1
|
Gigli-Bisceglia N, van Zelm E, Huo W, Lamers J, Testerink C. Arabidopsis root responses to salinity depend on pectin modification and cell wall sensing. Development 2022; 149:275422. [PMID: 35574987 PMCID: PMC9270968 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its detrimental effect on plant growth, salinity is an increasing worldwide problem for agriculture. To understand the molecular mechanisms activated in response to salt in Arabidopsis thaliana, we investigated the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like family, which contains sensors that were previously shown to be involved in sensing the structural integrity of the cell walls. We found that herk1 the1-4 double mutants, lacking the function of HERKULES1 (HERK1) and combined with a gain-of-function allele of THESEUS1 (THE1), strongly respond to salt application, resulting in an intense activation of stress responses, similarly to plants lacking FERONIA (FER) function. We report that salt triggers pectin methyl esterase (PME) activation and show its requirement for the activation of several salt-dependent responses. Because chemical inhibition of PMEs alleviates these salt-induced responses, we hypothesize a model in which salt directly leads to cell wall modifications through the activation of PMEs. Responses to salt partly require the functionality of FER alone or HERK1/THE1 to attenuate salt effects, highlighting the complexity of the salt-sensing mechanisms that rely on cell wall integrity. Summary: Salt-triggered activation of pectin methyl esterase changes pectin in Arabidopsis, inducing at least two pathways: a CrRLK1L-dependent pathway downregulating salt stress responses and a CrRLK1L-independent pathway that activates downstream signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Zelm
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Wenying Huo
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Lamers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ajayi OO, Held MA, Showalter AM. Glucuronidation of type II arabinogalactan polysaccharides function in sexual reproduction of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:164-181. [PMID: 34726315 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are complex, hyperglycosylated plant cell wall proteins with little known about the biological roles of their glycan moieties in sexual reproduction. Here, we report that GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B, and GLCAT14C, three enzymes responsible for the addition of glucuronic acid residues to AGPs, function in pollen development, polytubey block, and normal embryo development in Arabidopsis. Using biochemical and immunolabeling techniques, we demonstrated that the loss of function of the GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B, and GLCAT14C genes resulted in disorganization of the reticulate structure of the exine wall, abnormal development of the intine layer, and collapse of pollen grains in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants. Synchronous development between locules within the same anther was also lost in some glcat14a/b/c stamens. In addition, we observed excessive attraction of pollen tubes targeting glcat14a/b/c ovules, indicating that the polytubey block mechanism was compromised. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed significant reductions in all sugars in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants except for arabinose and galactose, while immunolabeling showed decreased amounts of AGP sugar epitopes recognized by glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants compared with the wild type. This work demonstrates the important roles that AG glucuronidation plays in Arabidopsis sexual reproduction and reproductive development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oyeyemi O Ajayi
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Michael A Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Allan M Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma X, Wu Y, Ming H, Liu H, Liu Z, Li H, Zhang G. AtENO2 functions in the development of male gametophytes in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 263:153417. [PMID: 34102568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollen fertility is an important factor affecting the seed setting rate and seed yield of plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana enolase gene ENO2 (AtENO2) can affect the pollen morphology, germination, and pollen tube growth. AtENO2 encodes two proteins AtENO2 and AtMBP-1. To examine the effect of AtENO2 protein on pollen development, the 2nd ATG of the AtENO2 coding sequence for AtMBP-1 was mutated by site-directed mutagenesis, and transgenic plants expressing only AtENO2 but not AtMBP-1 were obtained. Phenotypic analysis indicated that AtENO2 was essential in the pollen development. The mechanisms of AtENO2 on pollen development were analyzed. AtENO2 can affect development of the pollen intine, and the mechanism may be that AtENO2 regulated the methyl esterification of pectin in pollen intine through ARF3 and AtPMEI-pi. The -734 ∼ -573 sequence of AtENO2 promoter is the main transcriptional regulatory region of AtENO2 affecting pollen development. The functional cis-acting element may be GTGANTG10(GTGA), and the trans-acting factors may be KAN, AS2 and ARF3/ETT. Moreover, the deletion of AtENO2 can cause significant difference in the expression of multiple genes related to pollen exine development. These results are useful for further studying the function of AtENO2 and exploring the mechanism of plant pollen development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development/College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development/College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hainan Ming
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development/College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development/College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zijin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development/College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Genfa Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development/College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma X, Wu Y, Zhang G. Formation pattern and regulatory mechanisms of pollen wall in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 260:153388. [PMID: 33706055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, mature pollen is wrapped by a pollen wall, which is important for maintaining pollen structure and function. Pollen walls provide protection from various environmental stresses and preserve pollen germination and pollen tube growth. The pollen wall structure has been described since pollen ultrastructure investigations began in the 1960s. Pollen walls, which are the most intricate cell walls in plants, are composed of two layers: the exine layer and intine layer. Pollen wall formation is a complex process that occurs via a series of biological events that involve a large number of genes. In recent years, many reports have described the molecular mechanisms of pollen exine development. The formation process includes the development of the callose wall, the wavy morphology of primexine, the biosynthesis and transport of sporopollenin in the tapetum, and the deposition of the pollen coat. The formation mechanism of the intine layer is different from that of the exine layer. However, few studies have focused on the regulatory mechanisms of intine development. The primary component of the intine layer is pectin, which plays an essential role in the polar growth of pollen tubes. Demethylesterified pectin is mainly distributed in the shank region of the pollen tube, which can maintain the hardness of the pollen tube wall. Methylesterified pectin is mainly located in the top region, which is beneficial for improving the plasticity of the pollen tube top. In this review, we summarize the developmental process of the anther, pollen and pollen wall in Arabidopsis; furthermore, we describe the research progress on the pollen wall formation pattern and its molecular mechanisms in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Genfa Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Takáč T, Křenek P, Komis G, Vadovič P, Ovečka M, Ohnoutková L, Pechan T, Kašpárek P, Tichá T, Basheer J, Arick M, Šamaj J. TALEN-Based HvMPK3 Knock-Out Attenuates Proteome and Root Hair Phenotypic Responses to flg22 in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:666229. [PMID: 33995462 PMCID: PMC8117018 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.666229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) integrate elicitor perception with both early and late responses associated with plant defense and innate immunity. Much of the existing knowledge on the role of plant MAPKs in defense mechanisms against microbes stems from extensive research in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of barley (Hordeum vulgare) MPK3 in response to flagellin peptide flg22, a well-known bacterial elicitor. Using differential proteomic analysis we show that TALEN-induced MPK3 knock-out lines of barley (HvMPK3 KO) exhibit constitutive downregulation of defense related proteins such as PR proteins belonging to thaumatin family and chitinases. Further analyses showed that the same protein families were less prone to flg22 elicitation in HvMPK3 KO plants compared to wild types. These results were supported and validated by chitinase activity analyses and immunoblotting for HSP70. In addition, differential proteomes correlated with root hair phenotypes and suggested tolerance of HvMPK3 KO lines to flg22. In conclusion, our study points to the specific role of HvMPK3 in molecular and root hair phenotypic responses of barley to flg22.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavel Křenek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ludmila Ohnoutková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Petr Kašpárek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jasim Basheer
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mark Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marti L, Savatin DV, Gigli-Bisceglia N, de Turris V, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G. The intracellular ROS accumulation in elicitor-induced immunity requires the multiple organelle-targeted Arabidopsis NPK1-related protein kinases. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:931-947. [PMID: 33314180 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recognition at the plasma membrane of danger signals (elicitors) belonging to the classes of the microbe/pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns is a key event in pathogen sensing by plants and is associated with a rapid activation of immune responses. Different cellular compartments, including plasma membrane, chloroplasts, nuclei and mitochondria, are involved in the immune cellular program. However, how pathogen sensing is transmitted throughout the cell remains largely to be uncovered. Arabidopsis NPK1-related Proteins (ANPs) are mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases previously shown to have a role in immunity. In this article, we studied the in vivo intracellular dynamics of ANP1- and ANP3-GFP fusions and found that under basal physiological conditions both proteins are present in the cytosol, while ANP3 is also localized in mitochondria. After elicitor perception, both proteins are present also in the plastids and nuclei, revealing a localization pattern that is so far unique. The N-terminal region of the protein kinases is responsible for their localization in mitochondria and plastids. Moreover, we found that the localization of ANPs coincides with the sites of elicitor-induced ROS accumulation and that plants lacking ANP function do not accumulate intracellular ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Marti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Felice Cervone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Benedetti M, Vecchi V, Betterle N, Natali A, Bassi R, Dall'Osto L. Design of a highly thermostable hemicellulose-degrading blend from Thermotoga neapolitana for the treatment of lignocellulosic biomass. J Biotechnol 2019; 296:42-52. [PMID: 30885654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars is a key process for the sustainable production of biofuels from plant biomass. Polysaccharides in plant feedstock can be valorized using thermostable mixtures of enzymes that degrade the cell walls, thus avoiding harmful and expensive pre-treatments. (Hyper)thermophilic bacteria of the phylum Thermotogae provide a rich source of enzymes for such industrial applications. Here we selected T. neapolitana as a source of hyperthermophilic hemicellulases for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. Two genes encoding putative hemicellulases were cloned from T. neapolitana genomic DNA and expressed in Escherichia coli. Further characterization revealed that the genes encoded an endo-1,4-β-galactanase and an α-l-arabinofuranosidase with optimal temperatures of ˜90 °C and high turnover numbers during catalysis (kcat values of ˜177 and ˜133 s-1, respectively, on soluble substrates). These enzymes were combined with three additional T. neapolitana hyperthermophilic hemicellulases - endo-1,4-β-xylanase (XynA), endo-1,4-β-mannanase (ManB/Man5A) and β-glucosidase (GghA) - to form a highly thermostable hemicellulolytic blend. The treatment of barley straw and corn bran with this enzymatic cocktail resulted in the solubilization of multiple hemicelluloses and boosted the yield of fermentable sugars by up to 65% when the complex substrates were further degraded by cellulases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Valeria Vecchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Nico Betterle
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Alberto Natali
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|