1
|
Liu X, Huo D, Li J, Ma Y, Liu H, Luo H, Zhang S, Luo X, Hou C. Pattern-recognizing-assisted detection of mildewed wheat by Dyes/Dyes-Cu-MOF paper-based colorimetric sensor array. Food Chem 2023; 415:135525. [PMID: 36870207 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to timely discriminate wheat with different mildew rates, a Dyes/Dyes-Cu-MOF paper-based colorimetric sensor array was designed. Using array points to capture volatile gases of wheat with different mildew rates, and output RGB values. The correlation between ΔR/ΔG/ΔB values and odor components was established. The ΔG values of array points 2' and 3' showed the best correlation with mildew rate, with R2 of 0.9816 and 0.9642. The ΔR value of 3 and the ΔG value of 2 correlate well with the mildew rate, with R2 of 0.9625 and 0.9502, respectively. Then, the ΔRGB values are subjected to pattern recognition processing, and LDA achieves 100% correct discrimination for all samples, or divides high and low mildew areas. This method provides an odor-based monitoring tool for fast, visual and nondestructive evaluation of food safety and quality through visualization of odors produced by different mildew rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Danqun Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Liquor Making Biology Technology and Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, PR China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404000,PR China
| | - Yi Ma
- Liquor Making Biology Technology and Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing 401121, PR China
| | - Huibo Luo
- Liquor Making Biology Technology and Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, PR China
| | - Suyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou Laojiao Group Co. Ltd., Luzhou 646000, PR China.
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| | - Changjun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Macri AM, Nagy AL, Daina S, Toma D, Pop ID, Nadăș GC, Cătoi AF. Occurrence of Types A and B Trichothecenes in Cereal Products Sold in Romanian Markets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:466. [PMID: 37505735 PMCID: PMC10467109 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the frequent occurrences of mycotoxins in cereals, this study assessed the presence of trichothecenes in 121 samples from Romanian markets. These samples were divided into five groups based on product type: (1) bread and bakery products containing white flour, (2) half-brown bread with whole wheat flour, (3) brown bread containing rye flour, (4) pasta, and (5) raw wheat. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was used to detect 13 different mycotoxins, which included the Type A compounds HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin, as well as the Type B compounds deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. Results indicated trichothecene contamination in 90.08% of our samples, with deoxynivalenol predominating by at least 78% in each examined group. Co-occurrence of three or four trichothecenes were found in 23.85% of our samples. Our study underscores the necessity of consistent monitoring of staple foods to prevent the intake of harmful trichothecenes by consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Maximilian Macri
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andras-Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorana Daina
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Diana Toma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Delia Pop
- Department of Land Measurements and Exact Sciences, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - George Cosmin Nadăș
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Florinela Cătoi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Chen Y, Xu W, Song D, Han X, Long F. Rapid, Sensitive On-Site Detection of Deoxynivalenol in Cereals Using Portable and Reusable Evanescent Wave Optofluidic Immunosensor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3759. [PMID: 35409443 PMCID: PMC8997826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper develops an improved portable and reusable evanescent wave optofluidic immunosensor (OIP-v2) for rapid and sensitive on-site determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most frequently detected mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium species. Using the bifunctional reagent N,N'-Disuccinimidyl carbonate, deoxynivalenol-bovine-serum-albumin (DON-BSA) were covalently modified onto a bio-probe surface as biorecognition elements, whose robustness allowed it to perform multiple detections without significant activity loss. An indirect competitive immunoassay strategy was applied for DON detection. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection of 0.11 μg/L and the linear dynamic detection range of 0.43 to 36.61 μg/L was obtained when the concentration of the Cy5.5-anti-DON antibody was 0.25 μg/mL. The OIP-v2 was also applied to detect DON in various cereals, and the recoveries ranged from 81% to 127%. The correlation between OIP-v2 and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) through the simultaneous detection of maize-positive samples was in good agreement (R2 = 0.9891).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Liu
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100874, China; (Y.L.); (W.X.); (D.S.); (X.H.)
| | - Yuyang Chen
- China National Intellectual Property Administration, Beijing 100088, China;
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100874, China; (Y.L.); (W.X.); (D.S.); (X.H.)
| | - Dan Song
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100874, China; (Y.L.); (W.X.); (D.S.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiangzhi Han
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100874, China; (Y.L.); (W.X.); (D.S.); (X.H.)
| | - Feng Long
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100874, China; (Y.L.); (W.X.); (D.S.); (X.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mäki M, Mali T, Hellén H, Heinonsalo J, Lundell T, Bäck J. Deadwood substrate and species-species interactions determine the release of volatile organic compounds by wood-decaying fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
5
|
Volatile Organic Compound Profiles Associated with Microbial Development in Feedlot Pellets Inoculated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57 Probiotic. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113227. [PMID: 34827959 PMCID: PMC8614277 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our study aimed to confirm that the probiotic, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 (H57), manufactured into grain-rich stockfeed pellets, would help maintain the various types of odours of the pellets during an extended storage. Pellets treated with (H57) or without (control, C) were stored either at room temperature or at 5 °C over 3 months. The odours were identified in the pellets, stored at 0, 1, 2 and 3 months, by a gas analysis technique. The change of odour types was greatest in the C pellets stored for 3 months at room temperature (CA3) than all other pellet treatments. The odour types of the H57 pellets aged 2 or 3 months at room temperature were similar to that of C pellets aged 1 or 2 months. Nine odour types of microbial origin were related to the change observed in CA3. These odour types have been previously identified in grains spoiled by mould and thus deserve further evaluation as indicators of the types of mould against which H57 protects as a feed inoculum. These results suggest that H57 can help to maintain the odour of stockfeed pellets, by reducing the rate of microbial spoilage during storage. Abstract Mould and bacterial contamination releases microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs), causing changes in the odour profile of a feed. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 (H57) has the potential ability to inhibit microbial growth in animal feeds. This study tested the hypothesis that H57 influences the odour profile of stored feedlot pellets by impeding the production of mVOCs. The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of un-inoculated pellets and those inoculated with H57, stored either at ambient temperature (mean 22 °C) or at 5 °C, was monitored at 0, 1, 2, and 3 months by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forty VOCs were identified in all the pellet samples analysed, 24 of which were potentially of microbial and 16 of non-microbial origin. A score plot of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the VOC profiles of the pellets stored at ambient temperature changed more rapidly over the 3 months than those stored at 5 °C, and that change was greater in the un-inoculated pellets when compared to the inoculated ones. The bi-plot and correlation loading plots of the PCA indicated that the separation of the un-inoculated pellets from the other treatments over the 3 months was primarily due to nine mVOCs. These mVOCs have been previously identified in grains spoiled by fungi, and could be considered potential markers of the types of fungi that H57 can protect pellets against. These data indicate the ability of H57 to maintain the odour profile and freshness of concentrated feed pellets. This protective influence can be detected as early as 3 months into ambient temperature storage.
Collapse
|
6
|
Effect of Supplementation of Flour with Fruit Fiber on the Volatile Compound Profile in Bread. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082812. [PMID: 33923662 PMCID: PMC8073101 DOI: 10.3390/s21082812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the analyses of the effect of fiber additives on volatile organic compounds in bread. The bread was baked from wheat flour with the addition of 3% of fruit fiber, following common procedures. After baking, volatile organic compounds contained in the control bread and breads supplemented with cranberry, apple, and chokeberry fiber were determined. The SPME/GC-MS technique was used for the identification of the odor profile, and the electronic nose Agrinose (e-nose) was used to assess the intensity of the aroma. The results of the analyses revealed the profile of volatile organic compounds in each experimental variant, which was correlated with responses of the electronic nose. The results indicate that the volatile compound profile depends on the bread additives used and influences the intensity of bread aroma. Moreover, the profile of volatile organic compounds in terms of their amount and type, as well as the intensity of their interaction with the active surface of the electrochemical sensors, was specific exclusively for the additive in each case.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ngo TT, Bang NN, Dart P, Callaghan M, Klieve A, Hayes B, McNeill D. Feed Preference Response of Weaner Bull Calves to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57 Probiotic and Associated Volatile Organic Compounds in High Concentrate Feed Pellets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010051. [PMID: 33383944 PMCID: PMC7824044 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this work was to confirm that a new probiotic (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, H57) in stock-feed pellets make cattle want to eat them faster and that H57 increased preference by reducing the rate of microbial spoilage in stored pellets thereby changing the odour of the pellets. Odour was manipulated by manufacturing standard pellets with or without added H57 and then storing half of each for 4 months either in a chiller or at room temperature to make 4 different batches. These were offered, per day for 4 weeks, across 8 automated feed bunks, 1 pellet batch per 2 bunks, in amounts enough to satisfy the daily needs of a single group of 16 young bulls. A given bull could have chosen any of 4 feed batches to eat. The feed batches in the bunks that were emptied the fastest were considered to contain the most preferred batch. The H57 was found to improve preference for pellets but only when they were stored at room temperature and not if they were stored in a chiller. The most preferred pellets had the least concentration of microbial volatile organic compounds. This was consistent with our expectation that H57 inhibits microbial spoilage in feed pellets to improve shelf life. Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 (H57) improves preference by reducing the development of microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) in feed pellets. Sixteen bull calves were, for 4 weeks, provided equal access to a panel of 8 automated feed bunks in a single paddock with some hay. Each bunk contained pellets with (H57) or without (Control) the H57, each aged for 4 months at either ambient or chiller temperature. Each treatment was changed to a new bunk pair position weekly. Relative preference was determined according to weight of pellets remaining per hour per treatment bunk pair per 24 h. Pellets were analysed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the concentrations tested for correlation with relative preference. Calves showed the lowest preference (p < 0.0001) for the Control/Ambient treatment whereas preference for all other treatments (H57/Ambient; H57/Chiller; Control/Chiller) was similar. The Control/Ambient treatment odour profile grouped differently to the other 3 treatments which grouped similarly to each other. Up to 16 mVOCs were determined to have potential as pre-ingestive signals for the extent of microbial spoilage. Further studies are required to find which combination of these mVOCs, when added to pellets, results in feed aversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Ngo
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (N.N.B.); (D.M.)
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam
- Correspondence:
| | - Nguyen N. Bang
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (N.N.B.); (D.M.)
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam
| | - Peter Dart
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | | | - Athol Klieve
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4069, Australia; (A.K.); (B.H.)
| | - Ben Hayes
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4069, Australia; (A.K.); (B.H.)
| | - David McNeill
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (N.N.B.); (D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Erler A, Riebe D, Beitz T, Löhmannsröben HG, Grothusheitkamp D, Kunz T, Methner FJ. Characterization of volatile metabolites formed by molds on barley by mass and ion mobility spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4501. [PMID: 31945247 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of barley by molds on the field or in storage leads to the spoilage of grain and the production of mycotoxins, which causes major economic losses in malting facilities and breweries. Therefore, on-site detection of hidden fungus contaminations in grain storages based on the detection of volatile marker compounds is of high interest. In this work, the volatile metabolites of 10 different fungus species are identified by gas chromatography (GC) combined with two complementary mass spectrometric methods, namely, electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure (APCI)-mass spectrometry (MS). The APCI source utilizes soft X-radiation, which enables the selective protonation of the volatile metabolites largely without side reactions. Nearly 80 volatile or semivolatile compounds from different substance classes, namely, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, substituted aromatic compounds, alkenes, terpenes, oxidized terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and oxidized sesquiterpenes, could be identified. The profiles of volatile and semivolatile metabolites of the different fungus species are characteristic of them and allow their safe differentiation. The application of the same GC parameters and APCI source allows a simple method transfer from MS to ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), which permits on-site analyses of grain stores. Characterization of IMS yields limits of detection very similar to those of APCI-MS. Accordingly, more than 90% of the volatile metabolites found by APCI-MS were also detected in IMS. In addition to different fungus genera, different species of one fungus genus could also be differentiated by GC-IMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Erler
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Riebe
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Toralf Beitz
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniela Grothusheitkamp
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Kunz
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank-Jürgen Methner
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mazelin C, Vose JC, Kepner RL, Fitzgerald N. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction GCMS as a Potential In-Situ Method for the Early Detection of Fusarium Head Blight in Barley. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2020.1738753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy Mazelin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, & Physics, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY, U.S.A.
| | - Jonathan C. Vose
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, & Physics, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY, U.S.A.
| | | | - Neil Fitzgerald
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, & Physics, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY, U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Performance of Winter Wheat Cultivars Grown Organically and Conventionally with Focus on Fusarium Head Blight and Fusarium Trichothecene Toxins. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100439. [PMID: 31614527 PMCID: PMC6843174 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing acreage and changing consumer preferences cause increasing interest in the cereal products originating from organic farming. Lack of results of objective test, however, does not allow drawing conclusions about the effects of cultivation in the organic system and comparison to currently preferred conventional system. Field experiment was conducted in organic and conventional fields. Thirty modern cultivars of winter wheat were sown. They were characterized for disease infection including Fusarium head blight, seed sowing value, the amount of DNA of the six species of Fusarium fungi as well as concentration of ergosterol and trichothecenes in grain. The intensity Fusarium head blight was at a similar level in both systems. However, Fusarium colonization of kernels expressed as ergosterol level or DNA concentration was higher for the organic system. It did not reflect in an increased accumulation of trichothecenes in grain, which was similar in both systems, but sowing value of organically produced seeds was lower. Significant differences between analyzed cropping systems and experimental variants were found. The selection of the individual cultivars for organic growing in terms of resistance to diseases and contamination of grain with Fusarium toxins was possible. Effects of organic growing differ significantly from the conventional and grain obtained such way can be recommended to consumers. There are indications for use of particular cultivars bred for conventional agriculture in the case of organic farming, and the growing organic decreases plant stress resulting from intense fertilization and chemical plant protection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Prevalent Mycotoxins in Animal Feed: Occurrence and Analytical Methods. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050290. [PMID: 31121952 PMCID: PMC6563184 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, we have been witnessing a steady tendency in the increase of global demand for maize, wheat, soybeans, and their products due to the steady growth and strengthening of the livestock industry. Thus, animal feed safety has gradually become more important, with mycotoxins representing one of the most significant hazards. Mycotoxins comprise different classes of secondary metabolites of molds. With regard to animal feed, aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone are the more prevalent ones. In this review, several constraints posed by these contaminants at economical and commercial levels will be discussed, along with the legislation established in the European Union to restrict mycotoxins levels in animal feed. In addition, the occurrence of legislated mycotoxins in raw materials and their by-products for the feeds of interest, as well as in the feeds, will be reviewed. Finally, an overview of the different sample pretreatment and detection techniques reported for mycotoxin analysis will be presented, the main weaknesses of current methods will be highlighted.
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu W, Han X, Li F. Co-occurrence of multi-mycotoxins in wheat grains harvested in Anhui province, China. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
13
|
Erler A, Riebe D, Beitz T, Löhmannsröben HG, Grothusheitkamp D, Kunz T, Methner FJ. Detection of volatile organic compounds in the headspace above mold fungi by GC-soft X-radiation-based APCI-MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:911-920. [PMID: 29896877 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mold fungi on malting barley grains cause major economic loss in malting and brewery facilities. Possible proxies for their detection are volatile and semivolatile metabolites. Among those substances, characteristic marker compounds have to be identified for a confident detection of mold fungi in varying surroundings. The analytical determination is usually performed through passive sampling with solid phase microextraction, gas chromatographic separation, and detection by electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS), which often does not allow a confident determination due to the absence of molecular ions. An alternative is GC-APCI-MS, generally, allowing the determination of protonated molecular ions. Commercial atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) sources are based on corona discharges, which are often unspecific due to the occurrence of several side reactions and produce complex product ion spectra. To overcome this issue, an APCI source based on soft X-radiation is used here. This source facilitates a more specific ionization by proton transfer reactions only. In the first part, the APCI source is characterized with representative volatile fungus metabolites. Depending on the proton affinity of the metabolites, the limits of detection are up to 2 orders of magnitude below those of EI-MS. In the second part, the volatile metabolites of the mold fungus species Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium are investigated. In total, 86 compounds were found with GC-EI/APCI-MS. The metabolites identified belong to the substance classes of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, substituted aromatic compounds, terpenes, and sesquiterpenes. In addition to substances unspecific for the individual fungus species, characteristic patterns of metabolites, allowing their confident discrimination, were found for each of the 4 fungus species. Sixty-seven of the 86 metabolites are detected by X-ray-based APCI-MS alone. The discrimination of the fungus species based on these metabolites alone was possible. Therefore, APCI-MS in combination with collision induced dissociation alone could be used as a supervision method for the detection of mold fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Erler
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - D Riebe
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - T Beitz
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - H-G Löhmannsröben
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - D Grothusheitkamp
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - T Kunz
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - F-J Methner
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang X, Cheng Z, Ma L, Li J. A study on accumulation of volatile organic compounds during ochratoxin a biosynthesis and characterization of the correlation in Aspergillus carbonarius isolated from grape and dried vine fruit. Food Chem 2017; 227:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|