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Wang F, Fang J, Yao L, Han D, Zhou Z, Chen B. Applications of land surface model to economic and environmental-friendly optimization of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27549. [PMID: 38509873 PMCID: PMC10950588 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Land surface models (LSMs) have prominent advantages for exploring the best agricultural practices in terms of both economic and environmental benefits with regard to different climate scenarios. However, their applications to optimizing fertilization and irrigation have not been well discussed because of their relatively underdeveloped crop modules. We used a CLM5-Crop LSM to optimize fertilization and irrigation schedules that follow actual agricultural practices for the cultivation of maize and wheat, as well as to explore the most economic and environmental-friendly inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation (FI), in the North China Plain (NCP), which is a typical intensive farming area. The model used the indicators of crop yield, farm gross margin (FGM), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and soil nitrogen leaching. The results showed that the total optimal FI inputs of FGM were the highest (230 ± 75.8 kg N ha-1 and 20 ± 44.7 mm for maize; 137.5 ± 25 kg N ha-1 and 362.5 ± 47.9 mm for wheat), followed by the FIs of yield, NUE, WUE, and soil nitrogen leaching. After multi-objective optimization, the optimal FIs were 230 ± 75.8 kg N ha-1 and 20 ± 44.7 mm for maize, and 137.5 ± 25 kg N ha-1 and 387.5 ± 85.4 mm for wheat. By comparing our model-based diagnostic results with the actual inputs of FIs in the NCP, we found excessive usage of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation during the current cultivation period of maize and wheat. The scientific collocation of fertilizer and water resources should be seriously considered for economic and environmental benefits. Overall, the optimized inputs of the FIs were in reasonable ranges, as postulated by previous studies. This result hints at the potential applications of LSMs for guiding sustainable agricultural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Information and Economics, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 23788, Industrial North Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250010, China
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jingchun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Yao
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, No.1, Daxue Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250358, China
| | - Dongrui Han
- Institute of Agricultural Information and Economics, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 23788, Industrial North Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250010, China
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zihan Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Information and Economics, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 23788, Industrial North Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250010, China
| | - Baozhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resources Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
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Echarte L, Alfonso CS, González H, Hernández MD, Lewczuk NA, Nagore L, Echarte MM. Influence of management practices on water-related grain yield determinants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4825-4846. [PMID: 37490359 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Adequate management of N supply, plant density, row spacing, and soil cover has proved useful for increasing grain yields and/or grain yield stability of rainfed crops over the years. We review the impact of these management practices on grain yield water-related determinants: seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency for grain production per unit of evapotranspired water during the growing season (WUEG,ET,s). We highlight a large number of conflicting results for the impact of management on ET and expose the complexity of the ET response to environmental factors. We analyse the influence of management practices on WUEG,ET,s in terms of the three main processes controlling it: (i) the proportion of transpiration in ET (T/ET), (ii) transpiration efficiency for shoot biomass production (TEB), and (iii) the harvest index. We directly relate the impact of management practices on T/ET to their effect on crop light interception and provide evidence that management practices significantly influence TEB. To optimize WUEG,ET,s, management practices should favor soil water availability during critical periods for seed set, thereby improving the harvest index. The need to improve the performance of existing crop growth models for the prediction of water-related grain yield determinants under different management practices is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Echarte
- IPADS (INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 Km 73.5, Balcarce, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Carla S Alfonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Hugo González
- IPADS (INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 Km 73.5, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Mariano D Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, Balcarce, Argentina
| | | | - Luján Nagore
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, Balcarce, Argentina
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Wu Y, Song S, Li F, Cui H, Wang R, Yang S, Li Z, Chen G. Multimedia fate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in a water-scarce city by coupling fugacity model and HYDRUS-1D model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163331. [PMID: 37031941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased concentrations of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have raised concerns about their impact on the ecological system and human health. To understand the environmental impact of PPCPs, we evaluated the fate of a typical PPCP of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in a water-scarce city of Tianjin during 2013-2020 using a coupled model based on the dynamic fugacity model and HYDRUS-1D model. The results showed that the coupled model successfully simulated the reported SMX concentrations in the main fate media of water and soils, which accounted for 46.4 % and 53.0 % with equilibrium concentrations of 135-165 ng/L and 0.4-0.5 ng/g, respectively. The cross-media transfer flux results showed that advection was the prime input path for SMX in water, while degradation was the dominant output path. Wastewater irrigation and degradation were the main transfer processes of SMX in the soil. Moreover, human activities (i.e., emission loads) and climate (i.e., temperature and precipitation) change can significantly affect the concentrations and transfer rate of SMX in the media. These findings provide basic data and methods for the risk assessment of SMX in water-scarce regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning City, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Shuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fadong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haotian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
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GRAN3SAT: Creating Flexible Higher-Order Logic Satisfiability in the Discrete Hopfield Neural Network. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10111899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the main problems in representing information in the form of nonsystematic logic is the lack of flexibility, which leads to potential overfitting. Although nonsystematic logic improves the representation of the conventional k Satisfiability, the formulations of the first, second, and third-order logical structures are very predictable. This paper proposed a novel higher-order logical structure, named G-Type Random k Satisfiability, by capitalizing the new random feature of the first, second, and third-order clauses. The proposed logic was implemented into the Discrete Hopfield Neural Network as a symbolic logical rule. The proposed logic in Discrete Hopfield Neural Networks was evaluated using different parameter settings, such as different orders of clauses, different proportions between positive and negative literals, relaxation, and differing numbers of learning trials. Each evaluation utilized various performance metrics, such as learning error, testing error, weight error, energy analysis, and similarity analysis. In addition, the flexibility of the proposed logic was compared with current state-of-the-art logic rules. Based on the simulation, the proposed logic was reported to be more flexible, and produced higher solution diversity.
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Modeling Water and Nitrogen Balance of Different Cropping Systems in the North China Plain. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9110696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The North China Plain (NCP) is experiencing serious groundwater level decline and groundwater nitrate contamination due to excessive water pumping and application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. In this study, grain yield, water and N use efficiencies under different cropping systems including two harvests in 1 year (winter wheat–summer maize) based on farmer (2H1Y)FP and optimized practices (2H1Y)OPT, three harvests in 2 years (winter wheat–summer maize–spring maize, 3H2Y), and one harvest in 1 year (spring maize, 1H1Y) were evaluated using the water-heat-carbon-nitrogen simulator (WHCNS) model. The 2H1YFP system was maintained with 100% irrigation and fertilizer, while crop water requirement and N demand for other cropping systems were optimized and managed by soil testing. In addition, a scenario analysis was also performed under the interaction of linearly increasing and decreasing N rates, and irrigation levels. Results showed that the model performed well with simulated soil water content, soil N concentration, leaf area index, dry matter, and grain yield. Statistically acceptable ranges of root mean square error, Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency, index of agreement values close to 1, and strong correlation coefficients existed between simulated and observed values. We concluded that replacing the prevalent 2H1YFP with 1H1Y would be ecofriendly at the cost of some grain yield decline. This cropping system had the highest average water use (2.1 kg m−3) and N use efficiencies (4.8 kg kg–1) on reduced water (56.64%) and N (81.36%) inputs than 2H1YFP. Whereas 3H2Y showed insignificant results in terms of grain yield, and 2H1YFP was unsustainable. The 2H1YFP system consumed a total of 745 mm irrigation and 1100 kg N ha–1 in two years. When farming practices were optimized for two harvests in 1 year system (2H1Y)OPT, then grain yield improved and water (18.12%) plus N (61.82%) consumptions were minimized. There was an ample amount of N saved, but water conservation was still unsatisfactory. However, considering the results of scenario analyses, it is recommended that winter wheat would be cultivated at <200 mm irrigation by reducing one irrigation event.
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Abstract
Groundwater plays a major role in agro-hydrological processes in the North China Plain (NCP). The NCP is facing a water deficit, due to a rapid decline in the water table because of the double cropping system. A two crop (maize and wheat) rotation is required to balance the food supply and demand, which leads to an imbalance between evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation. Thus, there has been a decline of about 1.35 m yr−1 of groundwater (Luancheng Agroecosystem Experimental Station (LAES), NCP) during the last 10 years. Lysimeter experiments were conducted under different irrigation treatments (flood, surface drip, and subsurface drip) to account for ET in the selection of a suitable irrigation method. Subsurface drip irrigation reduced ET by 26% compared to flood irrigation, and 15% compared to surface drip irrigation, with significant grain yield and biomass formation due to decreased evaporation losses. Grain yield, yield components, and above ground biomass were similar in subsurface drip and flood irrigation. However, these biomass parameters were lower with surface drip irrigation. Furthermore, subsurface drip irrigation increased the crop water productivity (24.95%) and irrigation water productivity (19.59%) compared to flood irrigation. The subsurface irrigated plants showed an increase in net photosynthesis (~10%), higher intrinsic water use efficiency (~36%), lower transpiration rate (~22%), and saved 80 mm of water compared to flood irrigation. Our findings indicate that subsurface drip irrigation can be adopted in the NCP to increase water use efficiency, optimize grain yield, and minimize water loss in order to address scarcity.
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