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Ma Y, Zheng C, Bo Y, Song C, Zhu F. Improving crop salt tolerance through soil legacy effects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1396754. [PMID: 38799102 PMCID: PMC11116649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1396754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinization poses a critical problem, adversely affecting plant development and sustainable agriculture. Plants can produce soil legacy effects through interactions with the soil environments. Salt tolerance of plants in saline soils is not only determined by their own stress tolerance but is also closely related to soil legacy effects. Creating positive soil legacy effects for crops, thereby alleviating crop salt stress, presents a new perspective for improving soil conditions and increasing productivity in saline farmlands. Firstly, the formation and role of soil legacy effects in natural ecosystems are summarized. Then, the processes by which plants and soil microbial assistance respond to salt stress are outlined, as well as the potential soil legacy effects they may produce. Using this as a foundation, proposed the application of salt tolerance mechanisms related to soil legacy effects in natural ecosystems to saline farmlands production. One aspect involves leveraging the soil legacy effects created by plants to cope with salt stress, including the direct use of halophytes and salt-tolerant crops and the design of cropping patterns with the specific crop functional groups. Another aspect focuses on the utilization of soil legacy effects created synergistically by soil microorganisms. This includes the inoculation of specific strains, functional microbiota, entire soil which legacy with beneficial microorganisms and tolerant substances, as well as the application of novel technologies such as direct use of rhizosphere secretions or microbial transmission mechanisms. These approaches capitalize on the characteristics of beneficial microorganisms to help crops against salinity. Consequently, we concluded that by the screening suitable salt-tolerant crops, the development rational cropping patterns, and the inoculation of safe functional soils, positive soil legacy effects could be created to enhance crop salt tolerance. It could also improve the practical significance of soil legacy effects in the application of saline farmlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yukun Bo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunxu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development, Quzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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Duan Y, Jiang L, Lei T, Ouyang K, Liu C, Zhao Z, Li Y, Yang L, Li J, Yi S, Gao S. Increasing Ca 2+ accumulation in salt glands under salt stress increases stronger selective secretion of Na + in Plumbago auriculata tetraploids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1376427. [PMID: 38685960 PMCID: PMC11056565 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1376427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Under salt stress, recretohalophyte Plumbago auriculata tetraploids enhance salt tolerance by increasing selective secretion of Na+ compared with that in diploids, although the mechanism is unclear. Using non-invasive micro-test technology, the effect of salt gland Ca2+ content on Na+ and K+ secretion were investigated in diploid and tetraploid P. auriculata under salt stress. Salt gland Ca2+ content and secretion rates of Na+ and K+ were higher in tetraploids than in diploids under salt stress. Addition of exogenous Ca2+ increased the Ca2+ content of the salt gland in diploids and is accompanied by an increase in the rate of Na+ and K+ secretion. With addition of a Ca2+ channel inhibitor, diploid salt glands retained large amounts of Ca2+, leading to higher Ca2+ content and Na+ secretion rate than those of tetraploids. Inhibiting H2O2 generation and H+-ATPase activity altered Na+ and K+ secretion rates in diploids and tetraploids under salt stress, indicating involvement in regulating Na+ and K+ secretion. Our results indicate that the increased Na+ secretion rate of salt gland in tetraploids under salt stress was associated with elevated Ca2+ content in salt gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Duan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liqiong Jiang
- Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Lei
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keyu Ouyang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cailei Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zi’an Zhao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yirui Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiani Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shouli Yi
- College of Fine Art and Calligraphy, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Suping Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Pimentel Victório C, Silva Dos Santos M, Cordeiro Dias A, Silvério Pena Bento JP, Dos Santos Ferreira BH, da Costa Souza M, Kato Simas N, do Carmo de Oliveira Arruda R. Laguncularia racemosa leaves indicate the presence of potentially toxic elements in mangroves. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4845. [PMID: 36964211 PMCID: PMC10038979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazilian mangroves have been severely impacted by metallurgical, petrochemical, pyrometallurgical smelters and other industrial activities. In Rio de Janeiro, mangroves are part of the Atlantic Rainforest now under the stress of high levels of industrial waste. Therefore, this work aimed to detect potentially toxic elements (PTEs) by evaluating the leaves of Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. collected from three mangroves with different levels of pollution. To gain further insight toward an accurate diagnosis of the effects of anthropogenic pollution on mangrove stands, we evaluated leaf epicuticular wax composition, as well as morphological and anatomical traits. Samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), gas chromatography (GC) and microscopy. Results revealed variation in the contents of PTEs among the three mangroves from lowest to highest concentration, as follows: Al (0.30-0.73), Pb (0.095-0.325) and Zn (0.25-0.30) mg/kg. Zn was detected in sclerenchyma tissues. Leaf epicuticular wax contained more than 50% of triterpenes, in particular, the pentacyclic triterpenes lupeol (41.61-55.63%) and β-amyrin (8.81-16.35%). Such high concentrations promote the increase in leaf permeability to salts and PTEs. Micromorphology of leaf epicuticular wax in L. racemosa also varied among the three evaluated sites, especially around stomatal openings, but no harmful changes were noted. L. racemosa plays a key role in the rich diversity of mangrove ecosystems. As such, this species could, by the presence of PTEs in its leaves, be a suitable biomonitor of toxic substances in coastal environments of the world and used accordingly in strategies designed for eco-sustainable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Pimentel Victório
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia Ambiental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ-ZO), Av. Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga 1.203, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23070-200, Brazil.
| | - Mayara Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia Ambiental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ-ZO), Av. Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga 1.203, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23070-200, Brazil
| | - Aimêe Cordeiro Dias
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia Ambiental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ-ZO), Av. Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga 1.203, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23070-200, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Silvério Pena Bento
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Henrique Dos Santos Ferreira
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo da Costa Souza
- Herbário RBR, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Naomi Kato Simas
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Rosani do Carmo de Oliveira Arruda
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
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Duan Y, Lei T, Li W, Jiang M, Zhao Z, Yu X, Li Y, Yang L, Li J, Gao S. Enhanced Na + and Cl - sequestration and secretion selectivity contribute to high salt tolerance in the tetraploid recretohalophyte Plumbago auriculata Lam. PLANTA 2023; 257:52. [PMID: 36757459 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced secretion of Na+ and Cl- in leaf glands and leaf vacuolar sequestration of Na+ or root retention of Cl-, combined with K+ retention, contribute to the improved salt tolerance of tetraploid recretohalophyte P. auriculata. Salt stress is one of the major abiotic factors threatening plant growth and development, and polyploids generally exhibit higher salt stress resistance than diploids. In recretohalophytes, which secrete ions from the salt gland in leaf epidermal cells, the effects of polyploidization on ion homeostasis and secretion remain unknown. In this study, we compared the morphology, physiology, and ion homeostasis regulation of diploid and autotetraploid accessions of the recretohalophyte Plumbago auriculata Lam. after treatment with 300 mM NaCl for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. The results showed that salt stress altered the morphology, photosynthetic efficiency, and chloroplast structure of diploid P. auriculata to a greater extent than those of its tetraploid counterpart. Moreover, the contents of organic osmoregulatory substances (proline and soluble sugars) were significantly higher in the tetraploid than in the diploid, while those of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower. Analysis of ion homeostasis revealed that the tetraploid cytotype accumulated more Na+ in stems and leaves and more Cl- in roots but less K+ loss in roots compared with diploid P. auriculata. Additionally, the rate of Na+ and Cl- secretion from the leaf surface was higher, while that of K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ secretion was lower in tetraploid plants. X-ray microanalysis of mesophyll cells revealed that Na+ mainly accumulated in different cellular compartments in the tetraploid (vacuole) and diploid (cytoplasm) plants. Our results suggest that polyploid recretohalophytes require the ability to sequester Na+ and Cl-(via accumulation in leaf cell vacuoles or unloading by roots) and selectively secrete these ions (through salt glands) together with the ability to prevent K+ loss (by roots). This mechanism required to maintain K+/Na+ homeostasis in polyploid recretohalophytes under high salinity provides new insights in the improved maintenance of ion homeostasis in polyploids under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Duan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ting Lei
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wenji Li
- Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Mingyan Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zi'an Zhao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yirui Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiani Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Suping Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Koteyeva NK, Voznesenskaya EV, Berim A, Gang DR, Edwards GE. Structural diversity in salt excreting glands and salinity tolerance in Oryza coarctata, Sporobolus anglicus and Urochondra setulosa. PLANTA 2022; 257:9. [PMID: 36482224 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the bicellular glands characteristic of all known excreting grasses, unique single-celled salt glands were discovered in the only salt tolerant species of the genus Oryza, Oryza coarctata. Salt tolerance has evolved frequently in a large number of grass lineages with distinct difference in mechanisms. Mechanisms of salt tolerance were studied in three species of grasses characterized by salt excretion: C3 wild rice species Oryza coarctata, and C4 species Sporobolus anglicus and Urochondra setulosa. The leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of salt glands, pattern of salt excretion, gas exchange, accumulation of key photosynthetic enzymes, leaf water content and osmolality, and levels of some osmolytes, were compared when grown without salt, with 200 mM NaCl versus 200 mM KCl. Under salt treatments, there was little effect on the capacity for CO2 assimilation, while stomatal conductance decreased with a reduction in water loss by transpiration and an increase in water use efficiency. All three species accumulate compatible solutes but with drastic differences in osmolyte composition. Having high capacity for salt excretion, they have distinct structural differences in the salt excreting machinery. S. anglicus and U. setulosa have bicellular glands while O. coarctata has unique single-celled salt glands with a partitioning membrane system that are responsible for salt excretion rather than multiple hairs as previously suggested. The features of physiological responses and salt excretion indicate similar mechanisms are involved in providing tolerance and excretion of Na+ and K+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria K Koteyeva
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Elena V Voznesenskaya
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Anna Berim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - David R Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Gerald E Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA.
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Davies KM, Landi M, van Klink JW, Schwinn KE, Brummell DA, Albert NW, Chagné D, Jibran R, Kulshrestha S, Zhou Y, Bowman JL. Evolution and function of red pigmentation in land plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:613-636. [PMID: 36070407 PMCID: PMC9670752 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Land plants commonly produce red pigmentation as a response to environmental stressors, both abiotic and biotic. The type of pigment produced varies among different land plant lineages. In the majority of species they are flavonoids, a large branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Flavonoids that can confer red colours include 3-hydroxyanthocyanins, 3-deoxyanthocyanins, sphagnorubins and auronidins, which are the predominant red pigments in flowering plants, ferns, mosses and liverworts, respectively. However, some flowering plants have lost the capacity for anthocyanin biosynthesis and produce nitrogen-containing betalain pigments instead. Some terrestrial algal species also produce red pigmentation as an abiotic stress response, and these include both carotenoid and phenolic pigments. SCOPE In this review, we examine: which environmental triggers induce red pigmentation in non-reproductive tissues; theories on the functions of stress-induced pigmentation; the evolution of the biosynthetic pathways; and structure-function aspects of different pigment types. We also compare data on stress-induced pigmentation in land plants with those for terrestrial algae, and discuss possible explanations for the lack of red pigmentation in the hornwort lineage of land plants. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that pigment biosynthetic pathways have evolved numerous times in land plants to provide compounds that have red colour to screen damaging photosynthetically active radiation but that also have secondary functions that provide specific benefits to the particular land plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - John W van Klink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Samarth Kulshrestha
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Proteomics of Salt Gland-Secreted Sap Indicates a Pivotal Role for Vesicle Transport and Energy Metabolism in Plant Salt Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213885. [PMID: 36430364 PMCID: PMC9693062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization is one of the major factors restricting crop growth and agricultural production worldwide. Recretohalophytes have developed unique epidermal structures in their aboveground tissues, such as salt glands or salt bladders, to secrete excess salt out of the plant body as a protective mechanism from ion damage. Three hypotheses were proposed to explain how salt glands secrete salts: the osmotic hypothesis, a hypothesis similar to animal fluid transport, and vesicle-mediated exocytosis. However, there is no direct evidence to show whether the salt gland-secreted liquid contains landmark proteins or peptides which would elucidate the salt secretion mechanism. In this study, we collected the secreted liquid of salt glands from Limonium bicolor, followed by extraction and identification of its constituent proteins and peptides by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. We detected 214 proteins and 440 polypeptides in the salt gland-secreted droplets of plants grown under control conditions. Unexpectedly, the proportion of energy metabolism-related proteins increased significantly though only 16 proteins and 35 polypeptides in the droplets of salt-treated plants were detected. In addition, vesicle transport proteins such as the Golgi marker enzyme glycosyltransferase were present in the secreted sap of salt glands from both control and salt-treated plants. These results suggest that trans-Golgi network-mediated vesicular transport and energy production contributes to salt secretion in salt glands.
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Rahat QUA, Hameed M, Fatima S, Ahmad MSA, Ashraf M, Ahmad F, Khalil S, Munir M, Shah SMR, Ahmad I, Younis A. Structural determinants of phytoremediation capacity in saltmarsh halophyte Diplachne fusca (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. subsp. fusca. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 25:630-645. [PMID: 35862619 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2098251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Micro and macro-morphological features contribute to plants' tolerance to a variety of environmental pollutants. The contribution of such structural modifications in the phytoremediation potential of Diplachne fusca populations collected from five saline habitats were explored when treated with 100 to 400 mM NaCl for 75 days along with control. Structural modifications in the populations from the highest salinity included development of aerenchyma in stem instead of chlorenchyma, absence of excretory hairs in stem, and exceptionally large trichomes on the leaf surface to help excretion of excess salt. Large parenchyma cells provided more space for water and solute storage, while broad metaxylem vessels were linked to better conduction water and nutrients, which ultimately excreted via glandular hairs, microhairs, and vesicular hairs. Broad metaxylem vessels and exceptionally long hairs observed in the populations collected from 52 dS m-1. In conclusion, large stem aerenchyma, exceptionally large trichomes on the leaf surface, and tightly packed outer cortical region in roots with intensive sclerification just inside the epidermis accompanied with salt excretion via glandular hairs, microhairs, and vesicular hairs were the main anatomical modifications involved in the phytoremediation potential of D. fusca in hyper-saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mansoor Hameed
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Fatima
- Department of Botany, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sangam Khalil
- Department of Forestry, Range & Wildlife Management, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Munir
- Department of Botany, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Younis
- Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Mir R, Romero I, González-Orenga S, Ferrer-Gallego PP, Laguna E, Boscaiu M, Oprică L, Grigore MN, Vicente O. Constitutive and Adaptive Traits of Environmental Stress Tolerance in the Threatened Halophyte Limonium angustebracteatum Erben (Plumbaginaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091137. [PMID: 35567138 PMCID: PMC9103948 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Limonium angustebracteatum is a halophyte endemic to the E and SE Iberian Peninsula with interest in conservation. Salt glands represent an important adaptive trait in recretohalophytes like this and other Limonium species, as they allow the excretion of excess salts, reducing the concentration of toxic ions in foliar tissues. This study included the analysis of the salt gland structure, composed of 12 cells, 4 secretory and 8 accessory. Several anatomical, physiological and biochemical responses to stress were also analysed in adult plants subjected to one month of water stress, complete lack of irrigation, and salt stress, by watering with aqueous solutions of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mM NaCl. Plant growth was inhibited by the severe water deficit and, to a lesser extent, by high NaCl concentrations. A variation in the anatomical structure of the leaves was detected under conditions of salt and water stress; plants from the salt stress treatment showed salt glands sunken between epidermal cells, bordered by very large epidermal cells, whereas in those from the water stress treatment, the epidermal cells were heterogeneous in shape and size. In both, the palisade structure of the leaves was altered. Salt excretion is usually accompanied by the accumulation of salts in the foliar tissue. This was also found in L. angustebracteatum, in which the concentration of all ions analysed was higher in the leaves than in the roots. The increase of K+ in the roots of plants subjected to water stress was also remarkable. The multivariate analysis indicated differences in water and salt stress responses, such as the accumulation of Na and Cl, or proline, but K+ homeostasis played a relevant role in the mechanism of tolerance to both stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Mir
- Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity (COMAV, UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (R.M.); (I.R.); (O.V.)
| | - Ignacio Romero
- Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity (COMAV, UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (R.M.); (I.R.); (O.V.)
| | - Sara González-Orenga
- Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute (IAM, UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (S.G.-O.); (M.B.)
| | - P. Pablo Ferrer-Gallego
- Centre for Forestry Research and Experimentation (CIEF), CIEF-Wildlife Service, Generalitat Valenciana, Avda Comarques del País Valencia, 114, 46930 Quart de Poblet, Valencia, Spain; (P.P.F.-G.); (E.L.)
| | - Emilio Laguna
- Centre for Forestry Research and Experimentation (CIEF), CIEF-Wildlife Service, Generalitat Valenciana, Avda Comarques del País Valencia, 114, 46930 Quart de Poblet, Valencia, Spain; (P.P.F.-G.); (E.L.)
| | - Monica Boscaiu
- Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute (IAM, UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (S.G.-O.); (M.B.)
| | - Lăcrămioara Oprică
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bulevardul Carol I nr. 11, 700506 Iași, Romania;
| | - Marius-Nicușor Grigore
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, “Ștefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Str. Universității 13, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Oscar Vicente
- Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity (COMAV, UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (R.M.); (I.R.); (O.V.)
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10
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Recent Progress on the Salt Tolerance Mechanisms and Application of Tamarisk. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063325. [PMID: 35328745 PMCID: PMC8950588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinized soil is a major environmental stress affecting plant growth and development. Excessive salt in the soil inhibits the growth of most plants and even threatens their survival. Halophytes are plants that can grow and develop normally on saline-alkali soil due to salt tolerance mechanisms that emerged during evolution. For this reason, halophytes are used as pioneer plants for improving and utilizing saline land. Tamarisk, a family of woody halophytes, is highly salt tolerant and has high economic value. Understanding the mechanisms of salt tolerance in tamarisk and identifying the key genes involved are important for improving saline land and increasing the salt tolerance of crops. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the salt tolerance mechanisms of tamarisk and the economic and medicinal value of this halophyte.
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Zhang M, Chen Z, Yuan F, Wang B, Chen M. Integrative transcriptome and proteome analyses provide deep insights into the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in Limonium bicolor. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:127-143. [PMID: 34950990 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Integrative transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed many candidate members that may involve in salt secretion from salt glands in Limonium bicolor. Limonium bicolor, a typical recretohalophyte, protects itself from salt damage by excreting excess salt out of its cells through salt glands. Here, to provide an overview of the salt-tolerance mechanism of L. bicolor, we conducted integrative transcriptome and proteome analyses of this species under salt treatment. We identified numerous differentially expressed transcripts and proteins that may be related to the salt-tolerance mechanism of L. bicolor. By measuring the Na+ secretion rate, were found that this cation secretion rate of a single salt gland was significantly increased after high salinity treatment compared with that in control and then reached the maximum in a short time. Interestingly, transcripts and proteins involved in transmembrane transport of ions were differentially expressed in response to high salinity treatment, suggesting a number of genes and proteins they may play important roles in the salt-stress response. Correlation between differentially expressed transcript and protein profiles revealed several transcripts and proteins that may be responsible for salt tolerance, such as cellulose synthases and annexins. Our findings uncovered many candidate transcripts and proteins in response to the salt tolerance of L. bicolor, providing deep insights into the molecular mechanisms of this important process in recretohalophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
| | - Min Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
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Santiago‐Rosario LY, Harms KE, Elderd BD, Hart PB, Dassanayake M. No escape: The influence of substrate sodium on plant growth and tissue sodium responses. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:14231-14249. [PMID: 34707851 PMCID: PMC8525147 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential micronutrient for many organisms, sodium plays an important role in ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Although plants mediate trophic fluxes of sodium, from substrates to higher trophic levels, relatively little comparative research has been published about plant growth and sodium accumulation in response to variation in substrate sodium. Accordingly, we carried out a systematic review of plants' responses to variation in substrate sodium concentrations.We compared biomass and tissue-sodium accumulation among 107 cultivars or populations (67 species in 20 plant families), broadly expanding beyond the agricultural and model taxa for which several generalizations previously had been made. We hypothesized a priori response models for each population's growth and sodium accumulation as a function of increasing substrate NaCl and used Bayesian Information Criterion to choose the best model. Additionally, using a phylogenetic signal analysis, we tested for phylogenetic patterning of responses across taxa.The influence of substrate sodium on growth differed across taxa, with most populations experiencing detrimental effects at high concentrations. Irrespective of growth responses, tissue sodium concentrations for most taxa increased as sodium concentration in the substrate increased. We found no strong associations between the type of growth response and the type of sodium accumulation response across taxa. Although experiments often fail to test plants across a sufficiently broad range of substrate salinities, non-crop species tended toward higher sodium tolerance than domesticated species. Moreover, some phylogenetic conservatism was apparent, in that evolutionary history helped predict the distribution of total-plant growth responses across the phylogeny, but not sodium accumulation responses.Our study reveals that saltier plants in saltier soils proves to be a broadly general pattern for sodium across plant taxa. Regardless of growth responses, sodium accumulation mostly followed an increasing trend as substrate sodium levels increased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle E. Harms
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Bret D. Elderd
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Pamela B. Hart
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
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Han G, Li Y, Qiao Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Guo J, Chen M, Wang B. Advances in the Regulation of Epidermal Cell Development by C2H2 Zinc Finger Proteins in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754512. [PMID: 34630497 PMCID: PMC8497795 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant epidermal cells, such as trichomes, root hairs, salt glands, and stomata, play pivotal roles in the growth, development, and environmental adaptation of terrestrial plants. Cell fate determination, differentiation, and the formation of epidermal structures represent basic developmental processes in multicellular organisms. Increasing evidence indicates that C2H2 zinc finger proteins play important roles in regulating the development of epidermal structures in plants and plant adaptation to unfavorable environments. Here, we systematically summarize the molecular mechanism underlying the roles of C2H2 zinc finger proteins in controlling epidermal cell formation in plants, with an emphasis on trichomes, root hairs, and salt glands and their roles in plant adaptation to environmental stress. In addition, we discuss the possible roles of homologous C2H2 zinc finger proteins in trichome development in non-halophytes and salt gland development in halophytes based on bioinformatic analysis. This review provides a foundation for further study of epidermal cell development and abiotic stress responses in plants.
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Hoffmann J, Berni R, Sutera FM, Gutsch A, Hausman JF, Saffie-Siebert S, Guerriero G. The Effects of Salinity on the Anatomy and Gene Expression Patterns in Leaflets of Tomato cv. Micro-Tom. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081165. [PMID: 34440339 PMCID: PMC8392013 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a form of abiotic stress that impacts growth and development in several economically relevant crops and is a top-ranking threat to agriculture, considering the average rise in the sea level caused by global warming. Tomato is moderately sensitive to salinity and shows adaptive mechanisms to this abiotic stressor. A case study on the dwarf tomato model Micro-Tom is here presented in which the response to salt stress (NaCl 200 mM) was investigated to shed light on the changes occurring at the expression level in genes involved in cell wall-related processes, phenylpropanoid pathway, stress response, volatiles' emission and secondary metabolites' production. In particular, the response was analyzed by sampling older/younger leaflets positioned at different stem heights (top and bottom of the stem) and locations along the rachis (terminal and lateral) with the goal of identifying the most responsive one(s). Tomato plants cv. Micro-Tom responded to increasing concentrations of NaCl (0-100-200-400 mM) by reducing the leaf biomass, stem diameter and height. Microscopy revealed stronger effects on leaves sampled at the bottom and the expression analysis identified clusters of genes expressed preferentially in older or younger leaflets. Stress-related genes displayed a stronger induction in lateral leaflets sampled at the bottom. In conclusion, in tomato cv. Micro-Tom subjected to salt stress, the bottom leaflets showed stronger stress signs and response, while top leaflets were less impacted by the abiotic stressor and had an increased expression of cell wall-related genes involved in expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hoffmann
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; (J.H.); (A.G.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Roberto Berni
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Flavia Maria Sutera
- SiSaf Ltd., Surrey Research Park, Guildford GU2 7RE, UK; (F.M.S.); (S.S.-S.)
| | - Annelie Gutsch
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; (J.H.); (A.G.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; (J.H.); (A.G.); (J.-F.H.)
| | | | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; (J.H.); (A.G.); (J.-F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +352-27-5888-5096
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15
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Yuan Z, Ni X, Arif M, Dong Z, Zhang L, Tan X, Li J, Li C. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Photosynthetic, Respiration, and Aerenchyma Adaptation Strategies in Bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon) under Different Submergence Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157905. [PMID: 34360668 PMCID: PMC8347729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Submergence impedes photosynthesis and respiration but facilitates aerenchyma formation in bermudagrass. Still, the regulatory genes underlying these physiological responses are unclear in the literature. To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to these physiological mechanisms, we studied the expression of DEGs in aboveground and underground tissues of bermudagrass after a 7 d treatment under control (CK), shallow submergence (SS), and deep submergence (DS). Results show that compared with CK, 12276 and 12559 DEGs were identified under SS and DS, respectively. Among them, the DEGs closely related to the metabolism of chlorophyll biosynthesis, light-harvesting, protein complex, and carbon fixation were down-regulated in SS and DS. Meanwhile, a large number of DEGs involved in starch and sucrose hydrolase activities, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation were down-regulated in aboveground tissues of bermudagrass in SS and DS. Whereas in underground tissues of bermudagrass these DEGs were all up-regulated under SS, only beta-fructofuranosidase and α-amylase related genes were up-regulated under DS. In addition, we found that DEGs associated with ethylene signaling, Ca2+-ROS signaling, and cell wall modification were also up-regulated during aerenchyma formation in underground tissues of bermudagrass under SS and DS. These results provide the basis for further exploration of the regulatory and functional genes related to the adaptability of bermudagrass to submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.Y.); (M.A.); (Z.D.); (L.Z.); (X.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Xilu Ni
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-Western China, Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-Western China (Ministry of Education), Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.Y.); (M.A.); (Z.D.); (L.Z.); (X.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.Y.); (M.A.); (Z.D.); (L.Z.); (X.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Limiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.Y.); (M.A.); (Z.D.); (L.Z.); (X.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Xue Tan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.Y.); (M.A.); (Z.D.); (L.Z.); (X.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiajia Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.Y.); (M.A.); (Z.D.); (L.Z.); (X.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Changxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.Y.); (M.A.); (Z.D.); (L.Z.); (X.T.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Wang S, Zhao Z, Ge S, Peng B, Zhang K, Hu M, Mai W, Tian C. Root Morphology and Rhizosphere Characteristics Are Related to Salt Tolerance of Suaeda salsa and Beta vulgaris L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:677767. [PMID: 34234797 PMCID: PMC8255919 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.677767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halophytes are capable of resisting salinity, and their root system is the part in direct contact with the saline soil environment. The aim of this study was to compare the responses of root morphology and rhizosphere characteristics to salinity between a halophyte, Suaeda salsa (suaeda), and a glycophyte, Beta vulgaris L. (sugar beet). The soil salt content was set to four levels (0.7, 1.2, 1.7, and 2.7%) by NaCl-treated plants. We investigated the soil pH, EC, nutrients and soil, plant ion (Na+, Cl-, K+, and Mg2+) concentration to evaluate the rhizospheric processes, and salt tolerance of suaeda by the root mat method. The highest biomass was in the 1.2% salt level for suaeda and in the 0.7% salt level for sugar beet. The root length and root surface area of suaeda showed similar trends to biomass, but the root diameter decreased by 11.5-17.9% with higher salinity. The Na+, Cl-, and K+ accumulations in the shoot of suaeda displayed higher than that in sugar beet, while the Mg2+ accumulation was lower in suaeda than that in sugar beet. High salinity resulted in increased pH and EC values in the rhizosphere for suaeda, but lower values of these parameters for sugar beet. Under high salinity, the Olsen phosphorus content was 0.50 g·kg-1 and 0.99 g·kg-1 higher in the rhizosphere than in the non-rhizosphere for suaeda and sugar beet. We concluded that the two species [halophyte, Suaeda salsa (suaeda), and a glycophyte, B. vulgaris L. (sugar beet)] showed diverse approaches for nutrient absorption under salinity stress. Suaeda altered its root morphology (smaller root diameter and longer roots) under salt stress to increase the root surface area, while sugar beet activated rhizospheric processes to take up more nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoule Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Shaoqing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Mingfang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenxuan Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Changyan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
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17
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Lu C, Yuan F, Guo J, Han G, Wang C, Chen M, Wang B. Current Understanding of Role of Vesicular Transport in Salt Secretion by Salt Glands in Recretohalophytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2203. [PMID: 33672188 PMCID: PMC7926375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization is a serious and growing problem around the world. Some plants, recognized as the recretohalophytes, can normally grow on saline-alkali soil without adverse effects by secreting excessive salt out of the body. The elucidation of the salt secretion process is of great significance for understanding the salt tolerance mechanism adopted by the recretohalophytes. Between the 1950s and the 1970s, three hypotheses, including the osmotic potential hypothesis, the transfer system similar to liquid flow in animals, and vesicle-mediated exocytosis, were proposed to explain the salt secretion process of plant salt glands. More recently, increasing evidence has indicated that vesicular transport plays vital roles in salt secretion of recretohalophytes. Here, we summarize recent findings, especially regarding the molecular evidence on the functional roles of vesicular trafficking in the salt secretion process of plant salt glands. A model of salt secretion in salt gland is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (C.L.); (F.Y.); (J.G.); (G.H.); (C.W.); (M.C.)
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18
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Protection against salinity stress in black cumin involves karrikin and calcium by improving gas exchange attributes, ascorbate–glutathione cycle and fatty acid compositions. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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19
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Spiekerman JJ, Devos KM. The Halophyte Seashore Paspalum Uses Adaxial Leaf Papillae for Sodium Sequestration. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:2107-2119. [PMID: 33082268 PMCID: PMC7723096 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a growing issue worldwide, with nearly 30% of arable land predicted to be lost due to soil salinity in the next 30 years. Many grass crops that are vital to sustain the world's caloric intake are salt sensitive. Studying mechanisms of salt tolerance in halophytic grasses, plants that thrive in salt conditions, may be an effective approach to ultimately improve salt-sensitive grass crops. Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) is a halophytic Panicoid grass able to grow in salt concentrations near that of seawater. Despite its widespread cultivation as a sustainable turfgrass, the mechanism underlying its ability to retain high Na+ concentrations in photosynthetic tissue while maintaining growth remains unknown. We examined the leaf structure and ion content in P. vaginatum 'HI10', which shows increased growth under saline conditions, and Paspalum distichum 'Spence', which shows reduced growth under salt, to better understand the superior salt tolerance of cv HI10. A striking difference between cv HI10 and cv Spence was the high steady-state level of K+ in cv HI10. Imaging further showed that the adaxial surface of both cv HI10 and cv Spence contained dense costal ridges of papillae. However, these unicellular extensions of the epidermis were significantly larger in cv HI10 than in cv Spence. The cv HI10 papillae were shown to act as Na+ sinks when plants were grown under saline conditions. We provide evidence that leaf papillae function as specialized structures for Na+ sequestration in P. vaginatum, illustrating a possible path for biotechnological improvement of salt-sensitive Panicoid crops with analogous leaf structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Spiekerman
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Katrien M Devos
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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20
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Imamura T, Yasui Y, Koga H, Takagi H, Abe A, Nishizawa K, Mizuno N, Ohki S, Mizukoshi H, Mori M. A novel WD40-repeat protein involved in formation of epidermal bladder cells in the halophyte quinoa. Commun Biol 2020; 3:513. [PMID: 32943738 PMCID: PMC7498606 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytes are plants that grow in high-salt environments and form characteristic epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) that are important for saline tolerance. To date, however, little has been revealed about the formation of these structures. To determine the genetic basis for their formation, we applied ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenesis and obtained two mutants with reduced levels of EBCs (rebc) and abnormal chloroplasts. In silico subtraction experiments revealed that the rebc phenotype was caused by mutation of REBC, which encodes a WD40 protein that localizes to the nucleus and chloroplasts. Phylogenetic and transformant analyses revealed that the REBC protein differs from TTG1, a WD40 protein involved in trichome formation. Furthermore, rebc mutants displayed damage to their shoot apices under abiotic stress, suggesting that EBCs may protect the shoot apex from such stress. These findings will help clarify the mechanisms underlying EBC formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Imamura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 308-1, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Yasui
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Department of Bioproduction Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 308-1, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takagi
- Department of Bioproduction Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 308-1, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Akira Abe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Kanako Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 308-1, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Mizuno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohki
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT), Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi-Shi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Mizukoshi
- Technology Development Group, Actree Co., 375 Misumimachi, Hakusan, Ishikawa, 924-0053, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 308-1, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
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Abstract
Halophytes have been studied as a model for morphological traits of adaptation to saline environments. However, little information has been given on plant growth, chlorophyll fluorescence responses, and change of ion content in halophytes grown in an aniline–salinity coexistent environment. This study hypothesized that aniline could induce alterations in plant growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, and ion content in Suaeda salsa, but salinity could promote the tolerance of halophytes to aniline. A 6 (aniline) × 3 (NaCl) factorial experiment (for a total of 18 treatments) was conducted to test the above hypothesis. After 30 d of cultivation, roots and shoots were harvested separately to analyze the effects of salinity on the seedling growth under aniline stress. Biomass accumulation was inhibited by aniline treatment, and the inhibition was significantly alleviated by 200 mM NaCl. The change in chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves with aniline stress was moderated by the addition of NaCl. The removal efficiency of aniline was significantly enhanced by moderate salinity. Aniline stress decreased the accumulation of Mg2+, but various concentrations of NaCl increased the accumulation of Mg2+, especially with 200 mM NaCl in both roots and shoots. Both aniline and salinity decreased the content of Ca2+. There was a negative correlation between the K+ and NaCl concentrations and between the Cl− and aniline concentrations. Our results indicated that Suaeda salsa may be suitable for the remediation of salinity and aniline-enriched wastewater.
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Zhao C, Zhang H, Song C, Zhu JK, Shabala S. Mechanisms of Plant Responses and Adaptation to Soil Salinity. Innovation (N Y) 2020; 1:100017. [PMID: 34557705 PMCID: PMC8454569 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major environmental stress that restricts the growth and yield of crops. Understanding the physiological, metabolic, and biochemical responses of plants to salt stress and mining the salt tolerance-associated genetic resource in nature will be extremely important for us to cultivate salt-tolerant crops. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms of salt stress responses in plants, including salt stress-triggered physiological responses, oxidative stress, salt stress sensing and signaling pathways, organellar stress, ion homeostasis, hormonal and gene expression regulation, metabolic changes, as well as salt tolerance mechanisms in halophytes. Important questions regarding salt tolerance that need to be addressed in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunpeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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de Luna BN, Freitas MDF, da Silva KMM, Barros CF. Are the glandular trichomes in Jacquinia armillaris (Theophrastoideae-Primulaceae) salt glands? PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:863-870. [PMID: 31897809 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is harmful to plants, especially for those that live under conditions of intense salt aport. For this reason, several species present alternatives to prevent or diminish the damages that high salt concentrations may cause to the cells. Salt glands are one of these alternatives once they are specialized structures that secrete salt. Here, we aimed to investigate if the glandular trichomes in the leaves of Jacquinia armillaris are salt glands. Anatomical and ultrastructural observations showed that the glandular trichomes in J. armillaris resemble the salt glands from other recretohalophytes Primulaceae, such as, their occurrence in sunken regions in the leaf epidermis, the presence of a large basal cell that acts as a collecting cell, the detachment of the cuticle from the outer periclinal walls forming a cuticular chamber, the thickness of the cuticle in the stalk portion of the trichome, and the presence of sodium and chloride ions in the secretion and in the xylem. Altogether, the gathered results support the hypothesis that the glandular trichomes in J. armillaris are adapted to salt secretion, thus characterizing as salt glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Nunes de Luna
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22460-030, Brazil.
| | - Maria de Fátima Freitas
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Karla Marins Mattos da Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Claudia Franca Barros
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22460-030, Brazil
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Abstract
Marine corrosion accounts for one-third of the total corrosion cost and has been one of the greatest challenges for modern society. Organic coatings are known as the most widely used protective means. An effective control of the transport of corrosive substances is the key to the anti-corrosion performance. In nature, the mangrove survives and thrives in marine tidal zones despite high salinity and humidity. We first showed that the mangrove leaves have salt glands that can secrete excessive ions to control the ion transport in and out. Inspired by this, we proposed a design of bio-inspired, anti-corrosion coating that mimics this functional feature, and fabricated the bipolar, hydrophobic coatings by doping ion-selective resins and constructing surface structures, which restrict the transport of corrosive substances and the electrochemical corrosion at the coating/metal interface. Our results show that the bio-inspired coatings effectively block and control the transport of both the Na+ and Cl−, and, together with the hydrophobic surface, the coating system exhibits significantly improved anti-corrosion properties, more than a three orders of magnitude decrease in corrosion current density when compared with the control group (epoxy varnish). Therefore, the mangrove-inspired coatings show a promising protective strategy for the ever-demanding corrosion issues plaguing modern industries.
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25
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Yuan F, Guo J, Shabala S, Wang B. Reproductive Physiology of Halophytes: Current Standing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1954. [PMID: 30687356 PMCID: PMC6334627 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Halophytes possess efficient salt-tolerance mechanisms and can complete their life cycles in naturally saline soils with NaCl contents exceeding 200 mM. While a significant progress have been made in recent decades elucidating underlying salt-tolerance mechanisms, these studies have been mostly confined to the vegetative growth stage. At the same time, the capacity to generate high-quality seeds and to survive early developmental stages under saline conditions, are both critically important for plants. Halophytes perform well in both regards, whereas non-halophytes cannot normally complete their life cycles under saline conditions. Scope: Research into the effects of salinity on plant reproductive biology has gained momentum in recent years. However, it remains unclear whether the reproductive biology of halophytes differs from that of non-halophytes, and whether their reproductive processes benefit, like their vegetative growth, from the presence of salt in the rhizosphere. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the superior reproductive biology of halophytes, focusing on critical aspects including control of flowering time, changes in plant hormonal status and their impact on anther and pollen development and viability, plant carbohydrate status and seed formation, mechanisms behind the early germination of halophyte seeds, and the role of seed polymorphism. Conclusion: Salt has beneficial effects on halophyte reproductive growth that include late flowering, increased flower numbers and pollen vitality, and high seed yield. This improved performance is due to optimal nutrition during vegetative growth, alterations in plant hormonal status, and regulation of flowering genes. In addition, the seeds of halophytes harvested under saline conditions show higher salt tolerance than those obtained under non-saline condition, largely due to increased osmolyte accumulation, more optimal hormonal composition (e.g., high gibberellic acid and low abcisic acid content) and, in some species, seed dimorphism. In the near future, identifying key genes involved in halophyte reproductive physiology and using them to transform crops could be a promising approach to developing saline agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianrong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Yuan F, Xu Y, Leng B, Wang B. Beneficial Effects of Salt on Halophyte Growth: Morphology, Cells, and Genes. Open Life Sci 2019; 14:191-200. [PMID: 33817151 PMCID: PMC7874760 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytes can survive and complete their life cycle in the presence of ≥200 mM NaCl. These remarkable plants have developed various strategies to tolerate salinity and thrive in high-salt environments. At the appropriate levels, salt has a beneficial effect on the vegetative growth of halophytes but inhibits the growth of non-halophytes. In recent years, many studies have focused on elucidating the salt-tolerance mechanisms of halophytes at the molecular, physiological, and individual level. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms, from the macroscopic to the molecular, underlying the successful growth of halophytes in saline environments to explain why salt has beneficial effects on halophytes but harmful effects on non-halophytes. These mechanisms include the specialized organs of halophytes (for example, ion compartmentalization in succulent leaves), their unique structures (salt glands and hydrophobic barriers in roots), and their salt-tolerance genes. We hope to shed light on the use of halophytes for engineering salt-tolerant crops, soil conservation, and the protection of freshwater resources in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yanyu Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250014, P.R. China
| | - Bingying Leng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250014, P.R. China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250014, P.R. China
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Lyra DH, Galli G, Alves FC, Granato ÍSC, Vidotti MS, Bandeira E Sousa M, Morosini JS, Crossa J, Fritsche-Neto R. Modeling copy number variation in the genomic prediction of maize hybrids. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:273-288. [PMID: 30382311 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Our study indicates that copy variants may play an essential role in the phenotypic variation of complex traits in maize hybrids. Moreover, predicting hybrid phenotypes by combining additive-dominance effects with copy variants has the potential to be a viable predictive model. Non-additive effects resulting from the actions of multiple loci may influence trait variation in single-cross hybrids. In addition, complementation of allelic variation could be a valuable contributor to hybrid genetic variation, especially when crossing inbred lines with higher contents of copy gains. With this in mind, we aimed (1) to study the association between copy number variation (CNV) and hybrid phenotype, and (2) to compare the predictive ability (PA) of additive and additive-dominance genomic best linear unbiased prediction model when combined with the effects of CNV in two datasets of maize hybrids (USP and HELIX). In the USP dataset, we observed a significant negative phenotypic correlation of low magnitude between copy number loss and plant height, revealing a tendency that more copy losses lead to lower plants. In the same set, when CNV was combined with the additive plus dominance effects, the PA significantly increased only for plant height under low nitrogen. In this case, CNV effects explicitly capture relatedness between individuals and add extra information to the model. In the HELIX dataset, we observed a pronounced difference in PA between additive (0.50) and additive-dominance (0.71) models for predicting grain yield, suggesting a significant contribution of dominance. We conclude that copy variants may play an essential role in the phenotypic variation of complex traits in maize hybrids, although the inclusion of CNVs into datasets does not return significant gains concerning PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Hottis Lyra
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL52JQ, UK.
| | - Giovanni Galli
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe Couto Alves
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Stefanine Correia Granato
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam Suzane Vidotti
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Massaine Bandeira E Sousa
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Silva Morosini
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Crossa
- Biometrics and Statistics Unit, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 06600, Texcoco, D.F, Mexico
| | - Roberto Fritsche-Neto
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Flowers TJ, Glenn EP, Volkov V. Could vesicular transport of Na+ and Cl- be a feature of salt tolerance in halophytes? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1-18. [PMID: 30247507 PMCID: PMC6344095 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Halophytes tolerate external salt concentrations of 200 mm and more, accumulating salt concentrations of 500 mm and more in their shoots; some, recretohalophytes, excrete salt through glands on their leaves. Ions are accumulated in central vacuoles, but the pathway taken by these ions from the outside of the roots to the vacuoles inside the cells is poorly understood. Do the ions cross membranes through ion channels and transporters or move in vesicles, or both? Vesicular transport from the plasma membrane to the vacuole would explain how halophytes avoid the toxicity of high salt concentrations on metabolism. There is also a role for vesicles in the export of ions via salt glands. Scope and Methods We have collected data on the fluxes of sodium and chloride ions in halophytes, based on the weight of the transporting organs and on the membrane area across which the flux occurs; the latter range from 17 nmol m-2 s-1 to 4.2 μmol m-2 s-1 and values up to 1 μmol m-2 s-1 need to be consistent with whatever transport system is in operation. We have summarized the sizes and rates of turnover of vesicles in plants, where clathrin-independent vesicles are 100 nm or more in diameter and can merge with the plasma membrane at rates of 100 s-1. We gathered evidence for vesicular transport of ions in halophytes and evaluated whether vesicular transport could account for the observable fluxes. Conclusions There is strong evidence in favour of vesicular transport in plants and circumstantial evidence in favour of the movement of ions in vesicles. Estimated rates of vesicle turnover could account for ion transport at the lower reported fluxes (around 20 nmol m-2 s-1), but the higher fluxes may require vesicles of the order of 1 μm or more in diameter. The very high fluxes reported in some salt glands might be an artefact of the way they were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Flowers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Edward P Glenn
- Environmental Research Laboratory of the University of Arizona, 1601 East, Airport Drive, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Vadim Volkov
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London N7, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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30
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Ahmad P, Abd Allah EF, Alyemeni MN, Wijaya L, Alam P, Bhardwaj R, Siddique KHM. Exogenous application of calcium to 24-epibrassinosteroid pre-treated tomato seedlings mitigates NaCl toxicity by modifying ascorbate-glutathione cycle and secondary metabolites. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13515. [PMID: 30201952 PMCID: PMC6131545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the efficacy of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) and calcium (Ca) for mediating salinity tolerance in tomato. Salinity stress affected the morphological parameters of tomato as well as leaf relative water content (LRWC), photosynthetic and accessory pigments, leaf gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence and the uptake of essential macronutrients. The salt (NaCl) treatment induced oxidative stress in the form of increased Na+ ion concentration by 146%, electrolyte leakage (EL) by 61.11%, lipid peroxidation (MDA) 167% and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content by 175%. Salt stress also enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities including those in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. Plants treated with EBL or Ca after salt exposure mitigated the ill effects of salt stress, including oxidative stress, by reducing the uptake of Na+ ions by 52%. The combined dose of EBL + Ca reversed the salt-induced changes through an elevated pool of enzymes in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, other antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase), and osmoprotectants (proline, glycine betaine). Exogenously applied EBL and Ca help to optimize mineral nutrient status and enable tomato plants to tolerate salt toxicity. The ability of tomato plants to tolerate salt stress when supplemented with EBL and Ca was attributed to modifications to enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, osmolytes and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, 190001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonard Wijaya
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pravej Alam
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, LB 5005, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
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31
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Barkla BJ, Rhodes T, Tran KNT, Wijesinghege C, Larkin JC, Dassanayake M. Making Epidermal Bladder Cells Bigger: Developmental- and Salinity-Induced Endopolyploidy in a Model Halophyte. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:615-632. [PMID: 29724770 PMCID: PMC6001328 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Endopolyploidy occurs when DNA replication takes place without subsequent mitotic nuclear division, resulting in cell-specific ploidy levels within tissues. In plants, endopolyploidy plays an important role in sustaining growth and development, but only a few studies have demonstrated a role in abiotic stress response. In this study, we investigated the function of ploidy level and nuclear and cell size in leaf expansion throughout development and tracked cell type-specific ploidy in the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum In addition to developmental endopolyploidy, we examined the effects of salinity stress on ploidy level. We focused specifically on epidermal bladder cells (EBC), which are modified balloon-like trichomes, due to their large size and role in salt accumulation. Our results demonstrate that ploidy increases as the leaves expand in a similar manner for each leaf type, and ploidy levels up to 512C were recorded for nuclei in EBC of leaves of adult plants. Salt treatment led to a significant increase in ploidy levels in the EBC, and these cells showed spatially related differences in their ploidy and nuclear and cell size depending on the positions on the leaf and stem surface. Transcriptome analysis highlighted salinity-induced changes in genes involved in DNA replication, cell cycle, endoreduplication, and trichome development in EBC. The increase in cell size and ploidy observed in M. crystallinum under salinity stress may contribute to salt tolerance by increasing the storage capacity for sodium sequestration brought about by higher metabolic activity driving rapid cell enlargement in the leaf tissue and EBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn J Barkla
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Timothy Rhodes
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Kieu-Nga T Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Chathura Wijesinghege
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - John C Larkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
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Meng X, Zhou J, Sui N. Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Halophytes: Current Understanding and Recent Advances. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:149-154. [PMID: 33817080 PMCID: PMC7874743 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytes are plants that exhibit high salt tolerance, allowing them to survive and thrive under extremely saline conditions. The study of halophytes advances our understanding about the important adaptations that are required for survival in high salinity conditions, including secretion of salt through the salt glands, regulation of cellular ion homeostasis and osmotic pressure, detoxification of reactive oxygen species, and alterations in membrane composition. To explore the mechanisms that contribute to tolerance to salt stress, salt-responsive genes have been isolated from halophytes and expressed in non-salt tolerant plants using targeted transgenic technologies. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that underpin salt tolerance in different halophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Meng
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Sui
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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