transcriptome analysis was performed, and the expression of key genes was subsequently verified through qRT-PCR experiments. The results of our study demonstrated a significant enrichment of differential metabolites in the flavonoid metabolic pathway. Changes in anthocyanin content followed the same trend as the observed flower color variations, specifically showing significant correlations with the contents of malvidin-3-O-glucoside, dihydromyricetin, gallocatechin, and peonidin-3-O-glucoside. Furthermore, we identified three key structural genes (F3GT1, LAR, ANR) and four transcription factors (bHLH130, bHLH41, bHLH123, MYB4) that are potentially associated with the biosynthesis of flavonoid compounds, thereby influencing the appearance of purple flower color in R. latoucheae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qiulin Liao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ninghua Zhu
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jiaao Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Lehan Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Minhuan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shouyun Shen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
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Lei T, Huang J, Ruan H, Qian W, Fang Z, Gu C, Zhang N, Liang Y, Wang Z, Gao L, Wang Y. Competition between FLS and DFR regulates the distribution of flavonols and proanthocyanidins in Rubus chingii Hu. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1134993. [PMID: 36968391 PMCID: PMC10031046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1134993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rubus chingii Hu is a berry plant of the genus Rubus of the Rosaceae family, which has high nutritional and medicinal value and is rich in flavonoids. Flavonol synthase (FLS) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) compete for the common substrate dihydroflavonols to regulate the metabolic flux of flavonoids. However, the competition between FLS and DFR based on enzyme is rarely reported. Here, we isolated and identified two FLS genes (RcFLS1 and RcFLS2) and one DFR gene (RcDFR) from Rubus chingii Hu. RcFLSs and RcDFR were highly expressed in stems, leaves, and flowers, although the flavonol accumulation in these organs was significantly higher than that of proanthocyanidins (PAs). The recombinant RcFLSs demonstrated bifunctional activities via hydroxylation and desaturation at the C-3α position having a lower Michaelis constant (Km) for dihydroflavonols than RcDFR. We also found that a low concentration of flavonols could significantly inhibit RcDFR activity. To investigate the competitive relationship between RcFLSs and RcDFR, we used a prokaryotic expression system (E. coli) to co-express these proteins. The transgenic cells expressing recombinant proteins were incubated with substrates, and the reaction products were analyzed. Furthermore, two transient expression systems (tobacco leaves and strawberry fruits) and a stable genetic system (Arabidopsis thaliana) were used to co-express these proteins in vivo. The results showed that RcFLS1 was dominant in the competition with RcDFR. Our results demonstrated that the competition between FLS and DFR regulated the metabolic flux distribution of flavonols and PAs, which will be of great significance for the molecular breeding of Rubus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lei
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Haixiang Ruan
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Wei Qian
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Chunyang Gu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Niuniu Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Yaxuan Liang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Ziyun Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei Anhui, China
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Lin Y, Wang C, Cao S, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Li M, He W, Wang Y, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Luo Y, Tang H. Proanthocyanidins Delay Fruit Coloring and Softening by Repressing Related Gene Expression during Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043139. [PMID: 36834547 PMCID: PMC9962922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs), also known as condensed tannins, are widespread throughout the plant kingdom, presenting diverse biological and biochemical activities. Being one of the most abundant groups of natural polyphenolic antioxidant, PAs are applied to improve plant tolerance to (a)biotic stresses and delay the senescence of fruit by scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhancing antioxidant responses. The effects of PAs on coloring and softening of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), a worldwide demanded edible fruit and typical material for studying non-climacteric fruit ripening, were firstly assessed in this work. The results showed that exogenous PAs delayed the decrease in fruit firmness and anthocyanins accumulation but improved the fruit skin brightness. Strawberries treated with PAs had similar total soluble solids, total phenolics, and total flavonoids, but lower titratable acidity content. Moreover, the contents of endogenous PAs, abscisic acid and sucrose, were somehow increased by PA treatment, while no obvious change was found in fructose and glucose content. In addition, the anthocyanin- and firmness-related genes were significantly repressed, while the PA biosynthetic gene (anthocyanin reductase, ANR) was highly up-regulated by PA treatment at the key point for fruit softening and coloring. In summary, the results presented in this study suggest that PAs slow down strawberry coloration and softening by inhibiting the expression of related genes, which could be helpful for a better understanding of the biological role of PAs and provide a new strategy to regulate strawberry ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiu Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuaipeng Cao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ziqing Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.T.)
| | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.T.)
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6
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Zhong R, Wei J, Liu B, Luo H, Zhang Z, Pang X, Fang F. Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010532. [PMID: 36613975 PMCID: PMC9820520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit of Litchi chinensis contains high levels of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in the pericarp. These substances can serve as substrates of laccase-mediated rapid pericarp browning after the fruit is harvested. In this study, we found that the major PAs in litchi pericarp were (-)-epicatechin (EC) and several procyanidins (PCs), primarily PC A2, B2, and B1, and the EC and the PC content decreased with the development of the fruit. RNA-seq analysis showed that 43 early and late structure genes related to flavonoid/PA biosynthesis were expressed in the pericarp, including five ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE (ANR), two LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE (LAR), and two ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE (ANS) genes functioning in the PA biosynthesis branch of the flavonoid pathway. Among these nine PA biosynthesis-related genes, ANR1a, LAR1/2, and ANS1 were highly positively correlated with changes in the EC/PC content, suggesting that they are the key PA biosynthesis-related genes. Several transcription factor (TF) genes, including MYB, bHLH, WRKY, and AP2 family members, were found to be highly correlated with ANR1a, LAR1/2, and ANS1, and their relevant binding elements were detected in the promoters of these target genes, strongly suggesting that these TF genes may play regulatory roles in PA biosynthesis. In summary, this study identified the candidate key structure and regulatory genes in PA biosynthesis in litchi pericarp, which will assist in understanding the accumulation of high levels of browning-related PA substances in the pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Honghui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuequn Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Fang Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.P.); (F.F.)
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Zhang R, Wang J, Xia R, Li D, Wang F. Antioxidant processes involving epicatechin decreased symptoms of pine wilt disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015970. [PMID: 36570913 PMCID: PMC9780601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) invasion of Northeast China, both symptomatic and asymptomatic PWN carriers have been found. Asymptomatic PWN carriers, which are more dangerous than symptomatic carriers, constitute a source of infection in the following spring. The simultaneous presence of symptomatic and asymptomatic PWN carriers indicates that Pinus koraiensis has different tolerance levels to PWN. In this study, validity of susceptibility testing discovered differential types of P. koraiensis including Latent Reservoirs, Low Susceptibles, High Susceptibles and Bell Ringers. Among those types, the Low Susceptibles and Latent Reservoirs were asymptomatic PWN carriers, and Latent Reservoirs were the most dangerous. Transcriptome and metabolomic data showed that 5 genes (3 ans and 2 anr gene) involved in the epicatechin (EC) synthesis pathway were significantly upregulated, which increased the content of EC antioxidants in Latent Reservoirs. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) staining and content determination showed that the hypersensitive response (HR) and H2O2, which functions as a signaling molecule in systemic acquired resistance, decreased in Latent Reservoirs. However, low contents of EC and high contents of H2O2 were found in the High Susceptibles of P. koraiensis. RT-PCR results showed that the expression of ans and anr was upregulated together only in Latent Reservoirs. These results show that the susceptibility of P. koraiensis to PWN differed among different individuals, although no resistant individuals were found. Latent Reservoirs, in which more PWNs resided without visible symptoms via prolonged incubation period, inhibited the symptoms caused by H2O2 because of increased contents of the EC antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pest Detection and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pest Detection and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pest Detection and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Danlei Li
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pest Detection and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pest Detection and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Dangerous Forest Pest Management and Control, Liaoning forestry and grassland Bureau, Fushun, China
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8
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Biosynthesis and medicinal applications of proanthocyanidins: A recent update. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Yue E, Huang Y, Qian L, Lu Q, Wang X, Qian H, Yan J, Ruan S. Comparative Analysis of Proanthocyanidin Metabolism and Genes Regulatory Network in Fresh Leaves of Two Different Ecotypes of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020211. [PMID: 35050099 PMCID: PMC8779916 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg is a rare and wild medicinal resource. Metabolites, especially secondary metabolites, have an important influence on T. hemsleyanum adaptability and its medicinal quality. The metabolite proanthocyanidin (PA) is a polyphenol compound widely distributed in land plants, which can be used as antioxidants and anticancer agents. Here, we discovered that three types of PA accumulated in large amounts in purple leaves (PL), but not in green leaves (RG), based on widely non-targeted metabolomics. In addition, we further found that catechins and their derivatives, which are the structural units of PA, are also enriched in PL. Afterwards, we screened and obtained five key genes, DNR1/2, ANS, ANR and LAR closely related to PA biosynthesis through transcriptome analysis and found they were all highly expressed in PL compared to RG. Therefore, observed the regulatory relationship between the main compounds and genes network, and the PA metabolism regulatory pathway was complicated, which may be different to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkui Yue
- Institute of Crop Science & Ecology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China or (E.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.Q.); (X.W.)
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Institute of Crop Science & Ecology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China or (E.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Lihua Qian
- Institute of Crop Science & Ecology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China or (E.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Qiujun Lu
- Agricultural and Rural Affairs Guarantee Center, Hangzhou Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Hangzhou 310020, China;
| | - Xianbo Wang
- Institute of Crop Science & Ecology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China or (E.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Jianli Yan
- Institute of Crop Science & Ecology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China or (E.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.Q.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.R.)
| | - Songlin Ruan
- Institute of Crop Science & Ecology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China or (E.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.Q.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.R.)
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10
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Vale M, Rodrigues J, Badim H, Gerós H, Conde A. Exogenous Application of Non-mature miRNA-Encoded miPEP164c Inhibits Proanthocyanidin Synthesis and Stimulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Grape Berry Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:706679. [PMID: 34675946 PMCID: PMC8523857 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.706679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolic pathways in grape berries are tightly regulated by an array of molecular mechanisms, including microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation. As recently discovered, before being processed into mature microRNAs (miRNAs), the primary transcripts of miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) can encode for small miRNA-encoded peptides (micropeptides - miPEPs) that ultimately lead to an accentuated downregulation of the respective miRNA-targeted genes. Although few studies about miPEPs are available, the discovery of miPEPs reveals a new layer of gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level that opens the possibility to regulate plant metabolism without resorting to gene manipulation. Here, we identified a miPEP encoded in non-mature miR164c putatively targeting grapevine transcription factor VvMYBPA1 (miPEP164c/miPEP-MYBPA1), a positive regulator of key genes in the proanthocyanidin (PA)-biosynthetic pathway, a pathway that competes directly for substrate with the anthocyanin-biosynthetic pathway. Thus, the objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that the exogenous application of miPEP164c (miPEP-MYBPA1) can modulate the secondary metabolism of grape berry cells by inhibiting PA biosynthetic pathway while simultaneously stimulating anthocyanin synthesis. The exogenous application of miPEP164c to suspension-cultured cells from grape berry (cv. Gamay) enhanced the transcription of its corresponding non-mature miR164c, with a maximum effect at 1 μM and after a period of 10 days, thus leading to a more pronounced post-transcriptional silencing of its target VvMYBPA1. This led to a significant inhibition of the PA pathway, mostly via inhibition of leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) enzymatic activities and VvLAR1 downregulation. In parallel, the anthocyanin-biosynthetic route was stimulated. Anthocyanin content was 31% higher in miPEP164c-treated cells, in agreement with the observed upregulation of VvUFGT1 transcripts and UFGT enzyme activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vale
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Rodrigues
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hélder Badim
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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11
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Zuhar LM, Madihah AZ, Ahmad SA, Zainal Z, Idris AS, Shaharuddin NA. Identification of Oil Palm's Consistently Upregulated Genes during Early Infections of Ganoderma boninense via RNA-Seq Technology and Real-Time Quantitative PCR. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102026. [PMID: 34685835 PMCID: PMC8537556 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by pathogenic fungus Ganoderma boninense is a significant concern in the oil palm industry. G. boninense infection in oil palm induces defense-related genes. To understand oil palm defense mechanisms in response to fungal invasion, we analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) derived from RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptomic libraries of oil palm roots infected with G. boninense. A total of 126 DEGs were detected from the transcriptomic libraries of G. boninense-infected root tissues at different infection stages. Functional annotation via pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs were involved in the defense response against the pathogen. The expression of the selected DEGs was further confirmed using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) on independent oil palm seedlings and mature palm samples. Seven putative defense-related DEGs consistently showed upregulation in seedlings and mature plants during G. boninense infection. These seven genes might potentially be developed as biomarkers for the early detection of BSR in oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyana Mohd Zuhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.M.Z.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Ahmad Zairun Madihah
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.Z.M.); (A.S.I.)
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.M.Z.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Abu Seman Idris
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.Z.M.); (A.S.I.)
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.M.Z.); (S.A.A.)
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Feng X, Gao G, Yu C, Zhu A, Chen J, Chen K, Wang X, Abubakar AS, Chen P. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway associated with ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.) leaf color formation. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:684. [PMID: 34548018 PMCID: PMC8456610 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bast fiber crop ramie can be used as high-quality forage resources, especially in tropical or subtropical region where there is lack of high-quality protein feed. Hongxuan No.1 (HX_1) is a unique ramie variety with a light reddish brown leaf color, which is obviously different from elite cultivar, Zhongzhu No.1 (ZZ_1, green leaf). While, the regulatory mechanism of color difference or secondary metaboliates synthesis between these two varieties have not been studied. Results In this study, phenotypic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of HX_1 and ZZ_1 were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of leaf color formation. Chromaticity value and pigment content measuring showed that anthocyanin was the main metabolites imparting the different leaf color phenotype between the two varieties. Based on LC/MS, at least 14 anthocyanins were identified in leaves of HX_1 and ZZ_1, and the HX_1 showed the higher relative content of malvidin-, pelargonidin-,and cyanidin-based anthocyanins. Transcriptome and metabolome co-analysis revealed that the up-regulated expression of flavonoids synthesis gene was positively correlated with total anthocyanins accumulation in ramie leaf, and the differentfially expression of “blue gene” (F3’5’H) and the “red gene” (F3’H) in leaves bring out HX_1 metabolic flow more input into the cyanidin branch. Furthermore, the enrichment of glycosylated modification pathway (UGT and AT) and the expression of flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl transferase (UFGT), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), in leaves were significantly influenced the diversity of anthocyanins between HX_1 and ZZ_1. Conclusions Phenotypic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of HX_1 and ZZ_1 indicated that the expression levels of genes related to anthocyanin metabolism contribute to the color formation of ramie variety. Anthocyanins are important plant secandary metabilates with many physiological functions, the results of this study will deepened our understanding of ramie leaf color formation, and provided basis for molecular breeding of functional forage ramie. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08007-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkang Feng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Gang Gao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Chunming Yu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Aiguo Zhu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Jikang Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Kunmei Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Aminu Shehu Abubakar
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China.
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13
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Xu S, Ding Y, Sun J, Zhang Z, Wu Z, Yang T, Shen F, Xue G. A high-quality genome assembly of Jasminum sambac provides insight into floral trait formation and Oleaceae genome evolution. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:724-739. [PMID: 34460989 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most economically significant Oleaceae family members, Jasminum sambac is renowned for its distinct sweet, heady fragrance. Using Illumina reads, Nanopore long reads, and HiC-sequencing, we efficiently assembled and annotated the J. sambac genome. The high-quality genome assembly consisted of a total of 507 Mb sequence (contig N50 = 17.6 Mb) with 13 pseudomolecules. A total of 21,143 protein-coding genes and 303 Mb repeat sequences were predicted. An ancient whole-genome triplication event at the base of Oleaceae (~66 million years ago [Ma], Late Cretaceous) was identified and this may have contributed to the diversification of the Oleaceae ancestor and its divergence from the Lamiales. Stress-related (e.g., WRKY) and flowering-related (e.g., MADS-box) genes were located in the triplicated regions, suggesting that the polyploidy event might have contributed adaptive potential. Genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis, for example, FTA and TPS, were observed to be duplicated to a great extent in the J. sambac genome, perhaps explaining the strong fragrance of the flowers. Copy number changes in distinct phylogenetic clades of the MADS-box family were observed in J. sambac genome, for example, AGL6- and Mα- were lost and SOC- expanded, features that might underlie the long flowering period of J. sambac. The structural genes implicated in anthocyanin biosynthesis were depleted and this may explain the absence of vivid colours in jasmine. Collectively, assembling the J. sambac genome provides new insights into the genome evolution of the Oleaceae family and provides mechanistic insights into floral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiao Xu
- Tobacco College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Tobacco Biology & Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemisty Research Centre, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Yongle Ding
- Tobacco College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Tobacco Biology & Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemisty Research Centre, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Juntao Sun
- Tobacco College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Tobacco Biology & Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemisty Research Centre, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Tobacco College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Tobacco Biology & Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemisty Research Centre, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhaoyun Wu
- Tobacco College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Tobacco Biology & Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemisty Research Centre, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Tiezhao Yang
- Tobacco College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Beijing Agro-biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Xue
- Tobacco College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Tobacco Biology & Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.,National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemisty Research Centre, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
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14
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Tan L, Jin Z, Ge Y, Nadeem H, Cheng Z, Azeem F, Zhan R. Comprehensive ESI-Q TRAP-MS/MS based characterization of metabolome of two mango (Mangifera indica L) cultivars from China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20017. [PMID: 33208758 PMCID: PMC7676270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols based bioactive compounds from vegetables and fruits are known for impressive antioxidant activity. Ingestion of these antioxidants may promote human health against cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Mango is a popular tropical fruit with special taste, high nutritional value and health-enhancing metabolites. The aim was to investigate the diversity of phytochemicals between two mango cultivars of china at three stages of fruit maturity. We used ESI-QTRAP-MS/MS approach to characterize comprehensively the metabolome of two mango cultivars named Hongguifei (HGF) and Tainong (TN). HPLC was used to quantify selected catechin based phenolic compounds. Moreover, real-time qPCR was used to study the expression profiles of two key genes (ANR and LAR) involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis from catechins and derivatives. A total of 651 metabolites were identified, which include at least 257 phenolic compounds. Higher number of metabolites were differentially modulated in peel as compared to pulp. Overall, the relative quantities of amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, and other metabolites were increased in the pulp of TN cultivar. While the contents of phenolic compounds were relatively higher in HGF cultivar. Moreover, HPLC based quantification of catechin and derivatives exhibited cultivar specific variations. The ANR and LAR genes exhibited an opposite expression profile in both cultivars. Current study is the first report of numerous metabolites including catechin-based derivatives in mango fruit. These findings open novel possibilities for the use of mango as a source of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tan
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yu Ge
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Habibullah Nadeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zhihao Cheng
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Rulin Zhan
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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15
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Suvanto J, Karppinen K, Riihinen K, Jaakola L, Salminen JP. Changes in the Proanthocyanidin Composition and Related Gene Expression in Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Tissues. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7378-7386. [PMID: 32543188 PMCID: PMC7467716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Berries of genus Vaccinium are rich in flavonoids and proanthocyanidins (PAs). We studied the PA composition and biosynthesis in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) tissues and during fruit development. Soluble PAs, analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS, were most abundant in stem and rhizome with the mean PA polymerization level varying between 4 and 6 in all tissues. Both A- and B-type PAs were present in all tissues. Procyanidin subunits were more common than prodelphinidin subunits in PAs. During fruit ripening, the amount of procyanidin subunits decreased while prodelphinidin subunits and F3'5'H expression increased, indicating a shift in biosynthesis toward the delphinidin branch of the flavonoid pathway. Epicatechin was the most abundant flavan-3-ol in all tissues. Expression of ANR and three isolated LAR genes, analyzed by qRT-PCR, showed connection to accumulation of PAs and flavan-3-ols biosynthesized from different flavonoid branches. Insoluble PAs accumulated during berry development, suggesting that PAs are not recycled after biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Suvanto
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Karppinen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kaisu Riihinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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16
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Li J, Luan Q, Han J, Zhang C, Liu M, Ren Z. CsMYB60 directly and indirectly activates structural genes to promote the biosynthesis of flavonols and proanthocyanidins in cucumber. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:103. [PMID: 32637131 PMCID: PMC7327083 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the main pigments in the black spines of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit, and CsMYB60 is a key regulator of the biosynthesis of flavonols and PAs. However, in cucumber, the tissue distribution pattern of flavonols and PAs and the mechanism of their biosynthesis regulated by CsMYB60 remain unclear. In this study, we clarified the tissue-specific distribution of flavonoids and the unique transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in cucumber. CsMYB60 activated CsFLS and CsLAR by binding to their promoters and directly or indirectly promoted the expression of CsbHLH42, CsMYC1, CsWD40, and CsTATA-box binding protein, resulting in the formation of complexes of these four proteins to increase the expression of Cs4CL and interact with CsTATA-box binding protein to regulate the expression of CsCHS, thereby regulating the biosynthesis of flavonols and PAs in cucumber. Our data provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis, which will facilitate molecular breeding to improve fruit quality in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Qianqian Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Cunjia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Zhonghai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
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17
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Xin Y, Meng S, Ma B, He W, He N. Mulberry genes MnANR and MnLAR confer transgenic plants with resistance to Botrytis cinerea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110473. [PMID: 32540003 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are major defense-related phenolics in mulberry, but the mechanism underlying their biosynthesis remains uncharacterized. In this study, the relationship between the expression of genes encoding anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) or leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and PA biosynthesis was investigated in white and red mulberry fruits. In ripening fruits, the MnANR and MnLAR transcription levels tended to decrease, whereas the catechin and epicatechin contents initially increased and then decreased. In contrast, the PA content exhibited a clearly different trend. The ectopic expression of MnANR and MnLAR in tobacco increased the resistance to Botrytis cinerea, as evidenced by the less extensive disease symptoms of the transgenic plants compared with the wild-type plants. In vitro experiments revealed that the transgenic tobacco crude leaf extract had an obvious inhibitory effect on B. cinerea. Moreover, the ectopic expression of MnANR and MnLAR in tobacco inhibited the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, resulting in decreased anthocyanin contents in flowers. The results of this study may be useful for elucidating the mechanism underlying PA biosynthesis. Furthermore, ANR and LAR represent potential targets for improving the resistance of mulberry and related plant species to B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchao Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenmin He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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18
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Dong X, Wang Z, Tian L, Zhang Y, Qi D, Huo H, Xu J, Li Z, Liao R, Shi M, Wahocho SA, Liu C, Zhang S, Tian Z, Cao Y. De novo assembly of a wild pear (Pyrus betuleafolia) genome. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:581-595. [PMID: 31368610 PMCID: PMC6953202 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
China is the origin and evolutionary centre of Oriental pears. Pyrus betuleafolia is a wild species native to China and distributed in the northern region, and it is widely used as rootstock. Here, we report the de novo assembly of the genome of P. betuleafolia-Shanxi Duli using an integrated strategy that combines PacBio sequencing, BioNano mapping and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) sequencing. The genome assembly size was 532.7 Mb, with a contig N50 of 1.57 Mb. A total of 59 552 protein-coding genes and 247.4 Mb of repetitive sequences were annotated for this genome. The expansion genes in P. betuleafolia were significantly enriched in secondary metabolism, which may account for the organism's considerable environmental adaptability. An alignment analysis of orthologous genes showed that fruit size, sugar metabolism and transport, and photosynthetic efficiency were positively selected in Oriental pear during domestication. A total of 573 nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-type resistance gene analogues (RGAs) were identified in the P. betuleafolia genome, 150 of which are TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL)-type genes, which represented the greatest number of TNL-type genes among the published Rosaceae genomes and explained the strong disease resistance of this wild species. The study of flavour metabolism-related genes showed that the anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) metabolic pathway affected the astringency of pear fruit and that sorbitol transporter (SOT) transmembrane transport may be the main factor affecting the accumulation of soluble organic matter. This high-quality P. betuleafolia genome provides a valuable resource for the utilization of wild pear in fundamental pear studies and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization)Ministry of AgricultureResearch Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyThe Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Luming Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization)Ministry of AgricultureResearch Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization)Ministry of AgricultureResearch Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Dan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization)Ministry of AgricultureResearch Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Hongliang Huo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization)Ministry of AgricultureResearch Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Jiayu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization)Ministry of AgricultureResearch Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Zhe Li
- Berry Genomics CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Rui Liao
- Berry Genomics CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Miao Shi
- Berry Genomics CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Safdar Ali Wahocho
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization)Ministry of AgricultureResearch Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization)Ministry of AgricultureResearch Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Simeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization)Ministry of AgricultureResearch Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyThe Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yufen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization)Ministry of AgricultureResearch Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
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Li H, Han M, Yu L, Wang S, Zhang J, Tian J, Yao Y. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Two Ethylene Response Factors That Regulate Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis During Malus Crabapple Fruit Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:76. [PMID: 32161606 PMCID: PMC7054237 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a class of flavonoid compounds in plants that play many important roles in pest and disease resistance and are beneficial components of the human diet. The crabapple (Malus) provides an excellent model to study PA biosynthesis and metabolism; therefore, to gain insights into the PA regulatory network in Malus plants, we performed RNA-seq profiling of fruits of the 'Flame' cultivar at five sequential developmental stages. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the functional category 'plant hormone signal transduction' were significantly enriched during fruit development. Further analysis showed that ethylene signal transduction pathway genes or response genes, such as ERS (ethylene response sensor), EIN3 (ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3) and ERFs (ethylene response factors), may play an important role in the regulatory network of PA biosynthesis. Additionally, 12 DEGs, including 10 ERFs, 1 MYB, and 1 bHLH transcription factor, associated with PA biosynthesis were identified using WGCNA. The expression patterns of these genes correlated with PA accumulation trends and transcriptome data from qRT-PCR analysis. The expression of RAP2-4 (RELATED TO APETALA 2-4) and RAV1 (related to ABI3/VP1), which belong to the ERF transcription factor family, showed the greatest correlations with PAs accumulation among the 12 identified TFs. Agrobacterium mediated-transient overexpression of the RAP2-4 led to an increase in PA abundance in crabapple leaves and apple fruits, and the opposite results were observed in RAV1-overexpressed crabapple leaves and apple fruits. Moreover, a yeast one-hybrid assay showed that RAP2-4 and RAV1 specifically bound the promoters of the PA biosynthetic genes McLAR1 and McANR2, respectively. These results indicate that RAP2-4 act as an inducer and RAV1 act as a repressor of PA biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the PA biosynthetic genes McLAR1 and McANR2. Taken together, we identified two potential regulators of PA biosynthesis and provide new insights into the ethylene-PA regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzheng Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lujia Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Sifan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ji Tian, ; Yuncong Yao,
| | - Yuncong Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ji Tian, ; Yuncong Yao,
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20
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Zhang L, Sun X, Wilson IW, Shao F, Qiu D. Identification of the Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Accumulation in Taxus chinensis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E982. [PMID: 31795268 PMCID: PMC6947853 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxus chinensis is a precious woody species with significant economic value. Anthocyanin as flavonoid derivatives plays a crucial role in plant biology and human health. However, the genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis have not been identified in T. chinensis. In this study, twenty-five genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified, including chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, anthocyanidin synthase, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. The conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships of these genes were characterized. The expression levels of these genes in different tissues and different ages of xylem were investigated. Additionally, the anthocyanin accumulation in xylem of different ages of T. chinensis was measured. The results showed the anthocyanin accumulation was correlated with the expression levels of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase. Our results provide a basis for studying the regulation of the biosynthetic pathway for anthocyanins and wood color formation in T. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Iain W. Wilson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Fenjuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Deyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
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21
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Gao J, Shen L, Yuan J, Zheng H, Su Q, Yang W, Zhang L, Nnaemeka VE, Sun J, Ke L, Sun Y. Functional analysis of GhCHS, GhANR and GhLAR in colored fiber formation of Gossypium hirsutum L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:455. [PMID: 31664897 PMCID: PMC6819470 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of natural colored fibers mainly results from the accumulation of different anthocyanidins and their derivatives in the fibers of Gossypium hirsutum L. Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the first committed enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis, and anthocyanidins are transported into fiber cells after biosynthesis mainly by Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) to present diverse colors with distinct stability. The biochemical and molecular mechanism of pigment formation in natural colored cotton fiber is not clear. RESULTS The three key genes of GhCHS, GhANR and GhLAR were predominantly expressed in the developing fibers of colored cotton. In the GhCHSi, GhANRi and GhLARi transgenic cottons, the expression levels of GhCHS, GhANR and GhLAR significantly decreased in the developing cotton fiber, negatively correlated with the content of anthocyanidins and the color depth of cotton fiber. In colored cotton Zongxu1 (ZX1) and the GhCHSi, GhANRi and GhLARi transgenic lines of ZX1, HZ and ZH, the anthocyanidin contents of the leaves, cotton kernels, the mixture of fiber and seedcoat were all changed and positively correlated with the fiber color. CONCLUSION The three genes of GhCHS, GhANR and GhLAR were predominantly expressed early in developing colored cotton fibers and identified to be a key genes of cotton fiber color formation. The expression levels of the three genes affected the anthocyanidin contents and fiber color depth. So the three genes played a crucial part in cotton fiber color formation and has important significant to improve natural colored cotton quality and create new colored cotton germplasm resources by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Gao
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang China
| | - Li Shen
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang China
| | - Hongli Zheng
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang China
| | - Quansheng Su
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang China
| | - Weiguang Yang
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang China
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang China
| | - Vitalis Ekene Nnaemeka
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liping Ke
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang China
| | - Yuqiang Sun
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang China
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22
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McClure KA, Gong Y, Song J, Vinqvist-Tymchuk M, Campbell Palmer L, Fan L, Burgher-MacLellan K, Zhang Z, Celton JM, Forney CF, Migicovsky Z, Myles S. Genome-wide association studies in apple reveal loci of large effect controlling apple polyphenols. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:107. [PMID: 31645962 PMCID: PMC6804656 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Apples are a nutritious food source with significant amounts of polyphenols that contribute to human health and wellbeing, primarily as dietary antioxidants. Although numerous pre- and post-harvest factors can affect the composition of polyphenols in apples, genetics is presumed to play a major role because polyphenol concentration varies dramatically among apple cultivars. Here we investigated the genetic architecture of apple polyphenols by combining high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) data with ~100,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from two diverse apple populations. We found that polyphenols can vary in concentration by up to two orders of magnitude across cultivars, and that this dramatic variation was often predictable using genetic markers and frequently controlled by a small number of large effect genetic loci. Using GWAS, we identified candidate genes for the production of quercitrin, epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid and procyanidins B1, B2, and C1. Our observation that a relatively simple genetic architecture underlies the dramatic variation of key polyphenols in apples suggests that breeders may be able to improve the nutritional value of apples through marker-assisted breeding or gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A. McClure
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - YuiHui Gong
- College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jun Song
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Melinda Vinqvist-Tymchuk
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Leslie Campbell Palmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Lihua Fan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Karen Burgher-MacLellan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - ZhaoQi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jean-Marc Celton
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Charles F. Forney
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Zoë Migicovsky
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada
| | - Sean Myles
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada
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23
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Li H, Tian J, Yao YY, Zhang J, Song TT, Li KT, Yao YC. Identification of leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase genes involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Malus crabapple plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 139:141-151. [PMID: 30889479 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) from plants are a nutritionally valuable component of the human diet and play important roles in defense against pests and diseases. PAs are products of the flavonoid pathway, which also leads to the production of anthocyanins and flavonols. The enzymes leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) are involved in PA biosynthesis. The PA biosynthetic pathway has been characterized in several plant species, but the relationship between its expression and PA accumulation in Malus crabapple remains unclear. Here, we cloned the LAR genes MrLAR1, 2, and the ANR genes MrANR1, 2, from the red leaved Malus crabapple cultivar 'Royalty'. The contents of PAs and the expression levels of the LAR and ANR genes were investigated in different organs of the two crabapple cultivars. The transcript levels of two LAR genes and two ANR genes correlated with the contents of the catechin and epicatechin, which are proanthocyanidin precursors. Over-expression of the MrLAR1, 2 and MrANR1, 2 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) promoted the accumulation of PAs, while transient silencing of their expression in crabapple resulted in reduced PA levels. In addition, a negative correlation between quercetin, anthocyanin, and PA biosynthesis was also found during crabapple leaf and fruit peel development. We also found that MrLAR1 and 2 may contribute to epicatechin biosynthesis. In summary, the LAR and ANR genes are critical factors in PA biosynthesis, and there is competition between the quercetin, anthocyanin, and PA biosynthetic pathways during leaf and fruit peel development in Malus crabapple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Yan Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Ting Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Cong Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China.
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24
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Fang Z, Hou Z, Wang S, Liu Z, Wei S, Zhang Y, Song J, Yin J. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Accumulation Mechanism of Anthocyanins in Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Cotyledons and Flowers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1493. [PMID: 30934615 PMCID: PMC6471586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is a valuable crop which can produce multiple human beneficial secondary metabolites, for example, the anthocyanins in sprouts and flowers. However, as the predominant group of visible polyphenols in pigmentation, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the anthocyanin biosynthesis within buckwheat. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis of green and red common buckwheat cultivars was carried out through RNA sequencing. Overall, 3727 and 5323 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in flowers and cotyledons, respectively. Through GO and KEGG analysis, we revealed that DEGs in flowers and cotyledons are predominately involved in biosynthesis of anthocyanin. A total of 42 unigenes encoding 11 structural enzymes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified as DEGs. We also identified some transcription factor families involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Real-time qPCR validation of candidate genes was performed in flowers and cotyledons, and the results suggested that the high expression level of structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway promotes anthocyanin accumulation. Our results provide the insight understanding for coloration of red common buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwu Fang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China.
| | - Zehao Hou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China.
| | - Shuping Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China.
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China.
| | - Shudong Wei
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China.
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China.
| | - Jinghan Song
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China.
| | - Junliang Yin
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China.
- Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Hubei Engineering Technology Center/Engendering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Waterland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China.
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25
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Biochemical and Functional Characterization of Anthocyanidin Reductase (ANR) from Mangifera indica L. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112876. [PMID: 30400564 PMCID: PMC6278290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is abundant in proanthocyanidins (PAs) that are important for human health and plant response to abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in PA biosynthesis still need to be elucidated. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) catalyzes a key step in PA biosynthesis. In this study, three ANR cDNAs (MiANR1-1,1-2,1-3) were isolated from mango, and expressed in Escherichia coli. In vitro enzyme assay showed MiANR proteins convert cyanidin to their corresponding flavan-3-ols, such as (−)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin. Despite high amino acid similarity, the recombinant ANR proteins exhibited differences in enzyme kinetics and cosubstrate preference. MiANR1-2 and MiANR1-3 have the same optimum pH of 4.0 in citrate buffer, while the optimum pH for MiANR1-1 is pH 3.0 in phosphate buffer. MiANR1-1 does not use either NADPH or NADH as co-substrate while MiANR1-2/1-3 use only NADPH as co-substrate. MiANR1-2 has the highest Km and Vmax for cyanidin, followed by MiANR1-3 and MiANR1-1. The overexpression of MiANRs in ban mutant reconstructed the biosynthetic pathway of PAs in the seed coat. These data demonstrate MiANRs can form the ANR pathway, leading to the formation of two types of isomeric flavan-3-ols and PAs in mango.
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26
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Bars-Cortina D, Macià A, Iglesias I, Garanto X, Badiella L, Motilva MJ. Seasonal Variability of the Phytochemical Composition of New Red-Fleshed Apple Varieties Compared with Traditional and New White-Fleshed Varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10011-10025. [PMID: 30176730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the season on the apple phytochemical composition (phenolic compounds, triterpenes, and organic and ascorbic acids). For this proposal, four red-fleshed and five white-fleshed apple varieties from two consecutive seasons (2015 and 2016) were studied. A significant interaction with the season in some compounds was observed. The total phenolic content in the apple flesh from 2015 was higher than that from 2016 probably related with the lower rainfall during the harvest period in 2015 that could have favored hydric stress in the apple trees. The impact of the season on the apple skin was different. The 2016 season was characterized by higher maximum and minimum temperatures resulting in a higher content of flavonols, triterpenes, and organic acids. Anthocyanin concentration in both the flesh and skin of the red-fleshed apples showed no clear relationship to the season, and each variety showed an individual pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bars-Cortina
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària , Universitat de Lleida , Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191 , 25198 Lleida , Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alba Macià
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària , Universitat de Lleida , Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191 , 25198 Lleida , Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ignasi Iglesias
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Fruitcentre , PCiTAL , Parc de Gardeny , 25003 Lleida , Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Garanto
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Fruitcentre , PCiTAL , Parc de Gardeny , 25003 Lleida , Catalonia, Spain
| | - Llorenç Badiella
- Statistical Consulting Service , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria-Jose Motilva
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària , Universitat de Lleida , Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191 , 25198 Lleida , Catalonia, Spain
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27
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Shi L, Cao S, Chen X, Chen W, Zheng Y, Yang Z. Proanthocyanidin Synthesis in Chinese Bayberry ( Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 29541082 PMCID: PMC5835688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are distributed widely in Chinese bayberry fruit and have been associated with human health benefits, but molecular and biochemical characterization of PA biosynthesis remains unclear. Here, two genes encoding key PA biosynthetic enzymes, anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) were isolated in bayberry fruit. MrANR was highly expressed at the early stage of fruit development when soluble PAs accumulated at high levels. Meanwhile, the transcript abundance of both MrANR and MrLAR observed at the late stage was paralleled with the high amounts of insoluble PAs. LC-MS/MS showed that PAs in developing Chinese bayberry fruits were comprised predominantly of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate terminal subunits, while the extension subunits were a mixture of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, epigallocatechin and catechin. Recombinant MrANR protein converted cyanidin to a mixture of epicatechin and catechin, and delphinidin to a mixture of epigallocatechin and gallocatechin in vitro. Recombinant MrLAR was active with leucocyanidin as substrate to produce catechin. Ectopic expression of MrANR in tobacco reduced anthocyanin levels but increased PA accumulation. The catechin and epicatechin contents in transgenic flowers overexpressed MrANR were significantly higher than those of wild-type. However, overexpression of MrLAR in tobacco led to an increase in catechin levels but had no impact on PA contents. Quantitative real time PCR revealed that the loss of anthocyanin in transgenic flowers overexpressed MrANR or MrLAR is probably attributed to decreased expression of tobacco chalcone isomerase (CHI) gene. Our results not only reveal in vivo and in vitro functions for ANR and LAR but also provide a resource for understanding the mechanism of PA biosynthesis in Chinese bayberry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shifeng Cao
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yonghua Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yonghua Zheng
| | - Zhenfeng Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
- Zhenfeng Yang
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Wang P, Zhang L, Jiang X, Dai X, Xu L, Li T, Xing D, Li Y, Li M, Gao L, Xia T. Evolutionary and functional characterization of leucoanthocyanidin reductases from Camellia sinensis. PLANTA 2018; 247:139-154. [PMID: 28887677 PMCID: PMC5756577 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION LARs promoted the biosynthesis of catechin monomers and inhibited their polymerization. The accumulation of catechin monomers and polymers was increased by up-regulating the expression of NtLAR and NtANR s in CsMYB5b transgenic tobacco. Tea is rich in polyphenolic compounds, and catechins are the major polyphenols in tea. The biosynthesis of polyphenols is closely related to the expression of the leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) genes. In this paper, an evolutionary analysis and functional characterization of three CsLARs were performed. The phylogenetic tree showed that plant LARs could be grouped into three, including gymnosperms, monocotyledons and dicotyledons (clusters I and II). The eighth amino acid residue in a conserved LAR-specific motif is changeable due to a transversion (G → T) and transition (G → C) that occur in the corresponding codon. Therefore, plant LARs can be classified as G-type, A-type and S-type LARs due to this variable amino acid residue. Although (2R, 3S)-trans-flavan-3-ols were the products of recombinant CsLARs proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, both (2R, 3S)-trans and (2R, 3R)-cis-flavan-3-ols were detected in tobacco overexpressing CsLARs. However, a butanol/HCl hydrolysis assay indicated that overexpression of the CsLARs caused a decrease in polymerized catechins. A hybridization experiment with CsLARc + AtPAP1 also showed that no polymers other than epicatechin, catechin and glycoside were detected, although the accumulation of anthocyanins was markedly decreased. CsMYB5b promoted the biosynthesis of both flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins (PAs). Therefore, LARs promoted the biosynthesis of catechin monomers and inhibited their polymerization. The accumulation of catechin monomers and polymers was increased by up-regulating the expression of the NtLAR and NtANRs in CsMYB5b transgenic tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xinlong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Dawei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yanzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Mingzhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
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Ullah C, Unsicker SB, Fellenberg C, Constabel CP, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Hammerbacher A. Flavan-3-ols Are an Effective Chemical Defense against Rust Infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1560-1578. [PMID: 29070515 PMCID: PMC5717727 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic secondary metabolites are often thought to protect plants against attack by microbes, but their role in defense against pathogen infection in woody plants has not been investigated comprehensively. We studied the biosynthesis, occurrence, and antifungal activity of flavan-3-ols in black poplar (Populus nigra), which include both monomers, such as catechin, and oligomers, known as proanthocyanidins (PAs). We identified and biochemically characterized three leucoanthocyanidin reductases and two anthocyanidin reductases from P. nigra involved in catalyzing the last steps of flavan-3-ol biosynthesis, leading to the formation of catechin [2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ol] and epicatechin [2,3-cis-(-)-flavan-3-ol], respectively. Poplar trees that were inoculated with the biotrophic rust fungus (Melampsora larici-populina) accumulated higher amounts of catechin and PAs than uninfected trees. The de novo-synthesized catechin and PAs in the rust-infected poplar leaves accumulated significantly at the site of fungal infection in the lower epidermis. In planta concentrations of these compounds strongly inhibited rust spore germination and reduced hyphal growth. Poplar genotypes with constitutively higher levels of catechin and PAs as well as hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus alba) overexpressing the MYB134 transcription factor were more resistant to rust infection. Silencing PnMYB134, on the other hand, decreased flavan-3-ol biosynthesis and increased susceptibility to rust infection. Taken together, our data indicate that catechin and PAs are effective antifungal defenses in poplar against foliar rust infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christin Fellenberg
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Wu X, Gong Q, Ni X, Zhou Y, Gao Z. UFGT: The Key Enzyme Associated with the Petals Variegation in Japanese Apricot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:108. [PMID: 28223989 PMCID: PMC5293763 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb.et Zucc.) is an important ornamental plant in China. One of the traits of petals color variegation is attractive, but its formation mechanism is unclear. In our study, RNA-seq technology was employed to characterize the transcriptome response to the mutation of "Fuban Tiaozhi" associated with petals variegation in Japanese apricot. As a result, 4,579,040 (white-flowered, WF) and 7,269,883 (red-flowered, RF) reads were mapped to P. persica genes, while 5,006,676 (WF) and 7,907,436 (RF) were mapped to P. persica genomes. There were 960 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified. Gene ontology analysis showed that these genes involved in 37 functional groups including 19 biological processes, 10 cellular components and eight molecular functions. Pathway enrichment annotation demonstrated that highly ranked genes were associated with flavonoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis, anthocyanins transports, plant hormone signal transduction, and transcriptional factors. The expression patterns part of them were validated by qRT-PCR. We found that UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) gene showed differential expression pattern. The UFGT enzyme activities in RF had a significantly higher than that of WF and lower in the initial stage and increased when the red appeared in the petals, which is identical to the accumulation of anthocyanins. And we also validated the SNPs, leading to the nonsynonymous mutations, in the UFGT by Sanger sequencing which may affect the enzyme activity. In summary, our results provide molecular candidates for better understanding the mechanisms of the variegation in Japanese Apricot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic ImprovementNanjing, China
| | - Qinghua Gong
- The Administration Bureau of Sun Yat-sen's MausoleumNanjing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ni
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihong Gao
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Liu C, Wang X, Shulaev V, Dixon RA. A role for leucoanthocyanidin reductase in the extension of proanthocyanidins. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16182. [PMID: 27869786 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the second most abundant plant polyphenolic compounds after lignin. PAs affect taste, mouth feel and astringency of many fruits, wines and beverages1,2, have been associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer and Alzheimer's disease3-5, can improve nutrition and prevent bloat in ruminant animals6 and enhance soil nitrogen retention7. PAs are oligomers and polymers of flavan-3-ols, primarily (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin, but the mechanism by which the monomers polymerize and become insoluble is currently unknown. Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) has been shown to convert leucocyanidin to (+)-catechin8,9. Here, we report that loss of function of LAR in the model legume Medicago truncatula leads unexpectedly to loss of soluble epicatechin-derived PAs, increased levels of insoluble PAs, and accumulation of 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin, which provides the 4→8 linked extension units during non-enzymatic PA polymerization. LAR converts 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin back to epicatechin, the starter unit in PAs, thereby regulating the relative proportions of starter and extension units and consequently the degree of PA oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Liu
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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Matsui K, Hisano T, Yasui Y, Mori M, Walker AR, Morishita T, Katsu K. Isolation and characterization of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (FeLAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (FeANR) in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 205:41-47. [PMID: 27607249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a major group of flavonoids synthesized via the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, however the pathway has not been fully characterized in buckwheat. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) are involved in the last steps of PA biosynthesis. To isolate the genes for these enzymes from buckwheat we performed PCR using degenerate primers and obtained cDNAs of ANR and LAR, which we designated FeANR and FeLAR1. A search for homologs in a buckwheat genome database with both sequences returned two more LAR sequences, designated FeLAR2 and FeLAR3. Linkage analysis with an F2 segregating population indicated that the three LAR loci were not genetically linked. We detected high levels of PAs in roots and cotyledons of buckwheat seedlings and in buds and flowers of mature plants. FeANR and FeLAR1-3 were expressed in most organs but had different expression patterns. Our findings would be useful for breeding and further analysis of PA synthesis and its regulation in buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Matsui
- NARO Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, 2421 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Hisano
- NARO Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, 2421 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yasui
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 912-8836, Japan
| | - Amanda R Walker
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Wine Innovation West, Waite Campus, Hartley Grove, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Toshikazu Morishita
- NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Shinsei-minami 9-4, Memuro, Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Katsu
- NARO Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, 2421 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
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Luo P, Ning G, Wang Z, Shen Y, Jin H, Li P, Huang S, Zhao J, Bao M. Disequilibrium of Flavonol Synthase and Dihydroflavonol-4-Reductase Expression Associated Tightly to White vs. Red Color Flower Formation in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1257. [PMID: 26793227 PMCID: PMC4710699 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is the main character throughout the plant kingdom. Though substantial information exists regarding the structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin and flavonol biosynthesis, little is known that what make a diverse white vs. red color flower in natural species. Here, the contents of pigments in seven species from varied phylogenetic location in plants with red and white flowers were determined. Flavonols could be detected in red and white flowers, but anthocyanins were almost undetectable in the white cultivar. Comparisons of expression patterns of gene related to the flavonoid biosynthesis indicated that disequilibrium expression of flavonol synthase (FLS) and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) genes determined the accumulation of flavonols and anothcyanins in both red and white flowers of seven species. To further investigate the role of such common regulatory patterns in determining flower color, FLS genes were isolated from Rosa rugosa (RrFLS1), Prunus persica (PpFLS), and Petunia hybrida (PhFLS), and DFR genes were isolated from Rosa rugosa (RrDFR1) and Petunia hybrida (PhDFR). Heterologous expression of the FLS genes within tobacco host plants demonstrated conservation of function, with the transgenes promoting flavonol biosynthesis and inhibiting anthocyanin accumulation, so resulting in white flowers. Conversely, overexpression of DFR genes in tobacco displayed down-regulation of the endogenous NtFLS gene, and the promotion of anthocyanin synthesis. On this basis, we propose a model in which FLS and DFR gene-products compete for common substrates in order to direct the biosynthesis of flavonols and anthocyanins, respectively, thereby determining white vs. red coloration of flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Guogui Ning
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yuxiao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Huanan Jin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Penghui Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Shasha Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Zhou H, Peng Q, Zhao J, Owiti A, Ren F, Liao L, Wang L, Deng X, Jiang Q, Han Y. Multiple R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors Involved in the Regulation of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Peach Flower. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1557. [PMID: 27818667 PMCID: PMC5073212 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin accumulation is responsible for flower coloration in peach. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of eight flavonoid-related R2R3-MYB transcription factors, designated PpMYB10.2, PpMYB9, PpMYBPA1, Peace, PpMYB17, PpMYB18, PpMYB19, and PpMYB20, respectively, in peach flower transcriptome. PpMYB10.2 and PpMYB9 are able to activate transcription of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, whilst PpMYBPA1 and Peace have a strong activation on the promoters of proanthocyanin (PA) biosynthetic genes. PpMYB17-20 show a strong repressive effect on transcription of flavonoid pathway genes such as dihydroflavonol 4-reductase. These results indicate that anthocyanin accumulation in peach flower is coordinately regulated by a set of R2R3-MYB genes. In addition, PpMYB9 and PpMYB10.2 are closely related but separated into two groups, designated MYB9 and MYB10, respectively. PpMYB9 shows a strong activation on the PpUGT78A2 promoter, but with no effect on the promoter of PpUGT78B (commonly called PpUFGT in previous studies). In contrast, PpMYB10.2 is able to activate the PpUFGT promoter, but not for the PpUGT78A2 promoter. Unlike the MYB10 gene that is universally present in plants, the MYB9 gene is lost in most dicot species. Therefore, the PpMYB9 gene represents a novel group of anthocyanin-related MYB activators, which may have diverged in function from the MYB10 genes. Our study will aid in understanding the complex mechanism regulating floral pigmentation in peach and functional divergence of the R2R3-MYB gene family in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jianbo Zhao
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Albert Owiti
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Fei Ren
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Liao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Xianbao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuepeng Han,
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Zhu Q, Sui S, Lei X, Yang Z, Lu K, Liu G, Liu YG, Li M. Ectopic Expression of the Coleus R2R3 MYB-Type Proanthocyanidin Regulator Gene SsMYB3 Alters the Flower Color in Transgenic Tobacco. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139392. [PMID: 26448466 PMCID: PMC4598174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) play an important role in plant disease defense and have beneficial effects on human health. We isolated and characterized a novel R2R3 MYB-type PA-regulator SsMYB3 from a well-known ornamental plant, coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides), to study the molecular regulation of PAs and to engineer PAs biosynthesis. The expression level of SsMYB3 was correlated with condensed tannins contents in various coleus tissues and was induced by wounding and light. A complementation test in the Arabidopsis tt2 mutant showed that SsMYB3 could restore the PA-deficient seed coat phenotype and activated expression of the PA-specific gene ANR and two related genes, DFR and ANS. In yeast two-hybrid assays, SsMYB3 interacted with the Arabidopsis AtTT8 and AtTTG1 to reform the ternary transcriptional complex, and also interacted with two tobacco bHLH proteins (NtAn1a and NtJAF13-1) and a WD40 protein, NtAn11-1. Ectopic overexpression of SsMYB3 in transgenic tobacco led to almost-white flowers by greatly reducing anthocyanin levels and enhancing accumulation of condensed tannins. This overexpression of SsMYB3 upregulated the key PA genes (NtLAR and NtANR) and late anthocyanin structural genes (NtDFR and NtANS), but downregulated the expression of the final anthocyanin gene NtUFGT. The formative SsMYB3-complex represses anthocyanin accumulation by directly suppressing the expression of the final anthocyanin structural gene NtUFGT, through competitive inhibition or destabilization of the endogenous NtAn2-complex formation. These results suggested that SsMYB3 may form a transcription activation complex to regulate PA biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis tt2 mutant and transgenic tobacco. Our findings suggest that SsMYB3 is involved in the regulation of PA biosynthesis in coleus and has the potential as a molecular tool for manipulating biosynthesis of PAs in fruits and other crops using metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shunzhao Sui
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xinghua Lei
- Department of Botany, Chongqing Agricultural School, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Zhongfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guangde Liu
- ChongqingAgricultural Broadcasting and Television School, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Yao-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Zhou H, Lin-Wang K, Liao L, Gu C, Lu Z, Allan AC, Han Y. Peach MYB7 activates transcription of the proanthocyanidin pathway gene encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase, but not anthocyanidin reductase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:908. [PMID: 26579158 PMCID: PMC4620396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a group of natural phenolic compounds that have a great effect on both flavor and nutritious value of fruit. It has been shown that PA synthesis is regulated by R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs) via activation of PA-specific pathway genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a MYB gene designated PpMYB7 in peach. The peach PpMYB7 represents a new group of R2R3-MYB genes regulating PA synthesis in plants. It is able to activate transcription of PpLAR1 but not PpANR, and has a broader selection of potential bHLH partners compared with PpMYBPA1. Transcription of PpMYB7 can be activated by the peach basic leucine-zipper 5 TF (PpbZIP5) via response to ABA. Our study suggests a transcriptional network regulating PA synthesis in peach, with the results aiding the understanding of the functional divergence between R2R3-MYB TFs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Mt Albert Research CentreAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Liao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Chao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Ziqi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Mt Albert Research CentreAuckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuepeng Han,
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