1
|
Hisano H, Hoffie RE, Abe F, Munemori H, Matsuura T, Endo M, Mikami M, Nakamura S, Kumlehn J, Sato K. Regulation of germination by targeted mutagenesis of grain dormancy genes in barley. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:37-46. [PMID: 34459083 PMCID: PMC8710902 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High humidity during harvest season often causes pre-harvest sprouting in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Prolonged grain dormancy prevents pre-harvest sprouting; however, extended dormancy can interfere with malt production and uniform germination upon sowing. In this study, we used Cas9-induced targeted mutagenesis to create single and double mutants in QTL FOR SEED DORMANCY 1 (Qsd1) and Qsd2 in the same genetic background. We performed germination assays in independent qsd1 and qsd2 single mutants, as well as in two double mutants, which revealed a strong repression of germination in the mutants. These results demonstrated that normal early grain germination requires both Qsd1 and Qsd2 function. However, germination of qsd1 was promoted by treatment with 3% hydrogen peroxide, supporting the notion that the mutants exhibit delayed germination. Likewise, exposure to cold temperatures largely alleviated the block of germination in the single and double mutants. Notably, qsd1 mutants partially suppress the long dormancy phenotype of qsd2, while qsd2 mutant grains failed to germinate in the light, but not in the dark. Consistent with the delay in germination, abscisic acid accumulated in all mutants relative to the wild type, but abscisic acid levels cannot maintain long-term dormancy and only delay germination. Elucidation of mutant allele interactions, such as those shown in this study, are important for fine-tuning traits that will lead to the design of grain dormancy through combinations of mutant alleles. Thus, these mutants will provide the necessary germplasm to study grain dormancy and germination in barley.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hisano
- Institute of Plant Science and ResourcesOkayama UniversityKurashikiJapan
| | - Robert E. Hoffie
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) GaterslebenStadt SeelandGermany
| | | | - Hiromi Munemori
- Institute of Plant Science and ResourcesOkayama UniversityKurashikiJapan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and ResourcesOkayama UniversityKurashikiJapan
| | - Masaki Endo
- Institute of Agrobiological SciencesNAROTsukubaJapan
| | | | | | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) GaterslebenStadt SeelandGermany
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and ResourcesOkayama UniversityKurashikiJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seguí-Simarro JM, Moreno JB, Fernández MG, Mir R. Species with Haploid or Doubled Haploid Protocols. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2287:41-103. [PMID: 34270025 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1315-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present a list of species (and few interspecific hybrids) where haploids and/or doubled haploids have been published, including the method by which they were obtained and the corresponding references. This list is an update of the compilation work of Maluszynski et al. published in 2003, including new species for which protocols were not available at that time, and also novel methodologies developed during these years. The list includes 383 different backgrounds. In this book, we present full protocols to produce DHs in 43 of the species included in this list. In addition, this book includes a chapter for one species not included in the list. This makes a total of 384 species where haploids and/or DHs have been reported up to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Seguí-Simarro
- Cell Biology Group - COMAV Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | - Ricardo Mir
- Cell Biology Group - COMAV Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoffie RE, Otto I, Hisano H, Kumlehn J. Site-Directed Mutagenesis in Barley Using RNA-Guided Cas Endonucleases During Microspore-Derived Generation of Doubled Haploids. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2287:199-214. [PMID: 34270031 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1315-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
In plant research and breeding, haploid technology is employed upon crossing, induced mutagenesis or genetic engineering to generate populations of meiotic recombinants that are themselves genetically fixed. Thanks to the speed and efficiency in producing true-breeding lines, haploid technology has become a major driver of modern crop improvement. In the present study, we used embryogenic pollen cultures of winter barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) for Cas9 endonuclease-mediated targeted mutagenesis in haploid cells, which facilitates the generation of homozygous primary mutant plants. To this end, microspores were extracted from immature anthers, induced to undergo cell proliferation and embryogenic development in vitro, and were then inoculated with Agrobacterium for the delivery of T-DNAs comprising expression units for Cas9 endonuclease and target gene-specific guide RNAs (gRNAs). Amongst the regenerated plantlets, mutants were identified by PCR amplification of the target regions followed by sequencing of the amplicons. This approach also enabled us to discriminate between homozygous and heterozygous or chimeric mutants. The heritability of induced mutations and their homozygous state were experimentally confirmed by progeny analyses. The major advantage of the method lies in the preferential production of genetically fixed primary mutants, which facilitates immediate phenotypic analyses and, relying on that, a particularly efficient preselection of valuable lines for detailed investigations using their progenies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Eric Hoffie
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ingrid Otto
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Hisano
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pathi KM, Rink P, Budhagatapalli N, Betz R, Saado I, Hiekel S, Becker M, Djamei A, Kumlehn J. Engineering Smut Resistance in Maize by Site-Directed Mutagenesis of LIPOXYGENASE 3. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:543895. [PMID: 33193477 PMCID: PMC7609844 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.543895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stresses caused by microbial pathogens impair crop yield and quality if not restricted by expensive and often ecologically problematic pesticides. For a sustainable agriculture of tomorrow, breeding or engineering of pathogen-resistant crop varieties is therefore a major cornerstone. Maize is one of the four most important cereal crops in the world. The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis causes galls on all aerial parts of the maize plant. Biotrophic pathogens like U. maydis co-evolved with their host plant and depend during their life cycle on successful manipulation of the host's cellular machinery. Therefore, removing or altering plant susceptibility genes is an effective and usually durable way to obtain resistance in plants. Transcriptional time course experiments in U. maydis-infected maize revealed numerous maize genes being upregulated upon establishment of biotrophy. Among these genes is the maize LIPOXYGENASE 3 (LOX3) previously shown to be a susceptibility factor for other fungal genera as well. Aiming to engineer durable resistance in maize against U. maydis and possibly other pathogens, we took a Cas endonuclease technology approach to generate loss of function mutations in LOX3. lox3 maize mutant plants react with an enhanced PAMP-triggered ROS burst implicating an enhanced defense response. Based on visual assessment of disease symptoms and quantification of relative fungal biomass, homozygous lox3 mutant plants exposed to U. maydis show significantly decreased susceptibility. U. maydis infection assays using a transposon mutant lox3 maize line further substantiated that LOX3 is a susceptibility factor for this important maize pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mohan Pathi
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Philipp Rink
- Biotrophy & Immunity, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nagaveni Budhagatapalli
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ruben Betz
- Biotrophy & Immunity, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Indira Saado
- Biotrophy & Immunity, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stefan Hiekel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Martin Becker
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Biotrophy & Immunity, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koeppel I, Hertig C, Hoffie R, Kumlehn J. Cas Endonuclease Technology-A Quantum Leap in the Advancement of Barley and Wheat Genetic Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112647. [PMID: 31146387 PMCID: PMC6600890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication and breeding have created productive crops that are adapted to the climatic conditions of their growing regions. Initially, this process solely relied on the frequent occurrence of spontaneous mutations and the recombination of resultant gene variants. Later, treatments with ionizing radiation or mutagenic chemicals facilitated dramatically increased mutation rates, which remarkably extended the genetic diversity of crop plants. However, a major drawback of conventionally induced mutagenesis is that genetic alterations occur simultaneously across the whole genome and at very high numbers per individual plant. By contrast, the newly emerging Cas endonuclease technology allows for the induction of mutations at user-defined positions in the plant genome. In fundamental and breeding-oriented research, this opens up unprecedented opportunities for the elucidation of gene functions and the targeted improvement of plant performance. This review covers historical aspects of the development of customizable endonucleases, information on the mechanisms of targeted genome modification, as well as hitherto reported applications of Cas endonuclease technology in barley and wheat that are the agronomically most important members of the temperate cereals. Finally, current trends in the further development of this technology and some ensuing future opportunities for research and biotechnological application are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Koeppel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| | - Christian Hertig
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| | - Robert Hoffie
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Holubová K, Hensel G, Vojta P, Tarkowski P, Bergougnoux V, Galuszka P. Modification of Barley Plant Productivity Through Regulation of Cytokinin Content by Reverse-Genetics Approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1676. [PMID: 30542354 PMCID: PMC6277847 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Barley is one of the most important cereals, which is used for breweries, animal and human feeds. Genetic manipulation of plant hormone cytokinins may influence several physiological processes, besides others stress tolerance, root formation and crop yield. In planta, endogenous cytokinin status is finely regulated by the enzyme cytokinin dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.12; CKX), that irreversible degrades the side chain of adenine-derived isoprenoid cytokinins. Increasing grain yield by mean of manipulation of endogenous cytokinin content was assayed by the silencing of the HvCKX1 gene. Moreover, to elucidate the putative role of HvCKX1 gene on grain production, knocked-out Hvckx1 mutant plants were generated using the RNA-guided Cas9 system. Homozygote transgenic plants with silenced HvCKX1 gene and azygous knock-out Hvckx1 mutants have been selected and analyzed. Both reduced expression of HvCKX1 gene and CKX activity were measured in different stages of barley grain development. Phenotyping of the transgenic lines revealed reduced root growth, however, plants produced more tillers and grains than azygous wild-type controls and the total yield was increased up to 15 per cent. Although plant productivity was increased, total grain biomass was decreased to 80% of WT grains. RNA-seq analysis of knock-down transgenic lines revealed that several important macronutrient transporters were downregulated in the stage of massive starch accumulation. It suggests that local accumulation of cytokinins negatively affected nutrients flow resulting in reduced grain biomass. Obtained results confirmed the key role of HvCKX1 for regulation of cytokinin content in barley.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Holubová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Gatersleben, Germany
- *Correspondence: Goetz Hensel,
| | - Petr Vojta
- Institute of Molecular and Translation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Central Laboratories and Research Support, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Galuszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Budhagatapalli N, Schedel S, Gurushidze M, Pencs S, Hiekel S, Rutten T, Kusch S, Morbitzer R, Lahaye T, Panstruga R, Kumlehn J, Hensel G. A simple test for the cleavage activity of customized endonucleases in plants. PLANT METHODS 2016; 12:18. [PMID: 26962325 PMCID: PMC4784412 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although customized endonucleases [transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and RNA-guided endonucleases (RGENs)] are known to be effective agents of mutagenesis in various host plants, newly designed endonuclease constructs require some pre-validation with respect to functionality before investing in the creation of stable transgenic plants. RESULTS A simple, biolistics-based leaf epidermis transient expression test has been developed, based on reconstituting the translational reading frame of a mutated, non-functional yfp reporter gene. Quantification of mutation efficacy was made possible by co-bombarding the explant with a constitutive mCherry expression cassette, thereby allowing the ratio between the number of red and yellow fluorescing cells to serve as a metric for mutation efficiency. Challenging either stable mutant alleles of a compromised version of gfp in tobacco and barley or the barley MLO gene with TALENs/RGENs confirmed the capacity to induce site-directed mutations. CONCLUSIONS A convenient procedure to assay the cleavage activity of customized endonucleases has been established. The system is independent of the endonuclease platform and operates in both di- and monocotyledonous hosts. It not only enables the validation of a TALEN/RGEN's functionality prior to the creation of stable mutants, but also serves as a suitable tool to optimize the design of endonuclease constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaveni Budhagatapalli
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Sindy Schedel
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Maia Gurushidze
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pencs
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
- />Chair of Plant Breeding, Martin Luther University, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Hiekel
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- />Structural Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stefan Kusch
- />Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Morbitzer
- />ZMBP-General Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lahaye
- />ZMBP-General Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- />Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| |
Collapse
|