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Kosiarski K, Usner CZ, Preisendanz HE. From wastewater to feed: Understanding per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances occurrence in wastewater-irrigated crops. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2024. [PMID: 39363350 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Reusing treated wastewater for irrigation is a sustainable way to recycle nutrients and reduce freshwater use. However, wastewater irrigation inadvertently introduces per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into agroecosystems, causing concerns regarding potential adverse effects to ecosystem, animal, and human health. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathways by which PFAS accumulate in forage crops is needed. A greenhouse study was conducted to (1) quantify the contribution of root uptake versus foliar sorption of PFAS in corn (Zea mays) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), (2) assess effects of PFAS-impacted wastewater irrigation on plant health, and (3) determine the potential implications for bioaccumulation. The greenhouse study was composed of four treatments for each forage crop to isolate the relative contribution of two uptake pathways. Results suggested that foliar sorption was an unlikely contributor to PFAS concentrations observed in crop tissue. Root uptake was identified as the predominant uptake pathway. PFAS were detected more frequently in orchard grass samples compared to corn silage samples. Additionally, corn exhibited a lower uptake of long-chain PFAS compared to grass. Overall, no plant health effects on growth attributable to PFAS concentrations were observed. Forage data suggest cattle exposure to PFAS would be largely short-chain PFAS or long-chain "replacement" compounds (>50%). However, cattle may still be exposed to potentially harmful long-chain PFAS; levels in the forage crops exceeded the tolerable weekly intake set by the European Food Safety Authority. This study provides insights on PFAS entry into the food chain and potential implications for livestock and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kosiarski
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles Zeke Usner
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather E Preisendanz
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Sustainable, Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Cai X, Li X, Peng L, Liang Y, Jiang M, Ma J, Sun L, Guo B, Yu X, Du J, Li N, Cai S. Effects of mowing on Pb accumulation and transport in Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57571-57586. [PMID: 36973620 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bermudagrass is a perennial herb with the potential to remediate Pb pollution in soils, and it has mechanical resistance to shearing. However, the effects of mowing on Pb absorption and accumulation in bermudagrass are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of different quantities (0, 1, 2, 4 applications) of mowing treatments under 200 mg L-1 Pb application on Pb accumulation and transport in bermudagrass and explored the related mechanisms. Compared to the Pb treatment, all of the mowing treatments greatly decreased root Pb concentration/accumulation, significantly enhanced Pb concentrations/accumulations in stubble stems and stubble leaves, and ultimately promoted Pb enrichment and transport. Of the treatments in this study, two applications of mowing best promoted Pb enrichment, and four applications of mowing best promoted Pb transport efficiency. Furthermore, mowing mediated the microdistribution and physiological patterns of Pb in bermudagrass and affected the Pb transport by changing the subcellar distribution patterns and chemical forms of Pb in various tissues. Additionally, mowing promoted the transport of all mineral elements and showed a synergistic relationship with Pb absorption and transport. The change in mineral element metabolism patterns may be an important reason why mowing promoted Pb accumulation in bermudagrass. Our study provides the first comprehensive evidence regarding mowing facilitating the absorption, accumulation and transport of Pb in bermudagrass. Moderate mowing may be an effective strategy to assist in soil Pb remediation using bermudagrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Cai
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lingli Peng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yahao Liang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingyan Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingxia Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Baimeng Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Nian Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shizhen Cai
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
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Zhang L, Bao G, Zhang M, Yu Z, Guan T, Li J, Su Y, Xi J. Physiological effects of different stubble height and freeze-thaw stress on Secale cereale L. seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:451. [PMID: 34615488 PMCID: PMC8493682 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a biennial plant, Secale cereale L is usually harvested in the autumn in the northern part of China where the temperature difference between day and night is of great disparity Through the pot experiment, the seedlings were cut to 2, 6 and 10 cm stubble height, and the simulated freeze-thaw (FT) stress (10/- 5 °C) was carried out after 6 days regrowth. The physiological effects of FT with different stubble height were revealed by analyzing the relative water content (RWC), osmotic adjustment substance concentration (soluble sugar and protein), membrane peroxidation (MDA) and catalase (CAT) activity. RESULTS The results demonstrated that under freeze stress (- 5 °C), the content of soluble protein and MDA decreased and the seedlings of 2 cm treatment kept higher level of soluble protein and MDA, while the seedlings of 6 and 10 cm treatments kept higher level of the RWC, soluble sugar content, and CAT activity. After FT stress, the content of soluble sugar and protein, RWC in the 6 cm treatment were higher than those in 2 cm and 10 cm treatments, and the CAT activity in 10 cm treatment was the highest while the MDA content is lower. CONCLUSION These data suggest that keeping high stubble height is more adaptive for short-term FT stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longtian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guozhang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zihang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Tao Guan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yidan Su
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jinghui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
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Capstaff NM, Domoney C, Miller AJ. Real-time monitoring of rhizosphere nitrate fluctuations under crops following defoliation. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:11. [PMID: 33516255 PMCID: PMC7847023 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management regime can hugely influence the efficiency of crop production but measuring real-time below-ground responses is difficult. The combination of fertiliser application and mowing or grazing may have a major impact on roots and on the soil nutrient profile and leaching. RESULTS A novel approach was developed using low-cost ion-selective sensors to track nitrate (NO3-) movement through soil column profiles sown with the forage crops, Lolium perenne and Medicago sativa. Applications of fertiliser, defoliation of crops and intercropping of the grass and the legume were tested. Sensor measurements were compared with conventional testing of lysimeter and leachate samples. There was little leaching of NO3- through soil profiles with current management practices, as monitored by both methods. After defoliation, the measurements detected a striking increase in soil NO3- in the middle of the column where the greatest density of roots was found. This phenomenon was not detected when no NO3- was applied, and when there was no defoliation, or during intercropping with Medicago. CONCLUSION Mowing or grazing may increase rhizodeposition of carbon that stimulates soil mineralization to release NO3- that is acquired by roots without leaching from the profile. The soil columns and sensors provided a dynamic insight into rhizosphere responses to changes in above-ground management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Capstaff
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Claire Domoney
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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A Dual-Purpose Model for Spring-Sown Oats in Cold Regions of Northern China. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpine regions in northern China are the traditional animal husbandry base. The lack of high-quality forage supply resulting from degradation of natural grasslands and low forage production due to short growing seasons greatly restricts development of animal husbandry in these areas. Spring oats have been widely planted in cold regions worldwide harvesting as either grains or forages because of their great adaptative ability to low temperatures and early maturation and high nutritional values. To maximize forage and grain production, we developed a dual-purpose model for spring-sown oats in the cold regions of northeastern China using two oat species, Avena nuda L. (cv. Bayou6) and Avena. sativa L. (cv. Qinghai444). Growth, forage production and quality, grain yield, and re-growth ability of the two oats were investigated in field trials and field demonstration. Maximal dry weight was found to occur at 70 days of emergence for both oats with higher forage production and crude protein (CP) in Bayou6 than Qinghai444 oat species. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of the two oats increased with time during the early vegetative growing stage, while the relative feed value showed a decrease during vegetative growing stage. The re-growth ability following cutting for the two oats reduced with increasing growth times during vegetative stage. Plant height, tiller density, CP and NDF contents of re-growing seedlings harvested at 30–40 days of emergence did not significantly differ from those of un-cutting control. The overall cumulative dry weight of biomass following cutting at 30 days of emergence was significantly higher than that of control without cutting in both oat species. Seed yield from plots cut at 30 days of emergence for both oat species was insignificantly different from that of control plots. Harvesting of spring-sown oats at 30 days of emergence enhanced forage production, but it did not influence seed yield. Results from 2-year field demonstration confirmed these conclusions. These findings highlight that this dual-purpose oat management model can have great applications in the cold regions of China.
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Paez-Garcia A, Liao F, Blancaflor EB. Two Wheat Cultivars with Contrasting Post-Embryonic Root Biomass Differ in Shoot Re-Growth after Defoliation: Implications for Breeding Grazing Resilient Forages. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E470. [PMID: 31684089 PMCID: PMC6918441 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of forages to quickly resume aboveground growth after grazing is a trait that enables farmers to better manage their livestock for maximum profitability. Leaf removal impairs root growth. As a consequence of a deficient root system, shoot re-growth is inhibited leading to poor pasture performance. Despite the importance of roots for forage productivity, they have not been considered as breeding targets for improving grazing resilience due in large part to the lack of knowledge on the relationship between roots and aboveground biomass re-growth. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) is extensively used as forage source in temperate climates worldwide. Here, we investigated the impact of leaf clipping on specific root traits, and how these influence shoot re-growth in two winter wheat cultivars (i.e., Duster and Cheyenne) with contrasting root and shoot biomass. We found that root growth angle and post-embryonic root growth in both cultivars are strongly influenced by defoliation. We discovered that Duster, which had less post-embryonic roots before defoliation, reestablished its root system faster after leaf cutting compared with Cheyenne, which had a more extensive pre-defoliation post-embryonic root system. Rapid resumption of root growth in Duster after leaf clipping was associated with faster aboveground biomass re-growth even after shoot overcutting. Taken together, our results suggest that lower investments in the production of post-embryonic roots presents an important ideotype to consider when breeding for shoot re-growth vigor in dual purpose wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fuqi Liao
- Enterprise System and Informatics Department. Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA.
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Liu Y, Yang X, Tian D, Cong R, Zhang X, Pan Q, Shi Z. Resource Reallocation of Two Grass Species During Regrowth After Defoliation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1767. [PMID: 30568665 PMCID: PMC6290090 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Defoliation is widely used for grassland management. Our understanding of how grass species adjust their regrowth and regain balance after defoliation remains limited. In the present study, we examined the regrowth processes of two dominant species after defoliation in grasslands in Inner Mongolia. Our results showed that the aboveground biomass and total biomass of both species significantly decreased and did not completely recover to the control level after 30 days of regrowth. The leaf mass ratio of Leymus chinensis reached the control level at 15 days, but that of Stipa grandis did not recover to the control level. The root mass ratio of these species reached the same levels as that of the control plants within 10 days after defoliation. As indicated by the dynamics of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs), protein, and biomass-based shoot: root ratios, both species regained balances of WSCs and protein between above- and below-ground organs at day 10 after defoliation; however, the biomass regained balance 15 days after defoliation. We deduced that the biomass-based shoot:root ratio was regulated by the WSCs and protein concentrations. In conclusion, following defoliation, both grass species first restore their nutrient-based balance between above- and below-ground parts and then regain biomass balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshu Liu
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Dashuan Tian
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Richun Cong
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Qingmin Pan
- Inner Mongolia Research Center for Prataculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjie Shi
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Herbage intake of dairy cows in mixed sequential grazing with breeding ewes as followers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:531-536. [PMID: 29110238 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that mixed sequential grazing of dairy cows and breeding ewes is beneficial. During the seasons of spring-summer 2013 and autumn-winter 2013-2014, 12 (spring-summer) and 16 (autumn-winter) Holstein Friesian cows and 24 gestating (spring-summer) and lactating (autumn-winter) Pelibuey ewes grazed on six (spring-summer) and nine (autumn-winter) paddocks of alfalfa and orchard grass mixed pastures. The treatments "single species cow grazing" (CowG) and "mixed sequential grazing with ewes as followers of cows" (MixG) were evaluated, under a completely randomized design with two replicates per paddock. Herbage mass on offer (HO) and residual herbage mass (RH) were estimated by cutting samples. The estimate of herbage intake (HI) of cows was based on the use of internal and external markers; the apparent HI of ewes was calculated as the difference between HO (RH of cows) and RH. Even though HO was higher in CowG, the HI of cows was higher in MixG during spring-summer and similar in both treatments during autumn-winter, implying that in MixG the effects on the cows HI of higher alfalfa proportion and herbage accumulation rate evolving from lower residual herbage mass in the previous cycle counteracted that of a higher HO in CowG. The HI of ewes was sufficient to enable satisfactory performance as breeding ewes. Thus, the benefits of mixed sequential grazing arose from higher herbage accumulation, positive changes in botanical composition, and the achievement of sheep production without negative effects on the herbage intake of cows.
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