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Li P, Zhu H, Wang C, Zeng F, Jia J, Feng S, Han X, Shen S, Wang Y, Hao Z, Dong J. StRAB4 gene is required for filamentous growth, conidial development, and pathogenicity in Setosphaeria turcica. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1302081. [PMID: 38264490 PMCID: PMC10804457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1302081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Setosphaeria turcica, the fungal pathogen responsible for northern corn leaf blight in maize, forms specialized infectious structures called appressoria that are critical for fungal penetration of maize epidermal cells. The Rab family of proteins play a crucial role in the growth, development, and pathogenesis of many eukaryotic species. Rab4, in particular, is a key regulator of endocytosis and vesicle trafficking, essential for filamentous growth and successful infection by other fungal pathogens. In this study, we silenced StRAB4 in S. turcica to gain a better understanding the function of Rab4 in this plant pathogen. Phenotypically, the mutants exhibited a reduced growth rate, a significant decline in conidia production, and an abnormal conidial morphology. These phenotypes indicate that StRab4 plays an instrumental role in regulating mycelial growth and conidial development in S. turcica. Further investigations revealed that StRab4 is a positive regulator of cell wall integrity and melanin secretion. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes highlighted primary enrichments in peroxisome pathways, oxidoreductase and catalytic activities, membrane components, and cell wall organization processes. Collectively, our findings emphasize the significant role of StRab4 in S. turcica infection and pathogenicity in maize and provide valuable insights into fungal behavior and disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chengze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Fanli Zeng
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingzhe Jia
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shang Feng
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinpeng Han
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shen Shen
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhimin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Abubakar YS, Sadiq IZ, Aarti A, Wang Z, Zheng W. Interplay of transport vesicles during plant-fungal pathogen interaction. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:35. [PMID: 37676627 PMCID: PMC10442309 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking is an essential cellular process upon which many physiological processes of eukaryotic cells rely. It is usually the 'language' of communication among the components of the endomembrane system within a cell, between cells and between a cell and its external environment. Generally, cells have the potential to internalize membrane-bound vesicles from external sources by endocytosis. Plants constantly interact with both mutualistic and pathogenic microbes. A large part of this interaction involves the exchange of transport vesicles between the plant cells and the microbes. Usually, in a pathogenic interaction, the pathogen releases vesicles containing bioactive molecules that can modulate the host immunity when absorbed by the host cells. In response to this attack, the host cells similarly mobilize some vesicles containing pathogenesis-related compounds to the pathogen infection site to destroy the pathogen, prevent it from penetrating the host cell or annul its influence. In fact, vesicle trafficking is involved in nearly all the strategies of phytopathogen attack subsequent plant immune responses. However, this field of plant-pathogen interaction is still at its infancy when narrowed down to plant-fungal pathogen interaction in relation to exchange of transport vesicles. Herein, we summarized some recent and novel findings unveiling the involvement of transport vesicles as a crosstalk in plant-fungal phytopathogen interaction, discussed their significance and identified some knowledge gaps to direct future research in the field. The roles of vesicles trafficking in the development of both organisms are also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Idris Zubair Sadiq
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Aarti Aarti
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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3
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Kavya N, Prasannakumar MK, Venkateshbabu G, Niranjan V, Uttarkar A, Buela Parivallal P, Banakar SN, Mahesh HB, Devanna P, Manasa KG, Shivakumara TN. Insights on Novel Effectors and Characterization of Metacaspase (RS107_6) as a Potential Cell Death-Inducing Protein in Rhizoctonia solani. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040920. [PMID: 37110343 PMCID: PMC10143347 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors play an important role in host–pathogen interactions. Though an economically significant disease in rice, knowledge regarding the infection strategy of Rhizoctonia solani is obscure. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of the effectors in R. solani based on the characteristics of previously reported effector proteins. A total of seven novel effectors (designated as RS107_1 to RS107_7) in the disease mechanism of R. solani were identified and were predicted to be non-classically secreted proteins with functionally conserved domains. The function, reactivity, and stability of these proteins were evaluated through physiochemical characterization. The target proteins involved in the regulation of rice defense mechanisms were identified. Furthermore, the effector genes were cloned and RS107_6 (metacaspase) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli to obtain a purified protein of ~36.5 kDa. The MALD-TOF characterization confirmed that the protein belonged to a metacaspase of the Peptidase_C14 protein family, 906 bp in size, and encoded a polypeptide of 301 amino acids. These findings suggest that the identified effectors can potentially serve as a virulence factor and can be targeted for the management of sheath blight in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Kavya
- PathoGenomics Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - M. K. Prasannakumar
- PathoGenomics Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Gopal Venkateshbabu
- PathoGenomics Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Vidya Niranjan
- Department of Biotechnology, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore 560059, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshay Uttarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore 560059, Karnataka, India
| | - P. Buela Parivallal
- PathoGenomics Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Sahana N. Banakar
- PathoGenomics Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - H. B. Mahesh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramesh Devanna
- Rice Pathology Laboratory, All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Programme, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur 584104, Karnataka, India
| | - K. G. Manasa
- PathoGenomics Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Tagginahalli N. Shivakumara
- PathoGenomics Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
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Proteolysis Degree of Protein Corona Affect Ultrasound-Induced Sublethal Effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Transcriptomics Analysis and Adaptive Regulation of Membrane Homeostasis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233883. [PMID: 36496692 PMCID: PMC9735630 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein corona (PC) adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles brings new research perspectives on the interaction between nanoparticles and fermentative microorganisms. Herein, the proteolysis of wheat PC adsorbed on a nano-Se surface using cell-free protease extract from S. cerevisiae was conducted. The proteolysis caused monotonic changes of ζ-potentials and surface hydrophobicity of PC. Notably, the innermost PC layer was difficult to be proteolyzed. Furthermore, when S. cerevisiae was stimulated by ultrasound + 0.1 mg/mL nano-Se@PC, the proportion of lethal and sublethal injured cells increased as a function of the proteolysis time of PC. The transcriptomics analysis revealed that 34 differentially expressed genes which varied monotonically were related to the plasma membrane, fatty acid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, etc. Significant declines in the membrane potential and proton motive force disruption of membrane were found with the prolonged proteolysis time; meanwhile, higher membrane permeability, membrane oxidative stress levels, membrane lipid fluidity, and micro-viscosity were triggered.
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Yuan Y, Zhang M, Li J, Yang C, Abubakar YS, Chen X, Zheng W, Wang Z, Zheng H, Zhou J. The Small GTPase FgRab1 Plays Indispensable Roles in the Vegetative Growth, Vesicle Fusion, Autophagy and Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020895. [PMID: 35055095 PMCID: PMC8776137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are key regulators of membrane and intracellular vesicle transports. However, the biological functions of FgRab1 are still unclear in the devastating wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum. In this study, we generated constitutively active (CA) and dominant-negative (DN) forms of FgRAB1 from the wild-type PH-1 background for functional analyses. Phenotypic analyses of these mutants showed that FgRab1 is important for vegetative growth, cell wall integrity and hyphal branching. Compared to the PH-1 strain, the number of spores produced by the Fgrab1DN strain was significantly reduced, with obviously abnormal conidial morphology. The number of septa in the conidia of the Fgrab1DN mutant was fewer than that observed in the PH-1 conidia. Fgrab1DN was dramatically reduced in its ability to cause Fusarium head blight symptoms on wheat heads. GFP-FgRab1 was observed to partly localize to the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and Spitzenkörper. Furthermore, we found that FgRab1 inactivation blocks not only the transport of the v-SNARE protein FgSnc1 from the Golgi to the plasma membrane but also the fusion of endocytic vesicles with their target membranes and general autophagy. In summary, our results indicate that FgRab1 plays vital roles in vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, pathogenicity, autophagy, vesicle fusion and trafficking in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yuan
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jingjing Li
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Chengdong Yang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-15880036549 (H.Z.); +86-13860626041 (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-15880036549 (H.Z.); +86-13860626041 (J.Z.)
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Abubakar YS, Qiu H, Fang W, Zheng H, Lu G, Zhou J, Wang Z, Zheng W. FgRab5 and FgRab7 are essential for endosomes biogenesis and non-redundantly recruit the retromer complex to the endosomes in Fusarium graminearum. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:17. [PMID: 37676350 PMCID: PMC10441910 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The retromer complex, composed of the cargo-selective complex (CSC) Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 in complex with the sorting nexin dimer Vps5-Vps17, mediates the sorting and retrograde transport of cargo proteins from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network in eukaryotic cells. Rab proteins belong to the Ras superfamily of small GTPases and regulate many trafficking events including vesicle formation, budding, transport, tethering, docking and fusion with target membranes. Herein, we investigated the potential functional relationship between the retromer complex and the 11 Rab proteins that exist in Fusarium graminearum using genetic and high-resolution laser confocal microscopic approaches. We found that only FgRab5 (FgRab5A and FgRab5B) and FgRab7 associate with the retromer complex. Both FgVps35-GFP and FgVps17-GFP are mis-localized and appear diffused in the cytoplasm of ΔFgrab5A, ΔFgrab5B and ΔFgrab7 mutants as compared to their punctate localization within the endosomes of the wild-type. FgRab7 and FgRab5B were found to co-localize with the retromer on endosomal membranes. Most strikingly, we found that these three Rab GTPases are indispensable for endosome biogenesis as both early and late endosomes could not be detected in the cells of the mutants after FM4-64 staining of the cells, while they were very clearly seen in the wild-type PH-1. Furthermore, FgRab7 was found to recruit FgVps35 but not FgVps17 to the endosomal membranes, whereas FgRab5B recruits both FgVps35 and FgVps17 to the membranes. Thus, we conclude that the Rab proteins FgRab5A, FgRab5B and FgRab7 play critical roles in the biogenesis of endosomes and in regulating retromer-mediated trafficking in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Han Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenqin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Chen XL. The Redox Proteome of Thiol Proteins in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:648894. [PMID: 33776980 PMCID: PMC7987659 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.648894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox modification, a post-translational modification, has been demonstrated to be significant for many physiological pathways and biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, little is known about the global profile of protein redox modification in fungi. To explore the roles of redox modification in the plant pathogenic fungi, a global thiol proteome survey was performed in the model fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. A total of 3713 redox modification sites from 1899 proteins were identified through a mix sample containing mycelia with or without oxidative stress, conidia, appressoria, and invasive hyphae of M. oryzae. The identified thiol-modified proteins were performed with protein domain, subcellular localization, functional classification, metabolic pathways, and protein–protein interaction network analyses, indicating that redox modification is associated with a wide range of biological and cellular functions. These results suggested that redox modification plays important roles in fungal growth, conidium formation, appressorium formation, as well as invasive growth. Interestingly, a large number of pathogenesis-related proteins were redox modification targets, suggesting the significant roles of redox modification in pathogenicity of M. oryzae. This work provides a global insight into the redox proteome of the pathogenic fungi, which built a groundwork and valuable resource for future studies of redox modification in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Rogers A, Dulal N, Egan M. 4D Widefield Fluorescence Imaging of Appressorium Morphogenesis by Magnaporthe oryzae. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2356:87-96. [PMID: 34236679 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1613-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has become a widely used and indispensable tool for the M. oryzae research community, providing unique insight into appressorium formation and function. A common practice within the field is to acquire and present images of a number of different conidia, expressing a fluorescent fusion protein of interest, at various stages of infectious development, therein providing a representative "snapshot" of the population at a given point in time. Furthermore, these images typically show only a single focal plane through the specimen (2D) and therefore lack, often valuable, volumetric information. While this approach has its advantages, the continuous imaging of (multiple) single conidia in three dimensions (3D), and over time (4D), can provide additional insight into the spatial and temporal dynamics of fluorescent fusion proteins, and the subcellular structures and compartments they label, in living cells. Here we describe our typical workflow for the 4D live-cell imaging of appressorium morphogenesis in vitro using two-color widefield fluorescence microscopy and briefly outline some important considerations for strain construction, and downstream image processing and visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra Rogers
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Nawaraj Dulal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Martin Egan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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Yin J, Hao C, Niu G, Wang W, Wang G, Xiang P, Xu JR, Zhang X. FgPal1 regulates morphogenesis and pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5373-5386. [PMID: 33000483 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ascospores are the primary inoculum in Fusarium graminearum, a causal agent of wheat head blight. In a previous study, FgPAL1 was found to be upregulated in the Fgama1 mutant and important for ascosporogenesis. However, the biological function of this well-conserved gene in filamentous ascomycetes is not clear. In this study, we characterized its functions in growth, differentiation and pathogenesis. The Fgpal1 mutant had severe growth defects and often displayed abnormal hyphal tips. It was defective in infectious growth in rachis tissues and spreading in wheat heads. The Fgpal1 mutant produced conidia with fewer septa and more nuclei per compartment than the wild type. In actively growing hyphal tips, FgPal1-GFP mainly localized to the subapical collar and septa. The FgPal1 and LifeAct partially co-localized at the subapical region in an interdependent manner. The Fgpal1 mutant was normal in meiosis with eight nuclei in developing asci but most asci were aborted. Taken together, our results showed that FgPal1 plays a role in maintaining polarized tip growth and coordination between nuclear division and cytokinesis, and it is also important for infectious growth and developments of ascospores by the free cell formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chaofeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Yang C, Li J, Chen X, Zhang X, Liao D, Yun Y, Zheng W, Abubakar YS, Li G, Wang Z, Zhou J. FgVps9, a Rab5 GEF, Is Critical for DON Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1714. [PMID: 32849361 PMCID: PMC7418515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases play an important role in vesicle-mediated membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Previous studies have demonstrated that deletion of RAB5/VPS21 reduces endocytosis and virulence of fungal phytopathogens in their host plants. However, Rab5 GTPase cycle regulators have not been characterized in Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) or head scab disease in cereal crops. In this study, we have identified and characterized a Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), the Vps9 homolog FgVps9, in F. graminearum. Yeast two hybrid (Y2H) assays have shown that FgVps9 specifically interacts with the guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound (inactive) forms of FgRab51 and FgRab52, the Rab5 isoforms in F. graminearum. Deletion of FgVPS9 shows impaired fungal growth and conidiation. Pathogenicity assays indicate that deletion of FgVPS9 can significantly decrease the virulence of F. graminearum in wheat. Cytological analyses have indicated that FgVps9 colocalizes with FgRab51 and FgRab52 on early endosomes and regulates endocytosis and autophagy processes. Gene expression and cytological examination have shown that FgVps9 and FgRab51 or FgRab52 function in concert to control deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis by regulating the expression of trichothecene biosynthesis-related genes and toxisome biogenesis. Taken together, FgVps9 functions as a GEF for FgRab51 and FgRab52 to regulate endocytosis, which, as a basic cellular function, has significant impact on the vegetative growth, asexual development, autophagy, DON production, and plant infection in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Yang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingzhi Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Danhua Liao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi grow by adding cell wall and membrane exclusively at the apex of tubular structures called hyphae. Growth was previously believed to occur only through exocytosis at the Spitzenkörper, an organised body of secretory macro- and microvesicles found only in growing hyphae. More recent work has indicated that an area deemed the sub-apical collar is enriched for endocytosis and is also required for hyphal growth. It is now generally believed that polarity of filamentous fungi is achieved through the balancing of the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis at these two areas. This review is an update on the current progress and understanding surrounding the occurrence of endocytosis and its spatial regulation as they pertain to growth and pathogenicity in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Commer
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brian D Shaw
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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12
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Liu J, Lei M, Zhou Y, Chen F. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Small GTPases Ypt7 Involved in the Regulation of Fungal Development and Secondary Metabolism in Monascus ruber M7. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:452. [PMID: 30936855 PMCID: PMC6431638 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ypts (yeast protein transports),also called as ras-associated binding GTPases (Rab), are the largest group of the small GTPases family, which have been extensively studied in model eukaryotic cells and play a pivotal role in membane trafficking, while this study showed potential regulation role of Ypts in fungi. One of Ypts, Ypt7 may be involved in fungal development and secondary metabolism, but the exact mechanism still exists a controversy. In current study, the functions of a Monascus ypt7 homologous gene (mrypt7) from Monascus ruber M7 was investigated by combination of gene-deletion (Δmrypt7), overexpression (M7::PtrpC-mrypt7) and transcriptome analysis. Results showed that the radial growth rate of Δmrypt7 was significantly slower than M. ruber M7, little conidia and ascospores can be observed in Δmrypt7, but the yield of intracellular secondary metabolites was dramatically increased. Simultaneously, the mrypt7 overexpression strain possessed similar capacity for sporulation and secondary metabolism observed in M. ruber M7. Transcriptome results further illustrated that mrypt7 could coordinate with numerous genes involved in the vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, secondary metabolism biosynthesis and transportation of M. ruber M7. Combined with the similar effect of Ypt7 homologs on other fungi, we propose that Ypt7 works more like a global regulatory factor in fungi. To our knowledge, it is the first time to investigate Ypt7 functions in Monascus. It could also improve the understanding of Ypt7 functions in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youxiang Zhou
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Abstract
The interaction between pathogens and their host plants is a ubiquitous process. Some plant fungal pathogens can form a specific infection structure, such as an appressorium, which is formed by the accumulation of a large amount of glycerin and thereby the creation of an extremely high intracellular turgor pressure, which allows the penetration peg of the appressorium to puncture the leaf cuticle of the host. Previous studies have shown that autophagy energizes the accumulation of pressure by appressoria, which induces its pathogenesis. Similar to other eukaryotic organisms, autophagy processes are highly conserved pathways that play important roles in filamentous fungal pathogenicity. This review aims to demonstrate how the autophagy process affects the pathogenicity of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Zhu
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Lin Li
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Min Wu
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Shuang Liang
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Huan-Bin Shi
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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