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Meng D, Yang L, Yunlin Z, Guiyan Y, Shuwen C, Zhenggang X. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220772. [PMID: 38035046 PMCID: PMC10685409 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most plants belonging to the widely distributed genus Dianthus are used for gardening. Interspecific hybridization of different Dianthus species leads to blurred genetic backgrounds. To obtain more genomic resources and understand the phylogenetic relationships among Dianthus species, the chloroplast genomes of 12 Dianthus species, including nine Dianthus gratianopolitanus varieties, were analyzed. The chloroplast genomes of these 12 species exhibited similar sizes (149,474-149,735 bp), with Dianthus caryophyllus having a chloroplast genome size of 149,604 bp marked by a significant contraction in inverted repeats. In the chloroplast genome of Dianthus, we identified 124-126 annotated genes, including 83-84 protein-coding genes. Notably, D. caryophyllus had 83 protein-coding genes but lacked rpl2. The repeat sequences of the chloroplast genome were consistent among species, and variations in the sequence were limited and not prominent. However, notable gene replacements were observed in the boundary region. Phylogenetic analysis of Dianthus indicated that D. caryophyllus and D. gratianopolitanus were most closely related, suggesting that the degree of variation within nine Dianthus varieties was no less than the variation observed between species. These differences provide a theoretical foundation for a more comprehensive understanding of the diversity within Dianthus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Meng
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang413000, Hunan, China
- Hunan Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Environmental and Resources Plant, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha410004, Hunan, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Hunan Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Environmental and Resources Plant, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha410004, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao Yunlin
- Hunan Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Environmental and Resources Plant, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha410004, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Guiyan
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen Shuwen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Zhenggang
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang413000, Hunan, China
- Hunan Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Environmental and Resources Plant, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha410004, Hunan, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling712100, Shaanxi, China
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Li Y, Du W, Chen Y, Wang S, Wang XF. Serial Section-Based Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) Carpel Vasculature and Implications for the Morphological Relationship between the Carpel and the Ovule. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102221. [PMID: 34686030 PMCID: PMC8540277 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the origin of flowers has been a challenge in botany for a long time. One of the central questions surrounding the origin of flowers is how to interpret the carpel, especially the relationship between the phyllome part (carpel wall) and the ovule. Recently, consensus favors the carpel originating from the fusion of an ovule-bearing part and the phyllome part that subtends it. Considering the carpel is a complex organ, the accurate presentation of the anatomical structure of the carpel is necessary for resolving this question. Anaxagorea is the most basal genus in a primitive angiosperm family, Annonaceae. The conspicuous stipe at the base of each carpel makes it an ideal material for exploring the histological relationships among the receptacle, the carpel, and the ovule. In the present study, floral organogenesis and vasculature were delineated in Anaxagorea luzonensis and Anaxagorea javanica, and a three-dimensional model of the carpel vasculature was reconstructed based on serial sections. The results show that in Anaxagorea, the vasculature in the carpel branches in the form of shoots. The radiosymmetrical vasculature pattern is repeatedly presented in the receptacle, the carpel, and the funiculus of the ovule. This provides anatomical evidence of the composite origin of the carpel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.L.); (W.D.)
| | - Wei Du
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.L.); (W.D.)
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Environmental Art Design, Tianjin Arts and Crafts Vocational College, Tianjin 300250, China;
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421001, China;
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.L.); (W.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhu M, Duan X, Guo H, Huang W, Quan K, Yan X, Ji J, Li Y, Li Z. Occurrence of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe buhrii on Dianthus chinensis in Inner Mongolia, China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:4154. [PMID: 34156270 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-21-0048-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dianthus chinensis is widely cultivated for ornamental and medicinal use in China (Guo et al. 2017). The plant has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of urinary problems such as strangury and diuresis (Han et al. 2015). In June and July 2020, powdery mildew-like signs and symptoms were seen on leaves of D. chinensis cultivated on the campus of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot city, Inner Mongolia Province, China. White powder-like masses occurred in irregular shaped lesions on both leaf surfaces and covered up to 50% of leaf area. Some infected leaves were deformed on their edges and some leaf senescence occurred. More than 40 % of plants (n = 180) exhibited these signs and symptoms. Conidiophores (n = 50) of the suspect fungus were unbranched and measured 70 to 140 µm long × 6 to 10 µm wide and had foot cells that were 25 to 48 µm long. Conidia (n = 50) were produced singly, elliptical to cylindrical shaped, 30 to 45 µm long × 12 to 19 µm wide, with length/width ratio of 2.0 to 3.2, and lacked fibrosin bodies. No chasmothecia were found. Based on these morphological characteristics, the fungus was tentatively identified as an Erysiphe sp. (Braun and Cook 2012). Fungal structures were isolated from diseased leaves and genomic DNA of the pathogen extracted utilizing the method described by Zhu et al. (2019). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR employing the primers PMITS1/PMITS2 (Cunnington et al. 2003) and the amplicon sequenced by Invitrogen (Shanghai, China). The sequence for the powdery mildew fungus (deposited into GenBank under Accession No. MW144997) showed 100 % identity (558/558 bp) with E. buhrii (Accession No. LC009898) that was reported on Dianthus sp. in Japan (Takamatsu et al. 2015). Pathogenicity tests were done by collecting fungal conidia from infected D. chinensis leaves and brushing them onto leaves of four healthy plants. Four uninoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated and uninoculated plants were placed in separate growth chambers maintained at 19 ℃, 65 % humidity, with a 16 h/8 h light/dark period. Nine-days post-inoculation, powdery mildew disease signs appeared on inoculated plants, whereas control plants remained asymptomatic. The same results were obtained for two repeated pathogenicity experiments. The powdery mildew fungus was identified and confirmed as E. buhrii based on morphological and molecular analysis. An Oidium sp. causing powdery mildew on D. chinensis previously was reported in Xinjiang Province, China (Zheng and Yu 1987). This, to the best of our knowledge, is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. buhrii on D. chinensis in China (Farr and Rossman 2020). The sudden occurrence of this destructive powdery mildew disease on D. chinensis may adversely affect the health, ornamental value and medicinal uses of the plant in China. Identifying the cause of the disease will support efforts for its future control and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhu
- Henan Normal University, 66519, College of Life Sciences, Xinxiang, Xinxiang, Henan, China, 453007
- Henan Normal University, 66519, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Xinxiang, Xinxiang, Henan, China, 453007;
| | - Xiao Duan
- Henan Normal University, 66519, College of Life Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, China;
| | - Haoran Guo
- Henan Normal University, 66519, College of Life Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, China;
| | - Wei Huang
- Henan Normal University, 66519, College of Life Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, China;
| | - Ke Quan
- Henan Normal University, 66519, College of Life Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, China;
| | - Xiao Yan
- Henan Normal University, 66519, College of Life Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, China;
| | - Jie Ji
- Henan Normal University, 66519, College of Life Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, China;
| | - YongFang Li
- Henan Normal University, 66519, College of Life Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Normal University, 66519, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China;
| | - Zhengnan Li
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 117454, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China;
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Negrutiu I, Frohlich MW, Hamant O. Flowering Plants in the Anthropocene: A Political Agenda. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:349-368. [PMID: 31964603 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants are the foundation of human civilization, providing biomass for food, fuel, and materials to satisfy human needs, dependent on fertile soil, adequate water, and favorable weather. Conversely, failure of any of these inputs has caused catastrophes. Today, human appropriation of biomass is threatening planetary boundaries, inducing social and political unrest worldwide. Human societies are bound to rethink agriculture and forestry to restore and safeguard natural resources while improving the overall quality of life. Here, we explore why and how. Through an evolutionary and quantitative analysis of agriculture, and bridging plant and Earth sciences, we anticipate the advent of a research and policy framework, integrating plant science in all sectors: the economy, local and global governance, and geopolitics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Negrutiu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Michael W Frohlich
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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