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Hanson SJ, Dawson JC, Goldman IL. Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris chromosome 8 shows significant association with geosmin concentration in table beet. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab344. [PMID: 34586384 PMCID: PMC8664477 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Geosmin, a degraded sesquiterpene molecule with earthy and musty odor, imbues table beet with its characteristic aroma. Geosmin is heritable and endogenously produced in table beet; its earthy aroma is sought by some consumers but deters others. Geosmin biosynthesis is catalyzed by a bifunctional geosmin synthase enzyme in diverse bacteria and fungi, but a mechanism for geosmin biosynthesis in plants has not been reported. This work employed association analysis and selective genotyping of a segregating F2:3 mapping population to seek QTL associated with geosmin concentration in table beet. GBS reads were aligned to sugar beet reference genome EL10.2, and association analysis revealed two QTL for geosmin concentration on Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris chromosome 8. QTL at EL10.2 positions 28,017,624 and 38,488,687 each show effect size 8.7 μg·kg-1 geosmin and explain 8.5% and 6.4% of total variation in geosmin concentration, respectively. Resolution was low due to large recombination bin size and imperfect alignment between the reference genome and mapping population, but population size and selection proportion were sufficient to detect moderate to large effect QTL. This study, the first molecular genetic mapping experiment in table beet, succeeded in finding QTL for geosmin concentration in table beet, and it provides the basis for fine mapping or candidate gene investigation of functional loci for this distinctive sensory trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig J Hanson
- Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Julie C Dawson
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Irwin L Goldman
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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2
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Ravi S, Campagna G, Della Lucia MC, Broccanello C, Bertoldo G, Chiodi C, Maretto L, Moro M, Eslami AS, Srinivasan S, Squartini A, Concheri G, Stevanato P. SNP Alleles Associated With Low Bolting Tendency in Sugar Beet. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693285. [PMID: 34322145 PMCID: PMC8311237 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The identification of efficient molecular markers related to low bolting tendency is a priority in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) breeding. This study aimed to identify SNP markers associated with low bolting tendency by establishing a genome-wide association study. An elaborate 3-year field trial comprising 13 sugar beet lines identified L14 as the one exhibiting the lowest bolting tendency along with an increased survival rate after autumnal sowing. For SNP discovery following phenotyping, contrasting phenotypes of 24 non-bolting and 15 bolting plants of the L14 line were sequenced by restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). An association model was established with a set of 10,924 RAD-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The allelic status of the most significantly associated SNPs ranked based on their differential allelic status between contrasting phenotypes (p < 0.01) was confirmed on three different validation datasets comprising diverse sugar beet lines and varieties adopting a range of SNP detection technologies. This study has led to the identification of SNP_36780842 and SNP_48607347 linked to low bolting tendency and can be used for marker-assisted breeding and selection in sugar beet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samathmika Ravi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Campagna
- Cooperativa Produttori Agricoli Società Cooperativa Agricola (COPROB), Minerbio, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Della Lucia
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Broccanello
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertoldo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Chiodi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Laura Maretto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Moro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Azam Sadat Eslami
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Squartini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Concheri
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Stevanato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Rodrigues CM, Müdsam C, Keller I, Zierer W, Czarnecki O, Corral JM, Reinhardt F, Nieberl P, Fiedler-Wiechers K, Sommer F, Schroda M, Mühlhaus T, Harms K, Flügge UI, Sonnewald U, Koch W, Ludewig F, Neuhaus HE, Pommerrenig B. Vernalization Alters Sink and Source Identities and Reverses Phloem Translocation from Taproots to Shoots in Sugar Beet. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3206-3223. [PMID: 32769131 PMCID: PMC7534467 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During their first year of growth, overwintering biennial plants transport Suc through the phloem from photosynthetic source tissues to storage tissues. In their second year, they mobilize carbon from these storage tissues to fuel new growth and reproduction. However, both the mechanisms driving this shift and the link to reproductive growth remain unclear. During vegetative growth, biennial sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) maintains a steep Suc concentration gradient between the shoot (source) and the taproot (sink). To shift from vegetative to generative growth, they require a chilling phase known as vernalization. We studied sugar beet sink-source dynamics upon vernalization and showed that before flowering, the taproot underwent a reversal from a sink to a source of carbohydrates. This transition was induced by transcriptomic and functional reprogramming of sugar beet tissue, resulting in a reversal of flux direction in the phloem. In this transition, the vacuolar Suc importers and exporters TONOPLAST SUGAR TRANSPORTER2;1 and SUCROSE TRANSPORTER4 were oppositely regulated, leading to the mobilization of sugars from taproot storage vacuoles. Concomitant changes in the expression of floral regulator genes suggest that these processes are a prerequisite for bolting. Our data will help both to dissect the metabolic and developmental triggers for bolting and to identify potential targets for genome editing and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Müdsam
- Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel Keller
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zierer
- Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Czarnecki
- Kleinwanzlebener Saatzucht SE & Co. KGaA, 37574 Einbeck, Germany
| | - José María Corral
- Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Reinhardt
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Petra Nieberl
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Frederik Sommer
- Biotechnology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Biotechnology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Bioinformatics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Karsten Harms
- Südzucker AG, Central Department for Research, Development, and Service, 67283 Obrigheim/Pfalz, Germany
| | - Ulf-Ingo Flügge
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter and Center of Excellence on Plant Science, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koch
- Kleinwanzlebener Saatzucht SE & Co. KGaA, 37574 Einbeck, Germany
| | - Frank Ludewig
- Kleinwanzlebener Saatzucht SE & Co. KGaA, 37574 Einbeck, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Tränkner C, Krüger J, Wanke S, Naumann J, Wenke T, Engel F. Rapid identification of inflorescence type markers by genotyping-by-sequencing of diploid and triploid F 1 plants of Hydrangea macrophylla. BMC Genet 2019; 20:60. [PMID: 31337331 PMCID: PMC6651981 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ornamental crop Hydrangea macrophylla develops highly attractive lacecap (wild type) or mophead inflorescences. The mophead trait, which is mostly favored by consumers, is recessively inherited by the INFLORESCENCE TYPE locus (INF). If lacecap cultivars are crossed with mophead cultivars, then either 50% or all progenies develop lacecap inflorescences, depending on the zygosity at the INF locus. For most cultivars, the zygosity at the INF locus is unknown. Furthermore, the determination of the inflorescence type in offspring populations is time-consuming, because seedlings flower the first time in the 2nd year after sowing. Within this study, we aimed to develop DNA-based markers that allow to determine the zygosity at the INF locus of prospective parental plants and to predict the inflorescence phenotype of seedlings already in the non-flowering stage. Results By crossing a mophead and a lacecap cultivar of H. macrophylla, we produced a pseudo-backcross F1 population consisting of 422 plants. These plants segregated into 279 lacecap, 73 mophead, 3 intermediate and 67 non-flowering plants, differing significantly from the expected 1:1 segregation ratio. Surprisingly, 75% of these plants were triploid, although both parents were diploid. We found that the lacecap parent produced unreduced pollen, which induced the formation of triploids. 380 randomly selected F1 plants were genotyped by genotyping-by-sequencing (GbS). Using a genome assembly of cultivar ‘Sir Joseph Banks’, we performed subsequently a bulk sequence analysis with pooled GbS data of diploid versus mophead plants. We identified directly 2 markers tightly linked with the INF locus, each of them explaining 99.7% of the inflorescence phenotype. Using a collection consisting of 56 diploid, triploid or tetraploid H. macrophylla varieties, we detected 6 sequence variants for one of these markers. Two variants were associated with the mophead phenotype. Furthermore, we found by marker analysis a co-segregation between the mophead and the non-flowering trait, which indicates a major flowering time locus next to the INF locus. Conclusion Through bulk sequence analysis of pooled GbS data from diploid and polyploid F1 plants, we identify rapidly tightly linked markers for the inflorescence type, a dominant-recessively inherited trait in the non-model plant species H. macrophylla. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-019-0764-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conny Tränkner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Kühnhäuser Straße 101, 99090, Erfurt, Germany. .,Present Address: Erfurt Research Centre for Horticultural Crops, Erfurt University of Applied Sciences, Kühnhäuser Straße 101, 99090, Erfurt, Germany.
| | - Jörg Krüger
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Kühnhäuser Straße 101, 99090, Erfurt, Germany.,Present Address: Erfurt Research Centre for Horticultural Crops, Erfurt University of Applied Sciences, Kühnhäuser Straße 101, 99090, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Wanke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Naumann
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Wenke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,ASGEN GmbH & Co. KG, Egon-Erwin-Kisch-Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frauke Engel
- Gartenbau Kötterheinrich Hortensienkulturen, Hohner Mark 20, 49525, Lengerich, Germany
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Dally N, Eckel M, Batschauer A, Höft N, Jung C. Two CONSTANS-LIKE genes jointly control flowering time in beet. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16120. [PMID: 30382124 PMCID: PMC6208394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breeding vegetative crops (e.g. beets, cabbage, forage grasses) is challenged by two conflicting aims. For field production, flowering must be avoided while flowering and seed set is necessary for breeding and seed production. The biennial species sugar beet makes shoot elongation (‘bolting’) followed by flowering after a long period of cold temperatures. Field production in northern geographical regions starts in spring. A thickened storage root is formed only during vegetative growth. It is expected that winter beets, which are sown before winter would have a much higher yield potential. However, field production was not possible so far due to bolting after winter. We propose a strategy to breed winter beets exploiting haplotype variation at two major bolting time loci, B and B2. Both genes encode transcription factors controlling the expression of two orthologs of the Arabidopsis gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). We detected an epistatic interaction between both genes because F2 plants homozygous for two B/B2 mutant alleles did not bolt even after vernalization. Fluorescence complementation studies revealed that both proteins form a heterodimer in vivo. In non-bolting plants, the bolting activator BvFT2 was completely downregulated whereas the repressor BvFT1 was upregulated which suggests that both genes acquire a CONSTANS (CO) like function in beet. Like CO, B and B2 proteins house CCT and BBX domains which, in contrast to CO are split between the two beet genes. We propose an alternative regulation of FT orthologs in beet that can be exploited to breed winter beets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Dally
- UKSH Campus Kiel, Hematology Laboratory Kiel, Langer Segen 8-10, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maike Eckel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alfred Batschauer
- Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Höft
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
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Liang N, Cheng D, Liu Q, Cui J, Luo C. Difference of proteomics vernalization-induced in bolting and flowering transitions of Beta vulgaris. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:222-232. [PMID: 29253800 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is a biennial crop that accounts for 30% sugar production of the world. Vernalization is an essential factor for sugar beet reproductative growth under long days. Although genes association with bolting and flowering were well explored, the difference of proteomics in the two growth stages were still poorly understood. To address the molecular mechanism at the level of proteins, an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics approach was employed to the three different growth stages (germination, bolting, flowering) of vernalized samples and the corresponding stage germination (17W weeks), 19W and 20W of nonvernalized samples. A total of 1110 peptides, 842 unique peptides and 570 proteins were identified. Most of them were assigned to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, hormone metabolism and protein processing pathway. IAA and Gibberellins (GA3) promoted growth and development in a threshold manner at growth stage germination after vernalization. A novel discovery was that IAA biosynthetic pathway of sugar beet was the Trp-dependent. In addition, two predominant pathways of protein processing association with vernalization were also identified in sugar beet at growth stage flowering. This study provided an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of vernalization at the level of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiguo Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, HarBin, 150001, China
| | - Dayou Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, HarBin, 150001, China.
| | - Qiaohong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, HarBin, 150001, China
| | - Jie Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, HarBin, 150001, China
| | - Chengfei Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, HarBin, 150001, China
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Höft N, Dally N, Hasler M, Jung C. Haplotype Variation of Flowering Time Genes of Sugar Beet and Its Wild Relatives and the Impact on Life Cycle Regimes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2211. [PMID: 29354149 PMCID: PMC5758561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The species Beta vulgaris encompasses wild and cultivated members with a broad range of phenological development. The annual life cycle is commonly found in sea beets (ssp. maritima) from Mediterranean environments which germinate, bolt, and flower within one season under long day conditions. Biennials such as the cultivated sugar beet (B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) as well as sea beets from northern latitudes require prolonged exposure to cold temperature over winter to acquire floral competence. Sugar beet is mainly cultivated for sugar production in Europe and is likely to have originated from sea beet. Flowering time strongly affects seed yield and yield potential and is thus a trait of high agronomic relevance. Besides environmental cues, there are complex genetic networks known to impact life cycle switch in flowering plants. In sugar beet, BTC1, BvBBX19, BvFT1, and BvFT2 are major flowering time regulators. In this study, we phenotyped plants from a diversity Beta panel encompassing cultivated and wild species from different geographical origin. Plants were grown under different day length regimes with and without vernalization. Haplotype analysis of BTC1, BvBBX19, BvFT1, and BvFT2 was performed to identify natural diversity of these genes and their impact on flowering. We found that accessions from northern latitudes flowered significantly later than those from southern latitudes. Some plants did not flower at all, indicating a strong impact of latitude of origin on life cycle. Haplotype analysis revealed a high conservation of the CCT-, REC-, BBX-, and PEBP-domains with regard to SNP occurrence. We identified sequence variation which may impact life cycle adaptation in beet. Our data endorse the importance of BTC1 in the domestication process of cultivated beets and contribute to the understanding of distribution and adaption of Beta species to different life cycle regimes in response to different environments. Moreover, our data provide a resource for haplotypes identified for the major floral regulators in beet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Höft
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nadine Dally
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Lehrfach Variationsstatistik, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Tränkner C, Pfeiffer N, Kirchhoff M, Kopisch-Obuch FJ, van Dijk H, Schilhabel M, Hasler M, Emrani N. Deciphering the complex nature of bolting time regulation in Beta vulgaris. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:1649-1667. [PMID: 28478574 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2916-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Only few genetic loci are sufficient to increase the variation of bolting time in Beta vulgaris dramatically, regarding vernalization requirement, seasonal bolting time and reproduction type. Beta species show a wide variation of bolting time regarding the year of first reproduction, seasonal bolting time and the number of reproduction cycles. To elucidate the genetics of bolting time control, we used three F3 mapping populations that were produced by crossing a semelparous, annual sugar beet with iteroparous, vernalization-requiring wild beet genotypes. The semelparous plants died after reproduction, whereas iteroparous plants reproduced at least twice. All populations segregated for vernalization requirement, seasonal bolting time and the number of reproduction cycles. We found that vernalization requirement co-segregated with the bolting locus B on chromosome 2 and was inherited independently from semel- or iteroparous reproduction. Furthermore, we found that seasonal bolting time is a highly heritable trait (h 2 > 0.84), which is primarily controlled by two major QTL located on chromosome 4 and 9. Late bolting alleles of both loci act in a partially recessive manner and were identified in both iteroparous pollinators. We observed an additive interaction of both loci for bolting delay. The QTL region on chromosome 4 encompasses the floral promoter gene BvFT2, whereas the QTL on chromosome 9 co-localizes with the BR 1 locus, which controls post-winter bolting resistance. Our findings are applicable for marker-assisted sugar beet breeding regarding early bolting to accelerate generation cycles and late bolting to develop bolting-resistant spring and winter beets. Unexpectedly, one population segregated also for dwarf growth that was found to be controlled by a single locus on chromosome 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conny Tränkner
- Plant Breeding Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Kühnhäuser Straße 101, 99090, Erfurt, Germany.
| | - Nina Pfeiffer
- Plant Breeding Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- KWS LOCHOW GMBH, Zuchtstation Wetze, 37154, Northeim, Germany
| | - Martin Kirchhoff
- Plant Breeding Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Nordsaat Saatzucht GmbH, Böhnshauser Straße 1, 38895, Langenstein, Germany
| | - Friedrich J Kopisch-Obuch
- Plant Breeding Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- KWS SAAT SE, Grimsehlstraße 31, 37555, Einbeck, Germany
| | - Henk van Dijk
- Universite Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Markus Schilhabel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Lehrfach Variationsstatistik, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nazgol Emrani
- Plant Breeding Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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